Sibutsetelo se-Leukemia
I-leukemia yigama elivamile elibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene zesifo somdlavuza wegazi. I-leukemia ingathinta abantu ngokuhluke kakhulu, futhi ukwelashwa kungase kuhluke kakhulu kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-leukemia abanalo. Umuntu angathola i-leukemia nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kodwa phakathi kwabantu abadala, i-leukemia ivame kakhulu kulabo abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60. Izingane ngokuvamile azihlakuleli umdlavuza ngamanani afanayo nabantu abadala. Kodwa-ke, lapho izingane ziba nomdlavuza, i-leukemia iyona ejwayelekile kakhulu, ibala cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ezibulalayo ezincane ezisencane.
> Amangqamuzana e-leukemia emnothweni wethambo angaveza amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe angavamile.
Iyini i-Leukemia?
I-leukemia ingumdlavuza wamangqamuzana egazi-lawo amangqamuzana emzimbeni aqhubeka enza ukuhlinzekwa kwakho kwamaseli abomvu namhlophe, kanye namaplatelet asiza igazi lakho ukuba livale. Uhlobo lwe-leukemia umuntu luncike ekutheni luhlobo luni lwegazi olwenziwa lapho i-leukemia ithuthuka khona.
I-leukemia iqala emnothweni we-bone-i -spongy, ingxenye yangaphakathi yamathambo athile lapho amaseli okwenza igazi atholakala ngobuningi.
Amangqamuzana e-leukemia emnothweni wethambo aholela ekukhiqizweni okungavamile kwamangqamuzana egazi, okungatholakala ku-bloodstream, okubizwa nangokuthi ukujikelezwa komzimba . Ngezinye izikhathi ku-leukemia, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungabonisa ukuthi kukhona amangqamuzana amaningi amhlophe egazi kanye nezinombolo eziphezulu zamangqamuzana egazi okuqala noma omzimba ekujikelezeni.
Ngezinye izikhathi, kungase kube nezinombolo eziphezulu zamaseli akha ama-damu aziwa ngokuthi aqhuma egazini elijikelezayo. Amangqamuzana e-leukemia angase aqoqe amaseli avamile okwenza igazi emnothweni wamathambo, okuholela emazingeni aphansi kunamajwayelekile amangqamuzana egazi abomvu, amaseli egazi amhlophe, namaplatelet egazini legazi.
Ukuntuleka okunjalo kungabonakala ekuhlolweni kwegazi, futhi kungabangela nezimpawu.
Ukuqonda izinhlobo ze-leukemia
Izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko ze-leukemia yizi:
- I-lymphoblastic leukemia ephelele (KONKE)
- I-acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- I-lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) engapheli
- I-myelogenous leukemia engapheli (CML)
Igama ngalinye, njengoba ubona, libonisa ukuthi umdlavuza ubhekwa njenge-leukemia eyingozi noma engapheli.
- I-leukemia enamandla ngokuvamile iqhubekela phambili ngokushesha ngaphandle kokwelapha.
- I-leukemia engapheli ivame ukuqhubeka kancane kancane. Kodwa-ke, i-leukemia engapheli, ingase ibe nekhono loku 'guqula' ibe yi-leukemia enolaka kakhulu.
Ama-leucemas acacile, njenge-ALL kanye ne-AML, athuthuka kusukela ekuqaleni, ukuqhuma okungapheli. La maseli okwenza igazi awayeki ukwahlukana lapho ukuqhuma okuvamile kungakhona, futhi ukukhula nokuthuthuka kuvame ukuhamba ngokushesha kunama-leukemia angapheli.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-leukemia angapheli afana ne-CLL ne-CML, avela kuma-blood-forming cells asevuthiwe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqhuma, nakuba ayengavamile. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kubantu abano-leukemas kungabonisa ambalwa amangqamuzana noma angabikho ukuqhuma kwamangqamuzana.
Lezi zomshukela zivame ukukhula kancane kunama-leukemias acute.
Yini eyenza i-Leukemia Syelogenous noma i-Lymphocytic?
Ngaphezu kokuthi kuyinto enzima noma engavamile, kubalulekile nokuba i-leukemia i-myelogenous noma i-lymphocytic ngoba nalokhu, kungasiza ukubikezela ukuthi umdlavuza uzoziphatha kanjani nokuthi ungcono kangakanani ukuwuphatha .
