Ngokwejwayelekile, ukulinganiselwa kokuhlolwa kungaphazamisa ukunemba
Nakuba izinga lemiphumela emihle yokuhlola i-HIV engalungile neyamanga liphansi, ngezinye izikhathi livela. Isimo sabo sithonywe kakhulu yizici eziningana, kufaka phakathi uhlobo lokuhlolwa olusetshenzisiwe, ukulinganiselwa kwamanje ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, ngisho nesikhathi lapho kuhlolwa khona umuntu.
Namuhla, isilinganiso samanga esibi emphakathini jikelele wase-US sinamaphesenti angu-0.003, noma kathathu kuzo zonke izivivinyo eziyi-100,000.
Amazinga amanga amanga aphansi kakhulu-aphakathi kwamaphesenti angu-0.0004 namaphesenti angu-0.0007 - ngenxa yomkhuba lapho umphumela wokuqala oqinisekisiwe uqinisekiswa ngokuhlolwa kwesibili.
Amanga amanga ngokumelene namanga amanga
Ngencazelo yayo ebanzi, umphumela omubi wamanga ungomuntu ongenayo igciwane lesandulela ngculaza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umphumela wamanga yilowo okhomba umuntu ongenalo igciwane lesandulela ngculazi ngokungenalo igciwane.
Ukuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kusebenza ngokuthola ama-antibodies e-HIV kunoma yisiphi isampula segazi noma isithupha. Ama-antibodies ayenamaprotheni anomumo we-Y akhiqizwa amasosha omzimba ukusiza ukuvikela umzimba ngokumelene namazwe angaphandle, njenge-HIV.
Ngakho-ke, emphumela ongamanga, ukuhlolwa kungaphumeleli noma akukwazi ukuthola amasosha omzimba we-HIV. Lokhu kuvame ukuvela kungekhona ngenxa yokuhlolwa ngokwayo, kodwa ngoba umuntu osuleleke ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi uhlolwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngesikhathi okuthiwa " isikhathi sewindi ." Kule nkathi isimiso somzimba sokuvikela omzimba asizange sikhiqize amasosha omzimba we-HIV okwanele ukubhalisa impendulo ebonakalayo yizobuchwepheshe bokuhlola zamanje.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, kwenzeka okungalungile uma ukuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kungabonakali ngokungalungile okungewona i-HIV-anti-antibody njengengculazi ye-HIV. Esikhathini esingavamile lapho lokhu kwenzeka, ngokuvamile kuba ama- antigens afana nalawo ane-HIV atholakala. Ezinye izifo ezizimele, njenge- lupus , zaziwa ngokufaka impendulo enjalo.
Ukuhlolwa kwesandulela ngculaza
Ngaphakathi kwesibalo esiphelele, izinga lokungalungi kwamanga kanye nemibono yamanga ikakhulukazi kunqunywa ukuzwela nokucaca kobuvivinyo esetshenzisiwe. Kuhlaka lokuhlolwa kwe-HIV:
- Ukuzwela kuchazwa njengephesenti yezinzuzo zangempela empeleni ezikhonjisiwe njengalezi. Izinga eliphansi lokuzwela lilingana nemiphumela engamanga engaphezulu.
- Okucacile kuchazwa njengephesenti yezinhlupho zangempela empeleni ezikhonjisiwe njengalezi. Izinga eliphansi lemininingwane lilingana nemiphumela emibi kakhulu emanga.
Isizukulwane samanje sokuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kubhekwa njengembile kakhulu I-HIV-based i-HIV ELISA inokubonisana okuphakathi kuka-99.3% kuya ku-99.7 wamaphesenti, enezimpikiswano eziphakathi kwamaphesenti angu-99.91 namaphesenti angu-99.97. Uma kuhlangene ne-Western blot, lokhu kuhumusha cishe kokukodwa kokukhipha amanga kuzo zonke izivivinyo ezingu-250,000 kubantu abaningi base-US. Ukuhlolwa okusha kokuhlanganiswa kwezintsha , okuvivinywa kokubili amasosha omzimba we-HIV nama-antigens, kubikwa ukuthi unomzwelo we-clinic wamaphesenti angu-99.9.
I-Blood Based Based vs. Rapid Oral
Ukuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ngokushesha kutholakale ukuthandwa emitholampilo yezempilo futhi, iningi nje nje, njenge-over-the-counter, test home. Ngesikhathi lezi zivivinyo ezisekelwe ematheni ziveza ukufana okufanayo nakwezinye zazo ezisekelwe egazini, zinokuzwela okuphansi kwamaphesenti amabili.
