Yini Eyokuhambisa?
Ukunyakaza kwamazwi, ukugqugquzela, nomzwelo konke kuqukethe izimpande zamagama afanayo. Uma sicabanga ngesisusa, singase sibuze mayelana nomzwelo ngamagama "yini okukushukumisayo?" Zonke lezi zindlela ezingokoqobo -zizinda eziningi ezihlotshaniswa nokushayela nokugqugquzela ngokomzimba zihlanganisa imizwa yethu ngesenzo.
I-Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Umgqugquzeli wezombangazwe owayengenamandla futhi ozinikezele wabhekana nesifo esibuhlungu esivela esivumelwaneni sakhe esingaphakathi kokuxhumana . *
Ngemva kokushaywa umoya, wayevukile futhi ephapheme, kodwa engavumelani nanoma yini emzungezile. Amazwi omndeni wakubo kanye nokukhathazeka ngokomzimba kwakubonakala engasho lutho kuye. Wayengeke adle ngaphandle kokuba ukudla kutholakale emlonyeni wakhe, futhi angeke akhulume ngaphandle kwama-syllables eyodwa. Odokotela bamtholile nge-akinetic mutism, ukuntuleka okukhulu kakhulu kwesisusa.
I-CT scan yasikisela ukuthi igazi elisuka ku-aneurysm lalingene ngaphakathi kwe-cortex yakhe yangaphambili ye-cingulate (ACC), isifunda ngemuva kwalokho okubhekwa njenge-lobes yangaphambili, phakathi kobuchopho mayelana nesikhathi eside njengamathempeli akhe. I-cortex yangaphakathi ye-cingulate iyingxenye yesimiso se-limbic, inethiwekhi yezakhiwo zobuchopho ezibonisa futhi zenze imzwelo.
Ingxenye engezansi ye-ACC ixhunywe ne-amygdalae, izifunda ezibucayi zemizwelo, kanye ne-prefrontal cortex, ehilelekile ekulawuleni ngokomzwelo. Iphinde ixhunywe ne-hypothalamus ne-brainstem, lapho i-ACC ithinta khona izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, ukucindezelwa kwegazi, nezinye izinto ezizimele zemizwelo.
Ingxenye ephezulu ye-ACC ixhunywe ku-lobes yangaphambili, esisiza ukuba siqondise futhi senze izinhlelo. I-ACC iphinde ixhumane ngokuqondile ne-premotor cortex, evuselela izingxenye zokuqala zenhlangano edidiyelwe. Ngokubambisana, izingxenye eziphezulu nezansi ze-ACC zenza kube kuhle ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lomzwelo bese ulushintsha ekusebenzeni.
Izinkinga ze-Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Ngeshwa, i-ACC ingalimala yizifo zezokwelapha ezifana nezicubu, ukulimala, ukushaywa nokuningi. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi komzwelo nesenzo kuphelile, futhi silahlekelwa umshini wethu womzwelo. Lokhu kubangela ukunganaki, okubizwa nangokuthi abulia , lapho abantu abazizwa khona isidingo sokuphendula cishe noma yini emvelweni wabo, kubandakanya izinto ezivame ukubaluleka kubo, njengomndeni, abangane, noma ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nobuhlungu bomzimba. Ifomu elibi kunazo zonke yi-akinetic mutism, lapho umuntu ekhungathekile khona akwazi ngisho nokuhambisa noma ukukhuluma.
I-Dopaminergic Reward Pathway
Ngaphezu kokuntuleka kwesisusa, kunezikhathi lapho sishukunyiswa ngokungalungile. Isiyaluyalu ingenye yezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu lapho sishukumiseleka ukuba siziphathe ngezindlela esazi ukuthi ziphikisana nezintshisekelo zethu.
UJames Olds noPeter Milner baseYunivesithi yaseMcGill babonisa ukuthi ukugqugquzela isikhungo somvuzo we-mesolimbic ngezansi nangaphambi kobuchopho kwenziwa njengomvuzo emajukeni. Ama-electrode afakwa ebuchosheni bezinja ukuze isilwane sikwazi ukuzivuselela ngokucindezela i-lever. Izilwane zingasebenzisa le lever ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezu kwezikhathi eziyinkulungwane ngehora.
Kamuva ama-circuits afanayo aboniswa ezinkambeni ngabanye abacwaningi.