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi la magama asho ukuthini ngempela, udinga ukubuka okufushane ukuthi umzimba wakho uvame ukwenza amangqamuzana amasha wegazi ukuthatha indawo yabantu abadala abafa noma abaphelelwe yisikhathi:
Njengoba ehlukile, yiwo wonke amangqamuzana egazi abomvu namhlophe avela enjengeyilithi 'elikhulu kakhulu,' elibizwa ngokuthi i- hematopoietic stem cell, noma i-HSC . Unama-HSC amaningi emnothweni wakho futhi amanye egazini lakho, futhi.
Kusuka ku-HSC ngayinye, 'izizukulwane' eziningi zamaseli okwenza igazi zivela ochungechungeni, ngokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ekugcineni zinikeze izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ezivuthiwe zamaseli ezitholakala egazini lomuntu. Isizukulwane ngasinye isinyathelo sokuya ekuvuthweni, nesizukulwane esilandelayo sivela ngokushesha.
Amaseli asezizukulwaneni ezihlukene anikezwa ngamagama ahlukene, njengama progenitors noma ama-precursors, kuye ngokuthi ubuyele emuva kangakanani ku-HSC 'emthini womndeni' oya kuwo.
Njengoba uqhubeka phambili esikhathini, kude ne-HSC, ungaqala ukutshela ukuthi yikuphi 'umndeni' iseli edala igazi elizokwenza.
Imindeni emibili evelele emndenini imindeni ye- lymphoid ne- myeloid . Amagama ahlukene asetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kumndeni ofanayo; isibonelo, i-lymphoid ne-lymphocytic, ne-myeloid ne-myelogenous.
- I-Lymphocytic ibhekisela emndenini ogcina ekugcineni kwe-adult lymphocytes, iqembu lama-white white cells.
- I-myelogenous ibhekisela emndenini ekugcineni eveza amangqamuzana egazi abomvu, amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe angewona-lymphocytic-kuhlanganise neutrophils, isibonelo-kanye namaseli enza amapuleletthi akho, ama-megakaryocytes, okuthiwa ama-megakaryocytes, asisiza igazi ukuba livale.
E-leukemia, umdlavuza uqala esitokisini esivela emuva 'emthini womndeni' wamaseli amasha wegazi. Amasampula aqukethe amangqamuzana e-leukemia, kuhlanganise namasampuli egazi ne-biopsy, ahlaziywa ebhokisithri ukuthola ukuthi amangqamuzana anomdlavuza ayenesifo sengculaza noma i-lymphocytic.
Yini Ebangela Abantu Ukuthola I-Leukemia?
Ezimweni eziningi, ososayensi abazi kahle ukuthi i-leukemia iqala kanjani.
Kodwa ngenxa yezinhlobo ezithile ze-leukemia, izici zengozi ziye zatholakala. Izici zengozi yizixhumanisi ezisiza ososayensi baqonde kangcono lesi sifo nokuthuthukiswa kwayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi unesici esiyingozi akusho ukuthi uzokuthuthukisa leso sifo.
I-in point: I-AML, lezi zixhumanisi ezilandelayo zitholiwe, kodwa abantu abaningi abathola i-AML abanalo lezi zinto eziyingozi:
- Ukubhema
- Ukwehliswa isikhathi eside kumazinga aphezulu e-benzene, ikhemikhali elitholakala kumusi wokubhema futhi lisetshenziswe kwezinye izimboni
- Ukwelashwa kwangaphambilini nemithi ethile ye-chemotherapy
- Amanani aphakeme emisebe
- Izimo ezithile zofuzo ezikhona lapho zizalwa
- Ukuba nelungu lomndeni osondelene elithola i-AM
Amanani aphakeme asemisebeni abuye ahlanganiswe ku-ALL kanye ne-CML. Umlando womndeni ungase udlale kwezinye izimo, njenge-CLL.
