Ama-virus we-Flu alishintsha sonke isikhathi. Yingakho sidinga ukuthola umkhuhlane wesifo njalo ngonyaka.
Ezinye zalezi zinguquko ziyingcosana, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kunezinguquko ezinkulu ezidala izinhlobo ezintsha zegciwane lesifo somkhuhlane. Yilezi zinhlobo ezintsha zegciwane lesifo somkhuhlane ukuthi ochwepheshe bayakhathazeka ngoba yibo abangabangela isifo somkhuhlane.
Ezinye izinto zokwazi ngezinkinga ezintsha zegciwane lomkhuhlane zifaka ukuthi:
- abantu, ikakhulukazi izingane ezincane, kaningi abanakho ukuzivikela "kumabonakude" noma izinkinga ezintsha zegciwane lesilwane
- Izinkinga zegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ezingabangela abantu abagulayo zibizwa ngokuthi yizifo ezihlukahlukene zamagciwane
- ezinye izinhlobo zegciwane lesifo somkhuhlane ezintsha zinezinguquko ezingokwemvelo ezingenza kube lula ukuba zisakaze ezilwaneni kubantu noma zibe nezifo ezingathí sina
Izinguquko ezincane emithonjeni yegciwane lesifo somkhuhlane zibangelwa yi-antigenic drift. Izinguquko zingase zenze izinguquko ezincane kumgciwane wesifo sofuba ukuze ama-antibodies ethu angawuboni futhi asivikelwe ngokugcwele ekutheleleni.
Izinguquko ezinkulu ezengeziwe zibangelwa ukuguqulwa kwe-antigenic. Yilokho okwabangela ubhubhane lwe-H1N1 ka - 2009 . Esikhundleni sokushintshashintsha okulula noma ukuguquka emkhakheni owodwa womkhuhlane, ukuguqulwa kwe-antigenic kubangelwa ukuvuselelwa okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo ezivela emithonjeni ehlukene yamagciwane, ngokuvamile phakathi kwezilwane nezinkinga zomuntu. Ngakho-ke ngokushintsha kwe-antigenic, uhlobo lwegciwane lesifo somkhuhlane okungenzeka likwazi ukuthelela izinyoni noma izingulube, lungathola amandla okusakazeka kubantu.
2016-1017 Isikhathi Sengxube
Igciwane lesifo somkhuhlane ochwepheshe ababikezela ukuthi kuyoba yinto evame kakhulu phakathi nonyaka ka-2015-1016 wezikhukhula futhi okufakiwe kulo mshanguzo wokugoma wonyaka odlule kufakwe:
- i-A / California / 7/2009 (H1N1) igciwane le-pdm09-like
- i-A / Switzerland / 9715293/2013 (i-H3N2) -fana negciwane elinjengalesi
- i-B / Phuket / i-3073 / i-virus-like-virus
- i-B / Brisbane / i-virus / 60-2008-like-virus (imishanguzo ye-frivalvalent kuphela)
I-H1N1 igciwane lesandulela ngculaza eyabangela ubhubhane manje seliyodwa nje igciwane lesifo somkhuhlane.
Unyaka olandelayo wezifo zokugoma komkhuhlane we-2016-17 uzofaka:
- i-A / California / 7/2009 (H1N1) igciwane le-pdm09-like
- i-A / Hong Kong / 4801/2014 (i-H3N2) -fana negciwane elifanayo
- kanye ne-B / Brisbane / i-60/2008-like-virus (B / Victoria lineage)
- Imishanguzo ye-quadrivalent izofaka futhi igciwane le-B / Phuket / 3073/2013 (B / Yamagata)
Ngakho-ke izingxenye ezimbili zomuthi wokugoma wonyaka ozayo zizoshintsha.
Inja yezinja
Nakuba abaningi bethu sebejwayele ukuzwa nge-bird flu kanye nengulube yezinkhumba, inja yegciwane yinto entsha.
Ukuzwa mayelana no-2015 inja yegciwane (umkhuhlane we-canine) ukuqhuma eChicago mhlawumbe bobabili bamangala futhi bekhathazekile abantu abaningi. Ngenhlanhla, inja yegciwane ayithelelisi kubantu. Leli gciwane le-H3N2 elivela kumahhashi lingasakazeka kalula phakathi kwezinja, okwenza kube kubalulekile ukuzama ukulawula nokuvimbela amacala amasha.
I-HPAI H5
Kusukela ngoDisemba 2014, kutholakala izinkinga zegciwane lesandulela ngculaza (HPAI) ze-H5 virus e-United States ngezinyoni zasendle, ezifudukayo (Canada Goose, Mallards, Snowy Owl, njll) nezinkukhu ezifuywayo, kuhlanganise nezinkukhu, ama-turkeys namadada.
Izigidi zezinyoni ezigulayo ezingenani okungenani ezingu-21 ziye zabangela izincomo ezivela ku-CDC ukuthi abantu:
- gwema izinyoni zasendle futhi uzigcine kude
- gwema ukuxhumana nezinyoni ezifuywayo (izinkukhu) ezibonakala zigula noma zifile
- gwema ukuxhumana nezindawo ezibonakala zingcoliswe ngendwangu ezivela ezinyoni zasendle noma ezifuywayo.
