Kukhona izimpikiswano futhi ngokumelene nokuzibulala odokotela abazisizile
Impikiswano mayelana nokuziphatha nokusemthethweni kokuzibulala odokotela (i-PAS) akuyona into entsha. Kube yisihloko sezingxoxo ezifudumele emakhulwini eminyaka futhi azibonisi izimpawu zokupholisa phansi.
Ukuzibulala ngodokotela okwamanje kungokomthetho (2017) e-Oregon, eWashington, eVermont, eDoronto naseMontha. Emhlabeni jikelele (nakuba imingcele ihlukahluka kakhulu) itholakala eNetherlands, eBelgium, e-UK, Columbia naseJapane.
Kusemthethweni esifundazweni saseQuebec eCanada. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ukuzibulala odokotela kunesidingo esivela kunelungelo lokugodla noma ukuhoxisa izinyathelo zokulondoloza impilo noma isilwane esilula, lapho kunengxabano encane futhi ngokuvamile okuyizinqumo zomuntu kunokuba kube nezindaba zomthetho.
Iziphi izizathu zokusekela noma ukuphikisa ukuzibulala odokotela?
Iziphakamiso Ngukuphi Ukusekela noma Ukuphikisa Ukuzibulala NgesiNgisi
Kuneziphakamiso eziqinile ngokucacile ezihlangothini zombili zenkinga yokuzibulala odokotela, kepha ngaphambi kokungena kuzo, kubalulekile ukuchaza ngokushesha lokho esikuphikisana ngakho. Kuyini ukuzibulala odokotela nodokotela kanye nokuthi lokhu kuhluke kanjani, kusho ukuthi, i-euthanasia? Ukuzibulala ngodokotela noma i-PAS ichazwa njengokuqedwa kokuzithandela kokuphila komuntu ngokuphathwa kwezinto ezibulalayo ngokusiza ngqo noma okungaqondile komdokotela.
Ngokungafani ne-euthanasia, lapho udokotela enza khona ukungenelela, NGAKHO udokotela unikeza izindlela ezidingekayo futhi isiguli senza lesi senzo.
Amaphuzu amane ayisisekelo ekuphikisweni kwe-PAS (kanye neMibono Engaphansi Kwesekelo)
Ngenkathi kunamaphuzu amaningi amahle kanye nemininingwane embuzweni ovezwe ngokomzwelo wokuzibulala osizwa odokotela, lezi zingaphulwa zibe amaphuzu amane amakhulu avame ukuvela ngokumelene nokwamukelwa noma ukugunyazwa.
Futhi kuzo zonke izingxabano, kukhona impikiswano yokuphikisa.
1. Ukufinyeleleka Okuthuthukisiwe KwamaHlathi Nokunakekelwa Kwama-Palliative
Impikiswano eyodwa ngokuphikisana ne-PAS yilelo-ngoba isibonelo sokunakekelwa kokugcina kwekhwalithi kutholakala ngezinhlelo zokunakekela izifo zokubeletha kanye nezinkinga zokunakekelwa kwezinhliziyo-akufanele kube nesizathu sokuthi ubani ozodinga ukufuna i-PAS. Kulo mbono, ukugxila akufanele kube ngokomthetho we-PAS, kodwa ekuthuthukiseni ukufinyelela kokunakekelwa kwelashwa.
Kunama-ejenti angaphezu kuka-4 000 e-hospice e-United States, kodwa ngenxa yemingcele yemali kanye nokuqina kwe-Medicare Hospice Benefit okudinga iziguli ukuba zibe nokuphila kwezinyanga eziyisithupha noma ngaphansi, izigidi zabantu e-United States azikwazi ukufinyelela kubo.
Ukuphikisana-ngxabano: Ngisho nokufinyelela okuthuthukisiwe ukunakekelwa kwekhwalithi yokuphela komsebenzi, kuzoba namacala angavamile okuhlupheka okuphikisanayo nokungapheli. Izibalo zakamuva kakhulu esinazo kusuka e-Oregon (ngo-2014), lapho i-PAS ingokomthetho, kubonisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-93 weziguli ezakhethe i-PAS yayise-hospice. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ukunakekelwa kokubeletha kanye nokunakekelwa kwezinwele akuzona ngaso sonke isikhathi okwanele ukuphatha ukuhlupheka okukhulu.
2. Umkhawulo wokubekezela kokubekezela
Kwakunqunywe ngokwemibono kaBouvia v. Inkantolo Ephakeme (i-CA) ukuthi "ilungelo lokufa liyingxenye ebalulekile yelungelo lethu lokulawula izinhloso zethu kuphela uma amalungelo abanye engathinteki." Lokhu kwakuyindaba ukuzimela ngesineke.
PAS akuyona isenzo esizimele ngokuphelele; kudinga usizo lomunye umuntu.
