Ama-astrocytes nama-Microglial Cell esusa ukuxhumeka kwe-Neuron Connections
Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka luveza ezinye izimfihlakalo zokulala. Ukuqonda ngemitholampilo kungase kwenzeke amashumi eminyaka-noma ngisho namakhulu eminyaka-ngaphambi kokuba isayensi ikwazi ukuchaza lezi zenzakalo. Njengesibonelo, siyazi ukuthi ukulala kokulala kunemithelela emibi emsebenzini webuchopho nomzimba . Ucwaningo lwesayensi lusisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono ukuthi kungani.
Ucwaningo olulodwa lubonisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ukulala kungase kukhuthaze ukusebenza kwamaseli ngaphakathi kobuchopho, kuhlanganise nezinkanyezi namaseli we-microglial, abulala futhi asuse ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-neurons.
Hlola isayensi ngemuva kwalokhu kutholakala, ukuthi kusho ukuthini ubuchopho bomuntu, nokuthi yini engenziwa ukuze kuvikelwe umsebenzi wengqondo ngokuqinisekisa ukuphumula okwanele.
Imithelela yokuNciphisa Ukulala
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1800, izifundo zibonise ukuthi ukulahlwa kokulala kungabangela ukulimala okukhulu kwenyama. Ukucwaninga ezinja kubonise ukuthi ukungabi nokulala okungapheli kwaholela ekufeni esikhathini esithile. Nakuba umphumela wawucacile, lo mshini wawungekho.
Emashumini eminyaka adlule, insimu yokucwaninga ubuthongo ikhule, kepha kunezimfihlakalo eziningi ezisele zixazululwe. Kubonakala sengathi izifundo ezintsha zishaya cishe isonto ngalinye. Kubalulekile ukuqonda lawa maphepha kumongo wezincwadi zesayensi ezibanzi. Lokhu kungase kungabi lula ngaso sonke isikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma ulimi olusetshenzisiwe lubonakala ngezikhathi ezingenakwenzeka. Thatha isikhashana ukubukeza ezinye zalezi zosesho bese ucabangela ukuthi kungenziwa yini incazelo.
Ukufunda Ukulahlekelwa Ukulala Kuzimbongolo Zezinja
Ake sihlole isifundo ngendima yokulahlekelwa ukulala kanye nemithelela emaseli ngaphakathi kobucholu bezinkoma. I-anatomy ne-physiology yezinkoma azihlanganisi ngokuphelele nabantu, kodwa izinzuzo ezifana nezihloko zocwaningo ziyabonakala. Izinqubekela phambili kwezocwaningo lwezokwelapha zivame ukuthembela kulezi zinhlobo zegundane.
Emaphephandabeni e- Journal of Neuroscience okuthiwa "Ukulahleka Kokulala Kukhuthaza I-Phagocytosis Astrocytic kanye ne-Microglial Activation ku-Mouse Cerebral Cortex," uMikhele Bellisi kanye nozakwethu baxoxisana nezinguquko ezenzeka ngaphakathi kobuchopho kokubili kokulahla okungavamile nokulala okungapheli. Labacwaningi bebelokhu behlola amangqamuzana obuchopho nokuthi ukulala kuthinta kanjani umsebenzi wabo iminyaka.
Kunemibandela embalwa eyisisekelo edinga ukuqondwa ukuthi iyakwazisa imiphumela yabo. Ubuchopho bunamaseli ambalwa abalulekile. I-Neurons yizona abadlali abalulekile, esebenzayo ngokusebenzisa uxhumano lwe-electrochemical ngezindlela eziningi. Kukhona futhi iqembu lamaseli asekela ngaphakathi kobuchopho okuthiwa ama-glial cells. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-astrocytes, amaseli afane nezinkanyezi ezivulela amanye amangqamuzana futhi adala izibungu futhi aphinde abe nendima ekusetshenzisweni komzimba. I-Microglia nayo ingamaseli we-glial futhi isebenza njengamaseli wokukhwabanisa. Ziyi-phagocyte (ngokwezwi nezwi, "udle amangqamuzana") ahlanze ama-debris ngaphakathi kobuchopho. Ukuvuselelwa kwalezi maseli ngaphakathi kobuchopho kungabangela ukuvuvukala.
Abacwaningi baye bafunda ukuthi kunezakhi zofuzo ezithile (okuthiwa i- Mertk ne- Gasand yayo ye-ligand) ngaphakathi kwama-astrocytes asebenze ngemva kokulahla okunamandla kokulala. Lapho kuvuka isikhathi eside, la maseli abonakala ehlanganyela emsebenzini we-phagocytic.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukulahlwa kokulala kubangela ukuvuvukala emzimbeni, kodwa kwakungaziwa uma lezi zinguquko zenzeka ngaphakathi kobuchopho.
Iqembu labacwaningi likaBellisi lihlolisise impikiswano yokulahla ubuthongo kubuningi bamagundane ngokusebenzisa i-microscope ye-electron yokuskena kanye namasampuli amathisini athathwa e-cortex yangaphambili. Babheka eziningana bathi: ukuvuka ngokuzenzekelayo, emva kokulala kwamahora ayisithupha kuya kwangu-8, ukulahla okuncane nokulala okungapheli (ezinsukwini eziyisihlanu) zokulahla ubuthongo. Abacwaningi balinganisa imiqulu ngaphakathi kwe-synapses-izikhala phakathi kwe-neurons-nezinqubo eziseduze ezivela ema-astrocyte angomakhelwane.
Ama-Brain Amaseli Ashintsha Kanjani Ngokulala?
