Ukuvinjelwa, ukuPhenywa nokuLawula

Indlela Isilinganiso Nesimo Sesifo Sokugula Esikwazisa Ngayo Impendulo

Ngesikhathi lapho izindaba eziphathelene nokuqhekeka kweZika , isifo se-Ebola , noma isifo sengculaza asisabeki, ngezinye izikhathi sididekile ngokuthi ngabe lezi zifo zinkulu kangakanani noma zigcwele kangakanani.

Ngenkathi abanye abantu bangase bacabange ngokuthi "ukuhlukunyezwa," "isifo," nokushintshaniswa "kwesifo", abanye bangase basebenzise i-euphemistically ("ukuhlukunyezwa sekuyisiyaluyalu ezikoleni") noma ngokungalungile.

Kusukela kumbono we-epidemiologist, le migomo icacile ukuthi ibonisa kanjani izinga nobukhulu besifo lapho inani elikhulu labantu lihilelekile.

Kuyini Ukuqhekeka, Ubhubhane, Nokufelwa Kwesifo?

Ngokusho kwamaCentral for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ukuphazamiseka kungenxa yezimo eziningi zesifo kunalokho okungenzeka kulindeleke endaweni ethile noma iqembu labantu esikhathini esibekiwe. Iziqhumane zingabuka ekudleni kokudla ukuya enterovirus kuya kumkhuhlane wonyaka.

Isibungu senkinga ngokuyisisekelo sisho into efanayo kodwa sivame ukuxhuma okukhona okwenzeka kakhudlwana. Ngenkathi ukuqhuma kungase kusiphakamise okuthile okulinganiselwe noma okuvinjelwe endaweni, isifo sengculaza sibhekene nesimo esibucayi esingasakazeka. Kuyinto umehluko ocashile kodwa okubalulekile.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, isifo siwumshayabhuqe ovame ukuqhuma futhi uvame ukuhlaba wonke umhlaba, ngokuvamile kuthinta inani elikhulu labantu.

Ngesikhathi leli gama lisikisela into engathí sina kunesifo esiwumshayabhuqe, nje kuphela ngesilinganiso hhayi ngokuqina kwesifo.

Elinye igama elisetshenziselwa uphenyo lwe-epidemiological yi- cluster . Lokhu kubhekisela eqenjini lamacala ngesikhathi nendawo ethize okungenzeka noma engekho mkhulu kunokujwayelekile.

Ucwaningo lwezigcawu zezifo lisetshenziselwa ukunquma izinga elijwayelekile noma elilindelekile lesifo esithile.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isifo esihlala esimweni esiphakeme kodwa esizinzile ngaphakathi kwesibalo sithinteka . Isibonelo, ngenkathi ukuqubuka kwe-HIV kungenzeka endaweni ethile ngenxa yemibandela eyenza ukwanda okweqile (njengoba kwenzeke e-Indiana ngo-2015 phakathi kwabasebenzisi abasebenzisa izidakamizwa), i-HIV ingacatshangwa yindlala kwenye indawo lapho izinga lokutheleleka lihlala liqinile .

Ngenxa yalokho, ubhubhane bubhekisela esilinganisweni sesifo ngaphezu kwesimanje lapho okwenzekayo kubhekisela esimweni esifanele sesifo esingapheli noma esishintsha kakhulu inani labantu abathintekayo.

Izinjongo zoPhenyo Lokuqhamuka

Ukuphenywa kokuqhamuka kuyadingeka ukuqonda futhi ekugcineni ukulawula nokuvimbela ukusakazeka kwezifo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi izifo ezithile zisakazwa kanjani futhi zihlaziya indlela yabo yokutheleleka, isifo se-epidemiologist singakwazi ukukhomba umthombo futhi sithole amasu okuvimba lesi sifo.

Ukuphenya kubaluleke ikakhulukazi uma isifo sinzima futhi sisakazeka kalula. Ucwaningo lungasiza ekuthuthukiseni imishanguzo emisha kanye nezidakamizwa, ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zempilo yomphakathi, ukusebenzisa izikhalazo, futhi uthole izindlela zokushintsha ukuziphatha okuyaziwa ukwandisa ingozi yokudlulisela.

Izinyathelo ezi-10 ezibandakanya ukuphenywa kwe-CDC yeziqhumane

I-CDC ikhishwe uhlu lwezinyathelo ezingu-10 ezisetshenziselwa izifo ze-epidemiologists ukuphenya iziqhumane. Lezi ziqondiso zihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuhlolwa okusheshayo nokunembile kokuqhamuka ukuze kutholakale lesi sifo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi kuvimbele ukulimala emphakathini kabanzi.

Izinyathelo zilandelayo:

1. Lungiselela umsebenzi wensimu . Abaphenyi kufanele bajwayele lesi sifo (noma basolwa ukuthi banezifo) futhi babe necebo lokusebenza elihlelekile.
2. Yenza kube khona ukuqubuka . Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola imibiko yokubhekwa komnyango wezempilo, amarekhodi esibhedlela, nokubhaliswa kwezifo noma ukuqhuba izingxoxo zasensimini.

1. Qinisekisa ukuxilongwa . Abaphenyi kuyodingeka babuyekeze ukutholakala kwemitholampilo kanye nokuhlolwa kwebhu lab ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa noma ukucacisa uhlobo oluthile lwesifo, uma kungaziwa.
2. Chaza futhi ubone amacala . Lokhu kuqala ngokusungula ukuthi yini ebeka icala. Ngokwenza kanjalo, abaphenyi bangakwazi ukuqeda amanga-amanga lapho bebala inani langempela lamacala kubantu.
3. Chaza idatha ngokuya kwesikhathi, indawo, nomuntu . Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwehla uma ukutheleleka ngalunye kwenzeka, lapho kwenzeka khona, nezinhlobo zabantu abathintekayo (ngobudala, ubuhlanga, ubulili, njll)
4. Thuthukisa i-hypothesis . Lokhu kungukuqagela okufundiwe ngokusekelwe kwedatha ehlanganisiwe.
5. Hlola i-hypothesis . Lokhu kudinga izinombolo ze-crunching ukuze zisekele noma zingasisekeli i-hypothesis.
6. Hlela ucwaningo bese wenza izifundo ezengeziwe . Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lungabandakanya izivivinyo zamalebhu noma izifundo zemvelo.
7. Sisebenzise izinyathelo zokulawula nokuvimbela . Lezi yizenzo ezisetshenziselwa ukuqukethe nokuvimbela ukusabalalisa okuqhubekayo kokutheleleka emthonjeni.
8. Xhumana okutholakele . Ukuxhumana kuhloswe ukuxhumanisa impendulo yezempilo yomphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokuqeda ukuqhuma ziqaliswa ngokugcwele.

> Umthombo

> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). "Izinyathelo Zokuphenywa Kwesiqhumane." Izimiso ze-Epidemiology ku-Practice Health Act, 3rd ed.