Ngenkathi ukunemba kwalokhu kuhlola kusacatshangwa ukuthi kuphakeme, i-US Food and Drug Administration iye yabika ukuthi iningi lazo zonke izivivinyo ezingu-12 ngaphakathi-ekhaya zizoveza umphumela omubi wamanga.
Ucwaningo oluzimele lubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kabi komkhiqizo (isib. Ukungabikho okwanele ukukhishwa kwesibhamu) nokuhlolwa okungafiki ngaphambi kwesikhathi kubangelwa ukusola, ikakhulukazi ngoba amanqamuzana amaningi e-antibodies etholakalayo ematheni aphansi kakhulu ngemva kokutheleleka kwamuva. Naphezu kwalokhu kuphutha, i-CDC isekela ukusetshenziswa kwezivivinyo zasendlini e-US ngenxa yokuzikhandla kwayo, kalula ukusetshenziswa, nokukwazi ukukwazi ukukwazi ukukwazi ukukhokhela. Ziyabonakala njengendlela yokukhulisa ukwamukelwa kokuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi emiphakathini ehlukanisiwe lapho amaphesenti angama-21 okutheleleka angatholakali khona.
Uma uthatha ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV ekhaya, unganciphisa ingozi yomphumela ongamanga nge:
- Ukulandela imiyalo yomkhiqizo womkhiqizo nokuxhumana nomthengisi we-hotline uma imiphumela ingacacile.
- Qiniseka ukuthi awuthathi uvivinyo kakhulu kusenesikhathi. Abantu ngokuvamile bahlakulela amazinga okulinganisa we-antibodies we-HIV zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-30 zokutheleleka, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kungathatha isikhathi eside-kuze kube izinyanga ezintathu kwezinye izimo.
- Ukwelapha umphumela omubi womlomo ngokuqapha uma ukholelwa ukuthi usengozini enkulu yokutheleleka.
Uma ungabaza mayelana nemiphumela yakho yokuhlola ekhaya noma ungaqiniseki lapho kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke ukuchayeka, cabanga ngokuphindaphinda emavikini amaningana esikhungweni sokuhlola se-HIV esamukelekile eduze kwakho. Ungayithola eyodwa ngokusebenzisa indawo ye-inthanethi ku-HIV.gov.
Izwi elivela
Uma ngabe usuvele ubonakala ngengozi ye-HIV, noma ngezocansi ezingavimbelwe, izinaliti ezibelwane ngazo, noma ikhondomu eqhuma, hamba ngokushesha emtholampilo oseduzane noma ekamelweni eliphuthumayo ukuze uthole ukwelashwa okubizwa ngokuthi i- post-exposure prophylaxis (i-PEP) , kungaba khona ukugwema ukutheleleka uma uqala maduzane ngemuva kokuvezwa.
Uma usufika, uzonikezwa ukuhlolwa okusheshayo ukuze unqume ukuthi unesandulela ngculaza noma ungenayo i-HIV. Uma ungenayo i-HIV, uzonikezwa inkambo esheshayo yezidakamizwa ezidambisigciwane ezimbili noma ezintathu ozodinga ukuqala masinyane bese uthatha amasonto amane.
Noma yini oyenzayo, ungalindi. Ngenkathi i-PEP ingaqaliswa ngamahora angu-72 wokuchayeka, kuthathwa njengempumelelo kakhulu uma iqalwa phakathi kwamahora angu-24 okuqala.
> Imithombo:
I-Malm, K .; von Sydow, M .; kanye no-Andersson, S. "Ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ezintathu ezenzakalelayo zokukhiqiza i-HIV antigen / antibody test in ukuhlolwa okukhulu kwabanikeli begazi kanye namasampuli omtholampilo." I-Transfusion Medicine. 2009: 19 (2): 78-88.
U-Branson, uB .; Owen, uS .; I-Wesolowski, M .; et al. "Ukuvivinywa kwelabhulali yokuthola ukutheleleka nge-HIV: Izincomo ezibuyekeziwe." Amasevisi aseMelika okuLawula nokuvimbela izifo; I-Atlanta, Georgia; Juni 27, 2014.
I-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Ikhaya lokuqala lokuqala-sebenzisa i-HIV Kit evunyelwe ukuzihlola." I-Silver Springs, e-Maryland. Ngo-Ephreli 13, 2013.
I-Pant Pai, N .; I-Balram, iB .; Shivkumar, S .; et al. "Ukuqhathaniswa kwekhanda kuya phezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa kwe-HIV okusheshayo kokunakekelwa kwe-HIV nge-oral versusus-blood-specimens: ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta." Izifo ezithathelwanayo zeLancet. NgoJanuwari 24, 2012; 12 (5): 373-380.