Kutholakale ukuthi ama-astrocytes akhulisa i-phagocytosis yawo kokubili ukulahleka okubuhlungu nokuhlala okungapheli. Lawa maseli adla izingxenye zama-syapses amakhulu, ikakhulukazi eceleni kwe-presynaptic yokuxhumana. Ukwenyuka kokukhuluma kwe-MERTK kanye nokusetshenziselwa kwe-lipids (okuthiwa i-peroxidation) kusekela lo msebenzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthini ubuqotho bobuchopho?
I-phagocytosis yama-astrocytes ekulahlekeni kokulala ingase ibonise ukuthi izicubu zengqondo zithinta kanjani ukwanda komsebenzi we-synaptic ohlotshaniswa nokuvuka okwesikhashana. Khumbula ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ubuthongo akuyona nje ukungabikho kokulala; kungukudla kokuvuka. Lena inqubo edinga amandla, futhi enye eveza imikhiqizo yokudoba. I-astrocytes kufanele icacise izingxenye ezigqamile ze-synapses esetshenziswa kakhulu.
Ukulala okungapheli kwamagundane kuholela ekusebenzeni okuncane kwe-microglial. Lawa maseli ayebizwa ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi asebenze ngezici ze-phagocytize ze-synapse, njengabaqeqeshi abagcina ukubiza ukuhlanza umonakalo omkhulu. Nakuba kwakungekho izibonakaliso ezibonakalayo zokuvuvukala ngaphakathi kwe-cerebrospinal fluid ezungeze ubuchopho, ukutholakala kwalezi maseli ezicubu zobuchopho kuhlobene. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuhlambalaza okwedlule ubuchopho kungase kuholele ekuphenduleni okungajwayelekile, okungavamile kwala maseli, okungenzeka kube nomthelela ekulimazeni komqondo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukulahlekelwa okungapheli kokulala kungase kubangele ubuchopho kube nezinkinga ezingunaphakade.
Imithelela Yokwehliswa Kwokulala KuMpilo Yesikhathi Eside
Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi laba baphandi babonisa ukuthi ukuchitha isikhathi esincane nje kubangele ukwanda komsebenzi phakathi kwamaseli e-astrocyte. Lapho ukulahlwa kokulala kwandiswa, umsebenzi wanda amaseli amaningi futhi amancane asebenzayo. Lezi zindlu zingase zisize ukusekela ama-synapses aqinile ngaphakathi kobuchopho.
Ngeshwa, ukungabi nabuthongo okungapheli kungafana nezinye izingcindezi, futhi ushiye ubuchopho bungabonakaliswa umonakalo nokuguga, mhlawumbe ngisho nokuholela emazweni afana nokuwohloka komqondo.
Indlela Yokugwema Imiphumela Yobuncwane bokulala
Kuphathelene nokucabanga ukuthi ukulala okungase kubangele kungabangela ukulimala okungapheli ebuchosheni bakho. Yini engenziwa?
Ukuze ugweme imiphumela yokulahla ubuthongo, qiniseka ukuthi uhlangabezana nezidingo zakho zokulala . Ngokwesilinganiso, umuntu omdala udinga amahora ayisikhombisa kuya kwesishiyagalolunye wokulala ukuze azizwe ephumula. Abantu abadala abakudinga ukulala kancane kancane. Uma ulala ngokushesha, sebenzisa isikhathi esincane uphapheme ebusuku, futhi uzizwe ubuthongo phakathi nosuku (ikakhulukazi ngama-naps), kungenzeka ukuthi awutholi ubuthongo obufanele.
Ngaphandle kwamanani, qiniseka ukuthi uthola izinga eliphezulu lokulala. Ukulala kufanele kube nokuphumula. Uma unayo izimpawu zokuphazamiseka kokulala, njenge- apnea yokulala noma ubuthongo , thola usizo oludingayo ukuxazulula le mibandela. Ungathembeli kumaphilisi okulala ngaphandle kwamasonto ambalwa ngoba lokhu akulutho esikhundleni sokulala okuvamile.
Ngokuthuthukisa ubuthongo bakho, lokhu kuzosiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola izinzuzo zokuphumula okuhle ebusuku ngaphandle kokudinga ukukhathazeka ngemiphumela yesikhathi eside yokungalali ngokwanele.
Izwi elivela
Ucwaningo lwezesayensi lusekela ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi umzimba usebenza kanjani, kodwa awukwazi ukwehluleka. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukutholakala kungaphikisana nolwazi olungaphambili, futhi izifundo ezintsha zingase zenze inkinga ngokukhanya okusha.
Isayensi ingxoxo, ukuqhubeka nokuphishekela iqiniso. Uma lesi sifundo sikhuthaza ukuba ukwandise ubuthongo bakho, sinokubaluleka empilweni yakho, kodwa akufanele sikhulise ukukhathazeka okungadingekile mayelana nokulahleka kokulala okuye kwenzeka esikhathini esidlule. Lo mkhumbi uhambe ngomkhumbi. Gxila kulokho ongakwenza namhlanje futhi uzuze inhlalakahle yakho yesikhathi eside iqhubekela phambili.
> Imithombo:
> Bellisi M, et al . "Ukulahlekelwa Ukulala Kukhuthaza I-Phagocytosis Astrocytic ne-Microglial Activation ku-Mouse Cerebral Cortex." I- Journal of Neuroscience . 24 Meyi 2017; 37 (21): 5263-5273.
> I-Bentivoglio M noGrssi-Zucconi G. "Ucwaningo lokuphayona olwenziwe ukuhlolwa kokulala kokulala." Ukulala . 1997 Jul; 20 (7): 570-6.
> Hlela, JD. I-Neuroanatomy ephezulu ye-Yield . Uhlelo lwesibili. I-Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, 2000, iphe. 30-32.
> Ama-Purves D, et al . I-neuroscience . Edition 3. Sunderland, iMisa: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2004, iphe. 8-9.