Izimpawu Ezivamile Ze-Leukemia
Izimpawu ze-leukemia zihlanjululwe kwezinye izimo futhi ezingabikho kwabanye, esiyazi ukuthi aziduduzi. Bangase bafike kancane kancane noma ngokuzumayo. Ngezinye izikhathi izibonakaliso nezimpawu zokuqala zingase zingacacile, njengezimpawu ezifana nokushisa nokukhathala, noma zingabandakanya ukutheleleka okuvamile. Kodwa-ke, i-leukemia ingathuthuka futhi ngokucacile futhi ibe nemibonakaliso ecacile. Izimpawu zokubheka zihlanganisa okulandelayo:
- Fever
- Izifo ezijwayelekile
- Ukulimaza okungavamile noma ukuphaphaza
- Ukukhathala
- Ukungabi namandla
- Ukungahambisani nokuvivinya umzimba
- Ubuhlungu besisu noma ukugcwala
- Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo okungenalutho
- Ukwandiswa kwe-lymph nodes iphleen kanye / noma isibindi
- Ubuhlungu be-Bone
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ze-leukemia zingenza izibonakaliso ezifana nobuhlungu bethambo kanye nokuhlanganyela, umkhuhlane , ukujula ebusuku, ukukhathala, ubuthakathaka, isikhumba esikhuphukile, ukuphuma okulula noma ukulimala , ukulahlekelwa isisindo, kanye nokunye, okufaka phakathi i-lymph nodes evuvukalayo, isipleen nesibindi.
Izimpawu ze-leukemia ezifana nokuzwa ukhathele ngokweqile futhi buthakathaka, uma ukutholakala ngokwanele kwamangqamuzana egazi obomvu, noma i-anemia , kungase kubonakale ukuthi umthambo we-bone ophilile uthathwe ngamangqamuzana e-leukemia.
Izimpawu zezinhlobo ezithile ze-leukemia
Ngezinye izikhathi, uhlobo oluthile noma i-subset ye-leukemia ingaba nesimpawu noma isethi yezimpawu ezingavamile kwezinye izinhlobo ze-leukemia.
Ngokwesibonelo, i-acute promyelocytic leukemia, i-subset ye-acute myelogenous leukemia , inezibonakaliso ezithile zomzimba kokuphuma kwegazi okwedlulele nokuqhaqhazela, ngaphezu kwempawu ezivamile, ezingekho ezithile ze-leukemia.
E- acute lymphocytic leukemia , ehlasela izingane ikakhulukazi, i-leukemia ingangena emzimbeni ojikelezayo ebuchosheni nomgogodla, ukuveza izimpawu ezihlobene nokuphathwa njengokukhanda ikhanda, umbono ongenalutho, ukucabangela ukuhlanza nokuhlushwa (ngaphezu kwezibonakaliso ezingavamile).
Ku- leukemia engapheli , iziguli eziningi ezingamaphesenti angama-40 kungenzeka zingenayo izimpawu nhlobo, futhi ukuxilongwa kungalandelwa ngokuhlola okujwayelekile noma ukuvakashelwa kokunye ukukhathazeka.
I-Leukemia Diagnosis
Uma izimpawu, ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo ngokomzimba, umlando wezokwelapha, nezinye izinkomba kubonisa ukuthi i-leukemia kungenzeka, izivivinyo ezihlukahlukene zingase zisetshenziselwe ukuxilongwa ngokusemthethweni. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kanye nokuhlolwa komnyoba kwamathambo ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe lesi sifo, futhi izingcingo zomgogodla zingenziwa kwezinye izimo. Ukuvivinya kwegazi kanye nokuhlolwa komnyovu wesitembu nakho kusiza ekutholeni ama-AML, ALL, CML, kanye ne-CLL subtypes. Amasampula avela kwamanye amasayithi angathathwa futhi ukusiza ukuhlola i-leukemia nokusiza ukuqondisa ukwelashwa.
Izivivinyo zegazi
Ukubala okuphelele kwegazi, noma i- CBC , kuhilela ukubala okuzenzakalelayo kwamaseli ezinhlobo ezehlukene ukuze kunqume ukuthi izinombolo zakho zingena ebangeni elivamile noma elingavamile. I-CBC ivame ukwenza kanye nokubala 'okuhlukana', okuzohlinzeka ngezinombolo zezinhlobo zamangqamuzana, njenge-neutrophils nama-lymphocytes, ngaphansi kwesiguli esithi 'i-white cell cell'.
I- blood smear inikeza ukuhlolisisa: Kwenziwe ukuhlola amangqamuzana egazi amancane, ngokuvamile emva kwe-CBC ehlukile ehlukeneyo kubonisa ukuthi amangqamuzana angavamile noma angafakiwe. E-blood smear, amangqamuzana amancane nokungajwayelekile angabonakaliswa ngangokunokwenzeka ngokubonakala kwawo okuncane.
Ukuxilongwa nokuhlola kokuqala kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwegazi, njengezibalo zamakhemikhali, ukuhlola izinkinga ezingase zibangelwe yi-leukemia kwezinye izitho, isibonelo.