Ingozi yempilo kubantu abavela kulo mkhuhlane wezinyoni kucatshangwa ukuthi iphansi ngalesi sikhathi noma kunjalo.
Kukhona ukukhathazeka ukuthi ukuqhuma komkhuhlane wezinyoni kungabangela ukuntuleka kweqanda, amanani aphezulu amaqanda, kanye namanani aphezulu e-turkey.
H3N2 Izifo Ezihlukahlukene
Igciwane le-H3N2 (H3N2v) elihlukile lathola abantu abangu-12 abagula ngo-2011. Lena yi-virus yesifo sofuba esithinta kakhulu izingulube, kodwa yakwazi ukuletha abantu abagulayo ikakhulukazi abantu abaye baxhumana isikhathi eside nezingulube ezithathelwanayo.
Lokhu kuqhuma okuqhubekayo. Ngonyaka ka-2012, icala libala ukutheleleka kwe-H3N2v lenyuke ku-309 emazweni angu-12.
Nakuba sibheke amanye amacala kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, njengaseminyakeni eyedlule, kunomkhawulo osakazekile kusuka komuntu oyedwa kuya kwesinye. Lezi zindaba ezinhle kithi sonke, kodwa abantu abathile basadingeka baqaphele, ikakhulukazi labo abasengozini enkulu yokucindezeleka komkhuhlane . I-CDC incoma ukuthi igweme izinqolobane zezingulube nezingulube ezenzweni zezolimo.
Ukuze ugweme ukuthola i-H3N2v kusuka engulube, kubalulekile futhi ukuthi wonke umuntu:
- hlamba izandla ngokufanele emva kokudonswa kwezingulube
- gwema ukuthatha ukudla nokuphuza izingulube
- gwema ukuthatha isithwama somntwana wakho, amathoyizi, ibhodlela lebantwana, noma i-pacifier, njll, nxazonke zezingulube
- Hlala kude nanoma iyiphi ingulube egulayo
Khumbula ukuthi awukwazi njalo ukutshela ukuthi ingulube ine-H3N2v. Njengezifo zabantu, ezinye izingulube zingatheleleka ngegciwane futhi zibe nezibonakaliso ezincane kuphela noma azikho izimpawu nakancane futhi zingasakazeka kwabanye.
Futhi ngenxa yokuthi izifo zegciwane lesifo somkhuhlane zingabuthana ndawonye futhi zishintshe emithonjeni emisha, kufanele ugweme izingulube uma ugula ngemfuluwenza.
Kwakukhona amacala angu-19 kuphela e-H3N2v e-US ngo-2013, kodwa amacala amathathu kuphela ngonyaka ngonyaka ka-2014 no-2015.
Kuze kube manje, ngo-2016, kuye kwaba okungenani amacala amane eH3N2v, wonke e-Ohio naseMichigan.
Isiqhumane se-H7N9 sezindiza
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-H7N9 ka-2013 eChina kwakuneziningi zabantu abathintekayo, njengoba kwabulawa abantu abangu-44 phakathi kwamacala angu-132 kuphela ngo-2013. Kuye kwaba namacala ambalwa kwabahambi ababuya eChina, kuhlanganise nabantu abagula eCanada naseMalaysia.
Ngenhlanhla, lolu hlobo lomkhuhlane wezinyoni aluzange lukwazi ukusabalalisa ukusuka komuntu oyedwa kuya kwesinye. Esikhundleni salokho, kucatshangwa ukuthi abantu bagula ngenxa yokungcola ezinkukhu ezikhulelwe, ikakhulukazi ezimakethe zenyoni eziphilayo.
Ukuqala kokuqala kuka-2013 kubonakala sengathi sekuphelile, kodwa amacala amasha abonakala ekhula ngonyaka. Manje sekukhona amacala angu-798 we-H7N9 ukutheleleka, ikakhulukazi eChina, okungenani abangu-212 abafa.
H5N1
Ngaphezu kwe-H7N9, kukhona olunye uhlobo lwe-bird flu olunezinyanga ezide kakhulu - i-H5N1 enkulu kakhulu ye-influenza ye-avian.
Okokutholwa ngo-2003, kuye kwaba okungenani amacala angu-664 eHPAI H5N1 emazweni angu-15 futhi okungenani abangu-391 abafa.
Amacala amaningi ase-Asia nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika, ikakhulukazi i-Egypt ne-Indonesia. Uma uzovakashela enye yalezi zindawo, i-CDC incoma ukuthi 'ugweme ukuvakashela amapulazi ezinkukhu, izimakethe zezinyoni nezinye izindawo lapho kuphakanyiswa khona izinkukhu eziphilayo, kugcinwe noma kuthengiswa.'
Njenge-H7N9, lolu hlobo lwe-bird flu alubonakali lusakazeka phakathi kwabantu.
H9N2
Amacala amabili amasha omkhuhlane we-Avian (H9N2) we-avian nawo aqinisekisiwe ngo-2013, kokubili eChina.
