Izimpawu Zengane Yakho Zingase Zibe Nomoya Omkhulu We-Autism
Ukuxilongwa kwezokuXhumana kwezenhlalakahle kuwukuxilongwa "okusha", okudalwe lapho i- DSM-5 (manual manual) ishicilelwe kabusha ngo-2013. Lesi sifo sihlanganisa ezinye kodwa hhayi zonke izimpawu ze-Autism Spectrum Disorder , okwenza kube uhlobo lwe "lite" noma " ubumnene "inguqulo ye-autism.
Uma uke wazi nge-autism nganoma isiphi isikhathi, umqondo wokuxilongwa kwe-autism "okhudlwana" ungase uzwakale ujwayelene kakhulu.
Empeleni, Ukuxilongwa Kwezokuxhumana Kwezenhlalakahle kunesifo esivumelana kakhulu nezifo ezimbili ezisusiwe kusukela ku-Manual Diagnostic (DSM) ngo-2013. Lezi zinkinga ezimbili manje ezingenasidingo zaziyi-Asperger syndrome ne- PDD-NOS (i-Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Other Specified) .
Ngamafuphi, lapho i-Asperger syndrome ne-PDD-NOS isusiwe kuMqulu Wokuxilonga, UkuDabuka Kwokuxhumana Komphakathi kudalwe ukuthatha indawo yabo.
Imfuneko Yokuthola Ukukhathazeka Kwezokuxhumana Komphakathi
Izindlela ezilandelayo kusukela ku-DSM-5 ka-2013 zichaza izimpawu ze-SCD:
A. Izinkinga ezibucayi ekusetshenzisweni komphakathi kokukhulumisana ngamazwi nokungabonakali njengoba kuboniswa yizo zonke ezilandelayo:
1.Izinkinga zokusebenzisa ukuxhumana ngezinhloso zenhlalo, njengokubingelelana nokwabelana ngolwazi, ngendlela efanelekile ngokwezimo zomphakathi.
2.Ukukhubazeka kokukwazi ukushintsha ukuxhumana ukuhambisana nomongo noma izidingo zomlaleli, njengokukhuluma ngendlela ehlukile ekilasini kunendawo yokudlala, ukukhuluma ngokuhlukile kwengane kunomuntu omdala, nokugwema ukusebenzisa ulimi oluhle kakhulu.
3.Izinkinga zilandela imithetho yokuxoxa nokuxoxa, njengokuguqula ingxoxo, ukuphindaphinda uma ungaqondakali, nokukwazi ukuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani izibonakaliso zomlomo nezingaqondile ukulawula ukuxhumana.
4. Ukuqonda izincazelo ezingacaciswanga ngokucacile (isb., Ukwenza izintatheli) kanye nezincazelo ezingenakulinganiswa noma ezingaqondakali zelulwimi (isb., Amadijithi, amahlaya, izifanekiselo, izincazelo eziningi ezixhomeke kumongo wokuhumusha).
B. Ukulahlekelwa kwemiphumela kubangelwa ukulinganiselwa okusebenzayo ekukhulumisaneni okuphumelelayo, ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi, ubudlelwane bezenhlalakahle, ukuphumelela kwezemfundo, noma ukusebenza komsebenzi, ngabanye noma ngokubambisana.
C. Ukuqala kwezimpawu kusekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa (kodwa ukungaphumeleli kungase kungabonakali ngokugcwele kuze kube yilapho ukukhulumisana komphakathi kudingeke kudlule amandla amancane).
D. Izimpawu azitholakali kwesinye isimo sezokwelapha noma sezinzwa noma ngamakhono aphansi ezizindeni zesakhiwo nesakhiwo, futhi azichazwa kangcono yi-autism spectrum disorder, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo (ukukhushulwa kwezingqondo), ukubambezeleka kokuthuthukiswa komhlaba, noma enye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
Ukukhathazeka Komphakathi Kwezenhlalo (SCD) Kufana Kanjani Futhi Kungafani ne-Autism?
Lapha, ngokusho kwe-DSM-5, indlela i-Social Communication Disorder ehluke ngayo ne-autism: "Izinkinga ezimbili zingahlukaniswa nokutholakala kwe-autism spectrum disorder yamaphethini okuvinjelwe / okuphindaphindiwe okuziphatha , ezithakazelo, noma imisebenzi nokungabikho kwabo emphakathini ( pragmatic) ukuphazamiseka kokuxhumana. "
Ngamanye amazwi, izingane ezine-autism zinenkinga yokuxhumana nabantu kanye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe, kuyilapho izingane ezinenkinga yokuxhumana nabantu zinezinselelo zokuxhumana nabantu kuphela .
Ngokwe-athikili e-Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, iningi lalezo zinselele zokuxhumana zenhlalo zihlobene nezinkinga ezinkulumweni zokukhuluma (ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwenkulumo yenhlalo):
I-SCD ichazwa ukulahlekelwa okuyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni komphakathi kokukhulumisana okungaqondile nokukhuluma ngomlomo ... Abantu abane-SCD bangabhekana nobunzima bokusebenzisa ulimi ngezinhloso zenhlalo, ukufanisa ukuxhumana ngokulinganayo nesimo somphakathi, ngokulandela imithetho yomongo wokuxhumana (isib. , emuva nangaphezulu kwengxoxo), ukuqonda ulimi olungenalo ulimi (isb. amahlaya, amahlaya, izingqikithi), nokuhlanganisa ulimi ngezimo zokuxhumana ezingekho emthethweni.