I-Bone Marrow I-Biopsy
I-biopsy yinkqubo lapho isampula yamaseli isuswa emzimbeni ukuze kuqhutshekwe isifundo. I-bone marrow biopsy ivame ukuqala nge-bone marrow aspiration, lapho inani elincane lomkhuhlane ovela emnothweni wethambo lihanjiswa libe yindilinga. Khona-ke, ngenxa ye-biopsy ngokwayo, inaliti enkulu ivame ukucindezelwa ngokunyakaza okubangene emathanjeni (ngokuvamile i-hipbone) ukuthola isampula encane, isisindo somnkantsha. Izibonelo ze-Biopsy zihlolwe yi-pathologist bese ziqhubeka nokuhlolwa kwe-laboratory. Kuye ngohlobo lwe-leukemia olusolakala ukuthi, ama-biopsies kwamanye amasayithi, njengama-lymph nodes, angabandakanyeka.
I-Lumbar Ukunquma / Ithebhu Yomgogodla
Ukukhishwa kwe-lumbar noma ucingo lomgogodla kungenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe i-leukemia. Ngaphansi kokuhlinzekwa kwezidakamizwa zendawo, inaliti efakwe endaweni ye-backbone ukufinyelela umthamo ozungezile futhi ugeza umgogodla; isampula ye-fluid itholakala, kanye nanoma yiliphi amangqamuzana e-leukemia angase abe khona. I-pathologist bese ihlaziya lokhu ketshezi.
Ukuvivinya I-Genetic of Cell Cancerous
Izivivinyo ze-Genetic zivame ukwenziwa amaseli angavamile njengengxenye yokuxilongwa nokuhlolwa kwe-leukemia. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Cytogenic kubhekisela ekuhlolweni okuhlola izinguquko kuma-chromosomes wamaseli we-leukemia. Izinguquko ezithile kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezakhi zofuzo nazo zisiza odokotela ukubikezela ukuthi ukulimala kungase kuziphatha kanjani.
Izikrini nokufanekisa
Ngezinye izikhathi ukucabanga nge-imaging kuthatha indima ekusizeni odokotela ukuthola amangqamuzana engxenyeni ethile yomzimba ye-biopsy, noma ukuthola ukuthi i-lymph nodes noma ezinye izitho zanda.
Ukuxilongwa Kwezinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Ze-Leukemia
I-AML itholakala ngokuhlaziywa kwe-bone marrow biopsy kanye ne-laboratory yamaseli omnyo wamathambo. I-AML ngezinye izikhathi ingasakazeka emthonjeni ojikeleze ubuchopho nomgogodla, ngakho odokotela bangenza ukukhishwa kwe-lumbar noma ucingo lomgogodla ukuze i-fluid ihlolwe futhi. Izivivinyo ziyasetshenziselwa ukwembulwa iphrofayli yezakhi zohlobo lwe-AML, kufaka phakathi izici ze-chromosomal kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezithile kanye nezinguquko zofuzo.
I-CLL itholwe izikhathi eziningi kubantu abangenayo izimpawu. I-CLL ingase ibhekwe njengesifo sokuxilongwa lapho umuntu omdala enesibalo esiphezulu se-lymphocyte, noma ukuphakama ngenxa ye-lymphocytes engeziwe. Ukubala okuphezulu kwe-lymphocyte kungase kwenzeke nezinye, izimo ezingenabuhlungu ezifana ne-infectous mononucleosis ne-pertussis, noma kunjalo; ziphinde zenzeke kwezinye izifo zomdlavuza wegazi.
Kwezinye izimo ze-CLL, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungase kube ngokwanele ukuxilongwa, kepha ukuhlola umnyoba wethambo kuyasiza ukutshela indlela okuthuthukile ngayo, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa komnyoba kwamathambo kwenziwa njalo ngaphambi kokwelashwa. Kwezinye izimo ze-CLL, ingxenye ye-chromosome ingase ilahleke , engathinta umbono, ngakho ukuhlolwa kofuzo kwamaseli angavamile kubalulekile.
U-CML , njengo-CLL, uvame ukutholakala ngaphambi kokuba umuntu abe nezimpawu. I-CML ingase iqale ukusola ngokukhomba imiphumela yayo ejwayelekile egazini bese i-bone lomnkantsha. Iningi leziguli ezine-CML zinamaseli amaningi amhlophe egazi amaningi amangqamuzana amancane egazini lawo. Ngezinye izikhathi iziguli ze-CML zinamanani aphansi amangqamuzana egazi abomvu noma amapulethi egazi. Lezi zithole zingase zibhekise ku-leukemia, kodwa ukuxilongwa ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlolwa kwegazi noma ukuhlolwa komnumongo wamathambo ukuze kuqinisekiswe.