Lolu hlobo lwe-bird flu luvame ukudala izimpawu ezincane, ngakho-ke akucatshangwa ukuthi kuyisongo esikhulu okwamanje.
H10N8
Uhlobo olusha lwamathambo amasha omkhuhlane wezilwane kubantu abathintekayo, i-A (H10N8), manje isiqinisekisiwe ukuthi sesenele okungenani abantu ababili eChina kusukela ngoJanuwari 2014.
Kwesinye sezimo, owesifazane oneminyaka engu-55 ubudala owayeye emakethe yezolimo wasungula i-pneumonia enkulu futhi wayesezimo ezibucayi. Omunye umuntu one-H10N8 ukutheleleka kwashona ngasekupheleni kuka-2013.
Okudingayo Ukuze Ukwazi Ngezimpande Ezintsha Zezinhlanzi
Kungaba ukucabanga okukhathazayo ukuthi yonke imithwalo yesifo somkhuhlane entsha ingabangela ukushayeka komkhuhlane omusha kanye nenani elikhulu labantu ababulawa ngumkhuhlane . Ngenhlanhla, lezi zinhlobo zezifo eziyingozi azivamile.
Ezinye izinto zokwazi ngezinkinga ezintsha zegciwane lomkhuhlane zifaka ukuthi:
- Imithi yamagciwane e-antiviral, kuhlanganise noTamiflu (oseltamivir) no-Relenza (zanamivir), ngokuvamile ingasetshenziswa ukuphatha imishanguzo emisha yemifucuza, ngisho nalapho umgomo ungatholakali.
- Izinkinga ezintsha zamagciwane omkhuhlane ziqhubeka nokushintsha, okusho ukuthi igciwane le-HPAI H5N1 lingakhulisa ikhono lokusakaza kalula kusuka komuntu oyedwa kuya komunye.
- Kokubili izingxenye ze-H kanye N ze-H7N9 yizinkinga ezintsha ezingakaze zithole abantu abagulayo ngaphambilini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ingxenye H kuphela ye-H5N1 intsha phakathi kwabantu.
- Kunezimo ezilinganiselwe ze-H7 flu in North America esikhathini esidlule, kuhlanganise ne-H7N3 eCanada ngo-2004 (amacala abantu ababili), i-H7N2 eNew York ngo-2003 (icala elilodwa lomuntu), ne-H7N2 eVirginia ngo-2002 (icala elilodwa). Ngokungafani ne-H5N1, lawa wonke ama-pathogenic avian influenza virus strains.
- I-World Health Organization inesimiso sokugada kanye nokuqapha kwegciwane lomhlaba jikelele ukusiza ukuthola nokukhomba izinhlobo ezintsha zomkhuhlane.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukugoma komkhuhlane wonke ongakuvikela kuwo wonke amagciwane omkhuhlane kuyoba nethemba ukuthi ngelinye ilanga uyosivikela sonke kusuka kunoma yiziphi izinkinga ezintsha zegciwane lomkhuhlane.
Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kubalulekile ukuthi siqhubeke sibukele futhi siqaphele lezi zinhlobo zamagciwane omkhuhlane omusha, sisebenze ekukhiqizeni imishanguzo entsha yama-antiviral, imishanguzo emisha, kanye nezindlela zokunciphisa ukusakazwa kwalezi zifo eziwumkhuhlane kusuka ezilwaneni kuya kubantu. Futhi qiniseka ukuthi utshele udokotela wakho uma uhlakulela izimpawu zesifo somkhuhlane futhi usanda kuvakashela indawo lapho lezi zinhlobo ezintsha zegciwane lesifo sogciwane ziyaziwa ukuthi zigula abantu.
> CDC. Ukuvimbela Nokulawulwa Kwesifo Sokukhulelwa Ngezinyanga Zonyaka Ngezinsana: Izincomo zeKomidi Elilulekayo Emisebenzini Yokugoma (ACIP) - United States, 2014-15 Influenza Season. I-MMWR. Agasti 15, 2014/63 (32); 691-697.
> CDC. Virus ye-Influenza A (H7N9). http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h7n9-virus.htm. Ifinyelele ngoJulayi 2013.
> WHO. Isingeniso Sokuhlolwa Kwengozi Ngenyanga. http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/HAI_Risk_Assessment/en/index.html Kufinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 2014.
> CDC. Umkhuhlane A (H3N2) Virus ehlukile. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/swineflu/h3n2v-cases.htm. Ifinyelele ngoJulayi 2013.
> Diana L. Ukulungisa amasu okuphatha imfuluva emhlabeni wonke ukubhekana namagciwane avelayo. I-American Journal of Physiology - I-Lung Cellular and Physiology. 2013 Jul; 305 (2): L108-17.
> Sasiesekharan, uRam. Izakhi Zokwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zokwemvelo Ukuguquguquka kweH5N1 Hemagglutinin ukuze Ushintshe Okucacile Kwamamukeli. Iseli, uMqulu 153, Issue 7, 1475-1485, 06 Juni 2013.