Kuye ngomthombo, ngo-1928 noma ngo-1929, uSirand Alexander Fleming wathola ukuthi "isikhunta somuthi" singabulala amabhaktheriya ePetri izitsha. UFleming kanye nabanye e-Oxford University base behlukanisa i-penicillin kule juice yokubunjwa. Nokho, ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe II, amaBritish akakwazanga ukukhiqiza i-penicillin ngokwanele, ngakho-ke i-United States yathatha ukukhiqiza futhi yathola kabanzi i-penicillin.
Ngaphambi kokusakazwa kwemithi elwa namagciwane eminyakeni yama-1940, abantu babezofa ngesifo sofuba, i-septicemia (ukutheleleka kwegazi), i- gonorrhea nokuningi. Ukwethulwa kwe-penicillin kwatshela iminyaka yobugebengu.
Yini i-Penicillin?
Ama-penicillin ayinhlanganisela yemvelo noma ye-semisynthetic ehlanganiswe ne-β-lactam (beta-lactam) ring exhunywe ekhayeni le-thiazolidine. Ama-penicillin anemikhakha ehlangene yokubunjwa okuhlukahluka. Lezi zingxenyeni eziseceleni zinquma umsebenzi we-antibacterial we-penicillin ngamunye.
Kunezigaba ezinhlanu zama-penicillin:
- I-penicillin yemvelo (i-Penicillin G)
- Aminopenicillins (ampicillin)
- I-penicillin engamelana ne-penicillinase (cabanga i-cloxacillin ne-nafcillin)
- I-penicillin Antipseudomonal (cabanga nge-ticarcillin)
- Amapenicillin anwetshiwe (cabanga nge-piperacillin)
Indlela Yokusebenza
Ngokuyinhloko, i-penicillin i- bactericidal (ngokungafani ne- bacteriostatic ) futhi ibulale amabhaktheriya ngqo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa.
Ngakho-ke, i-penicillin ingakwazi ukubulala ngokushesha amabhaktheriya.
Ngokuqondile, i-penicillin ibopha amaprotheni anamaphenisi (PBPs) angama-peptidases (ama-enzyme) ezindongeni zamabhaktheriya. Uma i-penicillin inokubambisana okuphezulu kwePBP ethize ye-bhaktheriya, isebenza kangcono.
Ngokuzibophezela kuma-PBPs, i-penicillin ivimbela umhlangano we-peptidoglycan nokunqamula ukuxhumanisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela iphazamise isakhiwo sodonga lweselula.
Lezi kinks odongeni lwamangqamuzana webhaktheriya ezibangela amabhaktheriya ukuba azibhubhise (ukuzitholela).
Iningi lokubulawa kwebhaktheriya lwenzeka ngesikhathi sesigaba sokukhula se-exponential of bacteria reproduction.
Ngokuyinhloko, i-penicillin isebenza kuphela ngokumelene namagciwane okugram. Ama-bacteria angenayo i-Gram ane-layer yopopolysaccharide noma i-membrane yangaphandle eyenza kube nzima ngama-penicillin ukuphula udonga lwamaseli nokufinyelela ama-PBPs.
Ukuze usebenze nhlobo, indandatho ye-penicillin beta-lactam kufanele ihlale ingaguquki. Njengesindlela eziyinhloko zokumelana, amabhaktheriya amaningi aguqukile ukuze akhiqize i-beta-lactamese, i-enzyme eyenza ikhalenda ye-penicillin beta-lactam futhi iwubuyise.
Ukwelapha
Ama-penicillin atholakala njengamaphilisi, ama-capsules, nezixazululo zomjovo. Ama-penicillin ngokuvamile agxila kakhulu emathangeni omzimba futhi asakazwa kabanzi kuwo wonke umzimba. Ngokuyinhloko, i-penicillin idonswa emcinini.
Nakuba amaphethini wokuphikisa amabhaktheriya akwenqabela kakhulu ukusebenza kwamapenicillin, ezimweni eziningi, i-penicillin ingasetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo ezihlukahlukene ezifaka:
- Izifo eziphezulu zokuphefumula ezifana ne-pneumonia
- Izifo ezithinta u-Urinary
- I-Septicemia
- Izifo ze-Bone kanye nezihlanganisiwe
- I-Meningitis
- Izifo zangaphakathi kwesisu
- Izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi zifana ne-gonorrhea kanye ne-syphilis
Okuphawulayo, amapenicillin asetshenzisiwe ngaphandle kwelebula ukuze aphathe umkhuhlane we-typhoid nesifo se-Lyme.
Imiphumela emibi
Imiphumela emibi evamile yamapenicillin ihlanganisa isifo sohudo esincane, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ikhanda lomzimba kanye nemvubelo yesisu. Ngezinye izikhathi, i-penicillin ingabangela ukuqhuma okujwayelekile, imifuba, nokucindezeleka okungathí sina noma ukusabela okulindelekile njengokufana ne-anaphylaxis kanye nephritis ephakathi kwe-interstitial.
Ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu kwe-penicillin yokungezwani komzimba ukugwema i-penicillin. Uma uhlangabezana nemiphumela emibi kusuka ekusetshenzisweni kwe-penicillin, sicela utshele udokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuba ahlele imithi enjalo.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso kwe-penicillin yokungezwani komzimba okubangelwa i-anaphylaxis kuyinto engavamile-kwenzeka ezinkingeni ezingu-1 kuya kwezingu-5 ngamacala angu-10 000 we-penicillin yokwelashwa-ngoba i-cephalosporins inesimo samakhemikhali esifanayo nama-penicillin, abantu abaphikisana nama-penicillin ngokuvamile abaqashiwe ama-cephalosporin futhi ngokufanayo.
Ngo-1940-eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-10 emva kokutholakala kwayo-ithimba le-penicillin eliye lasiza ukuthola lesi sidakamizwa saphawula ukuthi amabhaktheriya ebhodini labo ayenezinto ezincane zokumelana namapenicillin futhi kakade akhiqiza i-penicillinase (beta-lactamase). Khumbula ukuthi ukumelana nama-bacterium kuyinto yasendulo futhi ende ngaphambi kokutholakala kwama-antibiotics.
Namuhla, ukumelana nemithi yokulwa namagciwane kuyinkinga enkulu yokukhathalela impilo yomphakathi futhi yinto esingasiza ngayo sonke ukuvimbela. Ngokwesibonelo, kubalulekile ukuthi sonke siqaphele ukuthi ama-antibiotic aphezulu, kodwa awaphili konke ukutheleleka-ikakhulukazi izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kunqunywe i-antibiotic ngudokotela wakho, sicela ugcwalise yonke inkambo yokwelapha.
Imithombo:
I-Aoki FY. Isahluko 45. Izimiso Zokutheleleka Kwemithi Elwa Namagciwane Nama-Clinical Pharmacology Wezidakamizwa Zokulwa Namagciwane. Ku: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LH. ama-eds. Izimiso Zokunakekelwa Okubalulekile, 3e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
I-Mosby's Drug Reference yezobuchwepheshe bezeMpilo, i- Second Edition eyanyatheliswa ngu-Elsevier ngo-2010.