Kodwa nakanjani akunakwenzeka ukuba nezinkinga ngokusebenzisa inkulumo yenhlalo uma usemncane kakhulu ukuba usebenzise ulimi olukhulunywe noma awunamazwi. Ngakho-ke, abantu abane-SCD kumele babe nemisebenzi emihle futhi ephakeme kakhulu, futhi kufanele bahlolwe uma bekhulile ngokwanele ukusebenzisa ulimi olukhulunywayo:
Amakhono olimi akwanele kufanele athuthukiswe ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale ukulahlekelwa okuphezulu kwe-order, ngakho-ke ukuxilongwa kwe-SCD akufanele kwenziwe kuze kube yilapho izingane zineminyaka engama-4-5 ubudala. Ukukhathazeka kokuxhumana komphakathi kungenziwa ngokunye ukuphazamiseka kokuxhumana ku-DSM-5 (lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka kolimi, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo yokukhuluma, ukukhubazeka kokuqala komntwana kanye nokuphazamiseka okungaqondakali kokuxhumana), kodwa ngeke kutholakale khona phambi kwe-autism spectrum disorder ( ASD).
Okwenza Ukuxhumana Komphakathi Kunzima Kokuhlukanisa kusuka ku-Autism
Ngenkathi kufanele, ngokwayo, kube lula ngokwanele ukuhlukanisa i-autism kusuka ku-SCD, empeleni kunzima kakhulu. Ngokwengxenye, kungenxa yokuthi ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe akudingeki ukuba khona ukuze uthole ukuxilongwa kwe-autism . Eqinisweni, uma ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe bekukhona, ngisho neminyaka eyishumi eyedlule, futhi sekuyisikhathi eside usinyamalale, usengatholakala ukuthi une-autism . Nansi indlela le caveat engavamile ngayo ichazwa ku-DSM:
Abantu abane-autism spectrum disorder bangabonisa kuphela amaphethini okuziphatha / okuphindaphindiwe okuziphatha, izithakazelo nemisebenzi phakathi nenkathi yokukhula yokuqala, ngakho-ke umlando ophelele kufanele utholakale. Ukungabikho kwezibonakaliso zamanje ngeke kungavimbele ukuxilongwa kwe-autism spectrum disorder, uma izithakazelo ezivinjelwe kanye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe kwakukhona esikhathini esidlule. Ukuxilongwa kwe-social disgmatic disorder disorder kufanele kucatshangelwe kuphela uma umlando wokuthuthuka uhluleka ukwembulani noma yibuphi ubufakazi bamaphethini okuvimbela / okuphindaphindiwe okuziphatha, izintshisekelo noma imisebenzi.
Ngakho-ke, okungenani ngombono, noma yimuphi umuntu owake waba nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe okuphindaphindiwe futhi manje unezinselelo zokukhuluma nge-pragmatic zingatholakala njenge-autistic. Ngakho-ke (futhi kuphinda kuwukuthi) akunakwenzeka ukuqhubeka kusukela ekuxilongweni kwe-autism kuya ku-diagnosis ye-SCD. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxilongwa kwe-SCD kunganikwa kuphela ngemuva kokuba udokotela ehlola umlando wokuziphatha wengane ngokujulile.
Izwi kusuka
Abazali bangase bazizwe bekhungathekile uma ingane yabo ithola ukuxilongwa nge-autism kunesifo esibucayi se-SCD, ikakhulukazi uma ingane yabo ihamba kahle ezindaweni ngaphandle kokuxhumana nabantu. Bangase bakhethe ngisho nokugwema ukukhuluma ngezindlela zokuziphatha ezindala ze-autism-ezifana nezingane zabo "ezikude," ukuze kugweme ukutholakala kwe-autism spectrum. Kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi ukuxilongwa kwe-autism kuzosiza ingane yakho ngezindlela ezingaphezu kwalokho ongayilindela. Umuntu onokuthi "u-" kuphela "I-Social Communication Disorder angeke athole izinga elifanayo lezinsizakalo njengomuntu onezimpawu ezifanayo nokuxilongwa kwe-Autism Spectrum. Ngakho-ke ngisho noma ngabe ingane yakho ikhululekile noma ifunde ukuphatha izimpawu ze-autistic , kungase kudingeke ukuthi usebenzise isikhathi sakho ukuchaza izimpawu zangaphambili ukuze usize ingane yakho ifanelekele ukuthola ukuxilongwa okuhlinzeka ngamasevisi angaphezulu futhi angcono nokusekela
> Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Ibhuku lokuhlola kanye nesibalo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
> Gibson, J., Adams, C., Lockton, E. noGreen, J. (2013), ukuhlukunyezwa komphakathi ngaphandle kwe-autism? Indlela yokuhlonza ukuhlonza ukukhubazeka kolimi olusheshayo, i-autism esebenza kahle nokukhubazeka komlimi othile. J Child Psychol Psychiatr, 54: 1186-1197.
> Swineford, Lauren et al. Ukukhathazeka komphakathi (pragmatic) yokuxhumana: ukubuyekezwa kocwaningo kwalolu hlelo olusha lwe-DSM-5. I-Journal ye-Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2014 6 : 41