Indawo ye-ventral, eyaziwa nangokuthi iphrojekthi ye-mesolimbic yomklamo wezinkampani ezakhiwe ngezakhiwo eziningi ezahlukene ezihilelekile ngomzwelo nokushayela, kufaka phakathi i-cortex yangaphakathi ye-cingulate kanye ne-amygdala. Iphrojekthi iphinde ihambisane ne-prefrontal cortex, esivumela ukuba sihlulele futhi sinake ukuthi kungenzeka yini umvuzo ohambisana nomcimbi wento endaweni yethu.
Esinye sezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu endaweni ye-ventral tegmental yi-nucleus accumbens. I-nucleus accumbens iqukethe izindawo ezimbili: i-core kanye negobolondo. Izilonda ezisemqoka ziqeda ezinye izimpendulo zokuziphatha ezimweni ezifakiwe, ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi zihlobene nokunyakaza okuhambisana nokubaluleka ngokomzwelo.
Umgomo ubonakala ukwandisa ukuziphatha okuhlelekile-isibonelo uma i-amphetamine ingeniswe ngaphakathi, isilwane cishe sikwazi ukusebenzela umgomo ohlangene nomvuzo esikhathini esidlule. Igobolondo ibonakala ihlobene kakhulu nezinto ezintsha nemicimbi.
Ukuphazamiseka komzila we-Dopaminergic Reward
Ngokwengqondo, indlela yokuvuza ixhomeke ku-dopamine ye-neurotransmitter. Ukulutha kwezidakamizwa kuye kwahlanganiswa ngokuhambisana nokudluliselwa kwe-dopamine kule nqubo. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izidakamizwa ezihloswe ukwandisa amazinga e-dopamine ebuchosheni, njengezidakamizwa ezihloselwe ukwelapha izimpawu zesifo sikaParkinson, zingathinta nalesi simiso, okuholela ekuziphatheni okuluthayo njengokugembula.
Uma umuntu ohlukumeza i-cocaine noma i-amphetamine eyeka ukusebenzisa lesi sidakamizwa, angabhekana nokuqedwa kwe-dopamine ohlelweni lokuvuza lomsolimbic, okuholela ekuzizweni kokunganakwa nokucindezeleka ngesikhathi sokuhoxiswa. Lo mphumela ungasisiza futhi nakwezinye odokotela ukuphatha imithi ephazamisekile noma enobudlova abahlinzeka ngeziguli ezifana neHaldol inciphisa amazinga e-dopamine, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukushayela kwesiguli futhi ngaleyo ndlela iyancipha. Izisusa ze-Serotonin zingaba nomphumela ofanayo naphezu komphumela omncane, futhi zingagwema ezinye zemiphumela emibi ye-antipsychotics.
Isiphetho
Izifunda zobuchopho zixhunyaniswa kakhulu, ezingenza kube nzima ukunquma ukuthi kungani umuntu enesifo esinjengokunganakwa. Ngenkathi ngicubungulé izindawo ezimbili ezinkulu ezihambisana ne-drive, ezinye izifunda ezinjenge-insula yangaphakathi nazo zingabandakanyeka.
Ukuphazamiseka kwesisusa akusona unomphela. Ubuchopho buyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanti nezinye izinhlelo zingakwazi ukubuyisela kancane umonakalo esifundeni esithile. Owesifazane ophethwe yisisu ngenxa ye-cortex yakhe yangaphambilini wayesebenza ngcono ngesikhathi ngesikhathi umzimba uvuselela igazi, nakuba waqhubeka ehlushwa izimpawu zokwehla kwesisusa okukhumbuza ukucindezeleka.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngenkathi singaboni bethu, lokhu kusho ukuthi siyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi sikwazi ukunqoba umonakalo ongeke usivimbe isifiso sethu sokwenza.
* Imininingwane yomuntu ishintshwe ukuvikela imfihlo.
Imithombo
I-Barris R, i-Schuman H (1953): Izilonda eziphakathi kwe-cingulate gyrus; isifo se-cingulate gyri yangaphakathi. I-Neurology. 3: 44-52.
U-Nielsen J, uJacobs L (1951): Izilonda ezithinta izidumbu ze-anterior cingulate gyri; umbiko wecala. I-Bulletin ye-Los Angeles Neurological Society. 16: 231-234.
Sollberger, M., Rankin, KP, & Miller, BL (2010). Ukuqanjwa komphakathi. Ukuqhubeka kwe-Learning Lifelong Neurol, 16 (4), 69-85.