Kubantu abane-CML, umnkantsha wezintambo uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "hypercellular," okusho ukuthi unamaseli amaningi okwenza igazi kunalindelekile ngoba agcwele amangqamuzana e-leukemia. Olunye uhlobo lokuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo lwamaseli angavamile kwenziwa ukufuna i-chromosome ye-Philadelphia kanye / noma isakhi se-BCR-ABL.
KONKE akuvamile ukutholakala ngaphandle kokuhlola umthambo wethambo. Iningi labantu abane-NONKE banamaseli amaningi amhlophe ahlanzekile angenawo igazi, futhi alinayo amangqamuzana abomvu namaplatelet. Amaningi egazi elimhlophe ayoba lymphoblasts noma ukuqhuma. Lezi zi-lymphoblasts ziyi-lymphocyte encane engasebenzi ngendlela evamile. Njenge-AML, njengoba zonke zikwazi ukusabalalisa endaweni ezungeze ubuchopho nomgogodla, umthamo ogeza lezi zitho zingathathwa ngesampula noma umthambo womgogodla. Njengezinye izinhlobo ze-leukemia, ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kubonisa izici zamaseli angavamile ukusiza ukunquma ukuxilongwa kanye ne-leukemia subtypes. Isibonelo, isitha esisodwa sesampula siphenduka izingxenye zamangqamuzana amnyama uma zingama-AML amaseli kodwa hhayi uma ZONKE amaseli.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Chromosome nakho kunendima ku-AML ngoba, njenge-CML, abanye abantu abane-NONKE bahlelwa kabusha kuma-chromosomes abo okuholela ku-chromosome ye-Philadelphia. Cishe amaphesenti angu-25 abantu abadala abane-NONKE banalo okungajwayelekile emangqamuzaneni abo e-leukemia.
Ngezansi izilinganiso zezinombolo zokuxilongwa okusha kohlobo ngalunye lwe-leukemia e-United States unyaka ngamunye:
- Amacala amasha angu-19 950 we-AML
- Amacala amasha angu-18 960 we-CLL
- Amacala amasha angu-8.220 we-CML
- Amacala amasha angu-6,590 YONKE
Nini Ukubona Udokotela Wakho
Kufanele wenze i-aphoyintimenti nodokotela wakho uma unesibonakaliso noma izimpawu eziphikisanayo ezikukhathazayo. Izimpawu ze-leukemia zingacacile futhi aziqondile. Kwezinye izimo, kutholakala i-leukemia ngesikhathi kuhlolwa igazi okwenziwe ngesinye isizathu.
Njengoba izimpawu eziningi ze-leukemia zibuye zibe nezimpawu ezivame kakhulu (futhi, kwezinye izimo, kancane ngokuphathelene) nezifo, kubalulekile ukuthi ungesabi. Ukusebenza nodokotela wakho kungasiza ukufaka izibalo zakho zomzimba noma izimpawu zibe yisimo, ukuvumela ukucubungisisa ngokucophelela izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezilandelayo.
Izwi elivela
Ukuxilongwa kwe-leukemia kungasetha umhlaba wakho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wena, othandekayo, noma mhlawumbe ingane yakho, i-leukemia iyatholakala ukuthi akekho okulungele. Yazi ukuthi uzizwa ukhululekile ngokuphelele.
Imfundo yisinyathelo sokuqala, futhi izokusiza ukuba uthathe uhambo lwakho lomdlavuza. Cishe kuzo zonke izimo, kukhona inqubo yokuphulukisa okudingeka futhi yenzeke-eyodwa engeke ivela esikhwameni se-IV, iphilisi, noma ukumpontshelwa igazi.
Yisebenzise imiphakathi esekelayo nemithombo. Funda kubantu abaye bahamba ngezicathulo zakho. Yazi ukuthi awusoze wedwa, ngisho noma ngezinye izikhathi uzizwa uthanda. Futhi, njalo ubuze imibuzo.
> Imithombo:
> I-Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. https://www.lls.org/sites/default/files/file_assets/understandingleukemia.pd
> National Cancer Institute. I-Leukemia - I-Health Professional Version (PDQ). http://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp