Ayikho inkokhelo yomusi wesibhamu ophephile
Umusi wesibhamu, owaziwa nangokuthi ukubhema, uvela ngenxa yokuphefumula emoyeni emikhiqizweni yegwayi. Ngokusho kwe-American Lung Association, umusi okhishwa ugwayi uqukethe amakhemikhali angaba ngu-7 000, kanti kulaba abangu-70 bayaziwa ukuthi bahlobene nomdlavuza (i-carcinogenic).
Lokhu kusho ukuthi isikhathi ngasinye lapho umuntu ekhanyisa ugwayi, amakhemikhali anobuthi njengeBenene, formaldehyde, i-vinyl chloride, i-arsenic ammonia, i-hydrogen cyanide, ne-carbon monoxide ikhishwa emoyeni.
Njengoba abantu ababhemayo befaka lezi zinto ezinobuthi ngokuqondile, abenzi bokuzibulala benza kanjalo ngendlela engafanele, ngenxa yomusi wesimanga.
Yini
Ukubhema kwentuthuko kuyinhlanganisela yezinhlobo ezimbili zomusi: umusi ojwayelekile, okhishwa ngempela kumuntu obhema, futhi oshiya umusi, okhishwa ekupheleni kombheyi ovuthayo. Zombili izinhlobo ziqukethe i-carcinogens enobuhlungu efanayo.
Ukufelwa kwe-Smoke Deaths
I-American Lung Association inqume ukuthi ukubhema komswakama kubangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-40 000 ngonyaka. Azikho amazinga aphephile omusi womuntu oyedwa. Ngisho nokuvezwa okuncane kungabangela ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo noma ukukhushulwa kwemiphumela eminingi yempilo emibi. Ukwengeza, ukubhekwa komusi wesibhamu kudala izifo nokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ezinganeni nakubantu abadala abangabhemi.
Amaqembu Esengozini
Nakuba wonke umuntu obhekene nokubhema kwentuthuko engcupheni, amaqembu athile abantu asemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuthuthukisa izinkinga ezinkulu ezivela kumusi womuntu oyedwa.
Lokhu kubandakanya izinsana ezingakazalwa nezinsana, izingane kanye nentsha, nabantu abane-asthma noma ezinye izimo zokuphefumula, kufaka nalabo abane-COPD. I-Surgeon General kanye ne-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) batusa ukuthi akekho ozobhema lapho abantu abasha bekhona.
Abantu abadala
Ukubhema ukubhema kuyisimangaliso sokuphefumula.
Kungabangela futhi kuhambisane nemibandela yokuphefumula, kuhlanganise ne-COPD. Abantu abadala abane-COPD basengozini kakhulu uma bebhekene nentuthu yesibhamu, ngokuvamile bahlakulela izimpawu ezibucayi, kuhlanganise nokukhuphuka kokuphefumula, ukukhwehlela nokukhiqizwa kwe-mucus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhema umshini wesibhamu kuyisisusa esikhulu se-asthma. Iphunga elimnandi lomusi on izingubo noma isikhumba ngokwanele ukuveza izimpawu.
Ngokwe-EPA njengomshukela wamaphaphu womuntu, umusi womuntu oyisitokisi unesibopho sokufa kwabantu abangaba ngu-3,400 umdlavuza wamaphaphu minyaka yonke kwabangaboni baseMelika. Kubangelwa ukufa kwabantu abangu-22 700 kuya kwabangu-69 600 e-United States ngezifo zenhliziyo unyaka ngamunye, kanti nakuba kudingekile izifundo ezengeziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe lesi sixhumanisi, kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokushaya isisu nokuqina kwezidakamizwa.
Izingane kanye nezinsana
Uma owesifazane ephuza ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ingane engakazalwa ithola umoya ophansi futhi ikhule izinga eliphakeme le-carbon monoxide emzimbeni wakhe wegazi. Lokhu kungabangela ukukhulelwa kwesisu okuphezulu, ukubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukubeletha, kanye nokuzalwa kwezinsana ngokuzumayo (SIDS). Amantombazane adutshulwe ngotshwala osesiswini nawo ayengozini yokuzalwa kwesisindo esincane kanye nezinye izinkinga. Ukwengeza, kukhona ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kokubhema ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye ne-SIDS.
Eqinisweni, izinsana zoomama ababhema zingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ukufa nge-SIDS kunabantwana abangewona abokubhema.
Izingane Nezingane
Yize kunezindaba ezinhle zokuthi ukubhema kwentuthu yesibhamu kuyancipha eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, izingane ezingamaphesenti angu-37 ezingamaMelika (izigidi ezingu-24) zisabhekene nentuthu yesibhamu, kusho i-American Lung Association.
Ngenxa yokuthi izingane zinezindlela ezincane zokuhamba emoyeni, zithinteka kakhulu ekubhemeni kwentuthu kunabantu abadala. Lapho umntwana evezwa ngubhubhe wesibhamu, ikhono lakhe lokuphefumula likhubazekile, njengoba umoya womoya ugcwele amandla futhi ugcwala umsizi. Lokhu kubenza basheshe babe nezinkinga zokuphefumula ezifana nokukhwehlela nokuvuthisa futhi ngokuvamile kuholela ekutheleleni okuphefumulayo.
Umusi wesibhamu uhlotshaniswa nezinyanga ezingu-7 500 kuya ku-15 000 zokubeletha izingane nezinsana futhi ziholela ekufeni kwabangu-136 kuya ku-212 ezinganeni ezinyangeni ezingu-18 noma ezincane ngonyaka ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba ukubhema komsizi wesimanga kumcasula ukuhamba kwemimoya yamaphaphu, kuyisisusa esinamandla sabantwana abane-asthma, okufaka amacala amasha angu-8 000 kuya ku-26 000 ngonyaka ngonyaka. Kuyaziwa nangokukhuphula izimpawu ze-asthma ezinganeni ezingu-400 000 kuya ku-1 000 000 ezine-asthma.
Izingane kanye nentsha yabazali abasafuni ukuthuthukisa kuphela izifo ezithinta ukuphefumula kodwa banenkinga enkulu yokuphumula kubo. Ukubhema kwentuthuko kuyaziwa nangokuthi kuhlotshaniswa nokutheleleka kwezindlebe eziphakathi, ukuphefumula kwe-pneumonia, ne-bronchitis ezinganeni.
Ukubhema kwentsha nakho kuyinkinga enkulu yezempilo. Kuyinto evamile ukuthi intsha yabazali ababhemayo bayabhema. Intsha ayiqapheli kuphela ukuthi ukubhema kuyingozi kangakanani, kodwa kulula ukuba umlutha esikhathini esifushane.
Indlela Yokuvimbela Ukuvezwa
Kubaluleke kakhulu uma unesiphi isimo sokuphefumula, kuhlanganise ne-asthma ne-COPD, ukuthi awugcini nje ukuyeka ukubhema kodwa ugweme nokubhema umsizi wesibhamu. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingathathwa ngomzamo wokuvimbela ukuvezwa:
- Ungaze uvumele noma ubani ukuba athume ngaphakathi kwekhaya lakho, ihhovisi noma imoto.
- Chaza inqubomgomo yakho "yasekhaya elingenabuthu" kuwo wonke umuntu ovakashelayo. Abantu abakukhathalela kakhulu bazohlonipha futhi basekele imithetho yakho yendlu.
- Khubaza ukuziphatha ukubhema ekhaya lakho ngokususa wonke ama-ashtrays.
- Yeluleka izivakashi namalungu omndeni, uma kufanele, ukubhema ngaphandle, kude namafasitela noma iminyango evulekile.
- Ungahlali ezindaweni lapho abantu bebhema khona. Uma kufanele ube endaweni lapho ukubhema komphakathi kwenzeka khona, hlala noma ume endaweni engenawo umoya, engekho ukubhema kwendawo.
- Uma amalungu omndeni ebhema, bonisa ukuthi bayayeka.
- Uma wena noma othandekayo enenkinga yokuyeka, khuluma neqembu lakho lokunakekela impilo mayelana nokuthola usizo. Ukwelapha ukushintshwa kwe-Nicotine neminye imithi kuyatholakala futhi kungandisa amathuba akho wokuyeka ukuphumelela.
- Joyina, noma uphakamise othandekayo wakho ajoyine iqembu lokusekela lokuyeka ukubhema.
Nakuba izinqumo ezingenasibhamu zikhona emadolobheni amaningi ezweni lonke, kuningi okudingeka kwenziwe ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yabantu bonke, ikakhulukazi izingane. Ukuqhubeka nemfundo ezikoleni zethu nasezindaweni zokusebenza kungasiza ekukhanyiseni isihloko esibucayi. Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuphefumula umoya ohlanzekile, umoya omusha, mahhala emiphumeleni eyingozi yomshukela wesibhamu.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Izimpawu ze-Vital: Ukungafani Kwababantu Ababukeli Ukuboniswa Umsizi Wesibili Sasekhaya - i-United States, 1999-2012. Ukulimala nokufa Ukubika ngeviki. Februwari 6, 2015; 64 (4): 103-8.
> Imiphumela Yempilo Yomusi Wesibili. I-American Lung Association.