Impikiswano ephikisana ne-PAS yukuthi PAS isongela umphakathi wethu ngokunciphisa inani lokuphila komuntu. Umphakathi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza ubungcwele bokuphila, ngakho-ke ukukhetha komuntu nge-PAS kufanele kuguqulwe ngenzuzo yonke.
I-Counter-argument: Odokotela abasondelene nesicelo sokusiza ekuqedeni impilo yesiguli banelungelo lokuncipha ngenxa yokwenqaba ngenxa kanembeza. Ngakho-ke, amalungelo abo akathinteki ngokusho kwesinqumo seBouvia .
3. "I-Slippery Slope" ekudleni komphakathi
Labo abaphikisana ne-PAS bakhathazekile ukuthi uma ukuzibulala ukusizwa kuvunyelwe, ukubulawa kwe-euthanasia ngeke kube ngemuva.
Lo mbono ukhomba ukuthi umthambeko osheshayo oholela "ekubulaweni kwesihe," ngaphandle kwemvume, yabantu abanesifo sengqondo, ukukhubazeka emzimbeni, asebekhulile, abanomsoco, abangenamakhaya, nanoma ubani omunye umphakathi obheka "ukungabi nalutho."
I-Counter-argument: Imiphakathi yethu ekhule kakhulu ayikwazi ukuvumela lokhu "umthambeko osheshayo" okwenzekayo. Izibonelo ezikhonjiwe zihlanganisa u-Adolf Hitler, uJoseph Goebbels, noJoseph Mengele, abahlukunyezwa emsebenzini wabo wokuthi "bahlanza" ifulegi leJalimane.
4. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-Hippocratic Oath
I-Hippocratic Oath ithi isibopho somhlengikazi siyinhloko engeyona i-nocere , "okokuqala, ungenzi lutho olulimazayo." KUNGAKHO ngokuqondile ngokuphikisana nalesi sifungo, njengokubulala ngamabomu isiguli kuthathwa njengengozi.
I-Counter-argument: I-Hippocratic Oath kufanele ihumushe futhi ishintshwe njengoba kudingekile ngokusho kwesidingo somuntu ngamunye.
5. Okunye okungahambisani ne-PAS
Labo abaphikiswa yi-PAS baphikisana ngokuthi kunezindlela ezingokomthetho nezokuziphatha ezizosiza ekufeni. Iziguli zingenqaba ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo okungase kwandise isikhathi sokufa kwabo, kuhlanganise nemithi.
I-Counter-argument: Ezinye iziguli azithembeli ezintweni ezisekela impilo ukuze ziphile futhi zihlupheke. Ukuvimbela ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo kokuphila kuzokwenzela isikhathi eside ukuhlupheka ngenxa yeziguli.
Enye ingxabano ukuthi iziguli zingakwazi, futhi ngokuvamile ziyenze, zinqume ukuyeka ukudla nokuphuza ukuphuthuma ukufa kwazo. Ukufa kuzovame ukwenzeka phakathi kwamasonto amathathu kuya kwamathathu, futhi ngokuvamile kubikwa ngokuthi "ukufa okuhle."
I-Counter-argument: Iviki elilodwa kuya kwamathathu lokuhlupheka okukhulu kakhulu kunoma ubani okumele akhuthazelele. (Funda kabanzi ngezizathu ezenza abantu bafune ukuzibulala odokotela .)
Ukufingqa kwama-Major Arguments ekusekeleni nasekuphikisweni kwe-PAS
Isixazululo sokugcina salesi siphikisana sokuzibulala singasabonakali. Ngenxa yenkambiso yokusekela komphakathi esihlokweni, singase sibone ukuthi yinto engokoqobo emphakathini wethu. Sekuvele sezomthetho e-United States e-Oregon futhi izikweletu ukuze zibhalwe ngokusemthethweni zinikezwe izikhathi eziningi kwezinye izinkulumo eziningi. I-PAS ivunyelwe nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, njengeNetherlands.
Kunezinsiza eziningi ezitholakalayo uma usenkingeni ezinkolelweni zakho, ufisa ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nokufa nokuhlonipha, noma ufuna ukuhlola ezinye zezinkinga eziqhubekayo ezingase zisekele noma ziphikise ukuzibulala odokotela nodokotela kanye nokufa .
> Imithombo:
> Braverman, D., uMarcus, B., Wakim, P., Mercurio, M., noG. Kopf. Abaqeqeshi bezeMpilo'Izimpendulo Mayelana Nokufa Kwase-Physician: Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindinganiso Zabo kanye Nemisebenzi Yokwamazwi Neziguli Nokuncintisana Kwesineke. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management . 2017 Jul 14. (Epub ngaphambi kokuphrinta).
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Ukunakekelwa kwe-Hospice. Kubuyekezwe 07/06/16.
> Emanuel, E., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B., Urwin, J., noJohen. Izimo Zengqondo Nezenzo Zokubulawa Kwe-Euthanasia kanye Nezifo Ezizimele-Ezixhaswe E-United States, eCanada naseYurophu. I-JAMA . 2016. 316 (1): 79-90.