Ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule noma kunjalo, abantu baye balwa-futhi bawuthatha isabelo sabo esihle sokulwa nezifo. I-vaccines ihlaselwe isibhokisi . Ama-antibiotics anqobile umkhuhlane obomvu . Futhi izinambuzane zanqwabelana nezifo ezithwala izinyosi.
Naphezu kwalezi mpumelelo, ezinye izifo zibonakala sengathi zibuyisa. Ukuqubuka kwesimungumungqungqungqangi kanye nezimpungushe kuyenze okungaphezu kwezihloko ezimbalwa zekwephuzile, futhi izifo ezincane ezilahlekile kanye ne-cholera zibuyela emuva emlandweni wezokwelapha. Nakuba izizathu zokukhuphuka nokuwa kwezifo ngokuvamile ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kunzima ukuzincipha, zikhona izizathu ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezenza ezinye zalezi zivuselelo.
Umgomo Wokulahla
Omunye wempumelelo enkulu empilweni yomphakathi emlandweni, imishanguzo yabizwa ukuthi ukwehla okukhulu kwezifo ezinobungozi ezinjengeyisimungumzimba kanye nesifo sofuba. Nakuba iningi lemikhaya lithola ukugoma, inani elikhulayo libonakala lilibale noma lilahla imishanguzo ngenxa yokungaqondi kahle ukuphepha, ukusebenza, kanye nesidingo sokugoma.
E-Texas, isibonelo, inani labafundi abanezidingo ezingekho emthethweni ezidingekayo zokugonywa esikoleni liye lanyuka kusuka ku-10 404 ngo-2007 kuya ku-52 756 ngo-2017. Nakuba izinga lokugoma eliphelele lokusungula amasosha omzimba waseTexas lahlala kahle phakathi kuka-2007 no-2017 ngesilinganiso Amaphesenti angu-97 kwabafundi, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abantu abangazimele bavame ukuqoqa emiphakathini kanye nasezikoleni ezifanayo, okwenza kube nokuhlukunyezwa kwengculazi yokuzivikela nokuvikela labo bantu abasengozini yokuqubuka kwezifo.
Esimweni saseTexas, izifunda ezingaphezu kuka-360 zezifunda ezizimele ezingu-360 zombuso-noma amaphesenti angama-21-zazinamaphesenti okugoma ngamaphesenti angaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-94 aphakanyiselwe ukufeza imfutho yegciwane lesandulela ngculaza, kanti okungenani izifunda ezinhlanu zabika izinga lokugoma ngamaphesenti angu-50 noma ngaphansi . Uma umuntu otheleleke yisimungumungwane kwakufanele angene kule miiphakathi, lesi sifo singasakazeka njengomlilo wasendle.
Imisipha ingenye yezifo ezithathelwanayo kakhulu ezaziwa isintu. Kwamenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni e-United States ngonyaka ka-2000, kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuye kwabikwa inqwaba yeziqhumane nezinkulungwane zamacala-kuhlanganise nokuqubuka okubandakanya iDisneyland okuholela emacala angaphezu kuka-300 e-United States naseCanada.
Ngokusho kokubuyekezwa okushicilelwe ku-JAMA, izinombolo eziphezulu zokulahla umuthi emphakathini onikeziwe zandisa ingozi yesimungumane nje kuphela kubantu abangagciniwe, kodwa nabantu abagonywe. Kungenxa yokuthi akukho muthi wokugoma ophumelelayo ngamaphesenti angu-100. Abanye abantu abathola umgomo bangase bangaphenduli kuwo futhi bangagula noma ngabe bayagula yini igciwane.
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-United States ikwazi ukwandisa izinga lokugoma emiphakathini ezweni lonke, lezi ziqhumane zizoqhubeka ziqhubeka.
Ukuvinjelwa Kwangasese noma Okwanele
Ama-measles akuyona kuphela isifo esivimbela ukugoma esibhedlela. Amacala e-pertussis nama-mumps abuye aphakame, kanti ngenkathi ukugoma imithi ngokuqinisekile kuyisici, kunomunye umphumela ongase abe nawo ekudlaleni: ukukhubazeka okwanele noma okunamandla.
Abaningi kulabo abathintekayo ekuqhumeni kwamuva kwamagundane kanye ne-pertussis baye bachithwa kancane kancane. Ingabe lokho kusho ukuthi umgomo awusebenzi? Hhayi kahle.
Imishanguzo ye-Pertussis ne-mumps ingamaphesenti angama-80 aphumelelayo uma eqala ukunikeza. Njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi leso sikhukhumayo sinamathela, futhi kungase kudingeke ukukala okuningi ukuze kuvikelwe ukugqashuka.
Imishanguzo isebenza ngokuqeqesha umzimba wakho ukulwa ne-pathogen ethile, njengegciwane, amabhaktheriya, noma i-toxin. Isivikelo somzimba sokuzivikela senza ama-antibodies ukulwa nomgomo, bese ugcina imininingwane ngaphandle uma behlangana nesifo esikhathini esizayo. Kuyithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa akufani nokuphoqa inkinobho. Imishanguzo ayiqinisekisile ukuthi wonke umuntu otholayo uyasindiswa, futhi kunjalo okufanayo nokutheleleka kwesifo sesifo.
Uma umzimba ungabonakali ku-pathogen noma umuthi wokugoma futhi isikhathi eside, umzimba ungaba "ukhohlwa" ukuthi ungenza kanjani ama-antibodies, futhi awukwazi ukulwa nokutheleleka ngokwanele-noma ngabe umuntu ugonywe. Izibhamu zokubamba iqhaza zingasiza ukugcina isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisilungele futhi silungele uma kwenzeka uhlangana nesimo sasendle, kodwa ngubani futhi uma udinga umuthi owodwa wokugoma ungahluka kanjani nokuthi ufuna kangakanani.
Ngenkathi ezinye izitofu zihlinzeka ngokuzivikela komzimba wonke, ukuvikeleka kwabanye kudlula isikhathi, futhi-njengoba kunjalo nangomgomo wokugoma imishanguzo-akuwona wonke umuntu ozobhekana nesigciwane esiphelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inani elithile labantu abanikezwayo lizoba yisisulu, ngisho noma izinga lokugoma liphakeme.
Endabeni ye-pertussis ngokuqondile, kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi abantu abagonywe bavikelekile ekuguleni okusebenzayo-kodwa hhayi ngokuvela ekoloni. Kulula, uma umuntu ogonywe ehlangana nama-bacterium, kungenzeka ukuthi akanakho ukukhwehlela noma umkhuhlane, kodwa angakwazi ukusakaza amabhaktheriya kwabanye ngokusebenzisa amaconsi okuphefumula-njengama-kisses, isibonelo. Nokho, abacwaningi basabheka kulo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngenkathi imishanguzo ingaphelele, namanje iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela izifo ezinjengama-mumps ne-pertussis.
Ukuphikiswa Kwemithi
Ama-antibiotics asetshenziselwa ukuba abe umlingo wamagic ukuphilisa izifo eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Ukutholakala kwe- penicillin ngasekupheleni kwawo-1920 kwakuyishintsho sezemidlalo esintwini, njengoba izifo ezavame ukusho ukufa okuthile ngokuzumayo zalashwa. Kodwa njengoba nje abantu bathole izindlela zokuvimbela isifo, amagciwane kanye nama-bacterium ayelokhu eguquguqukayo, futhi.
Isifo sofuba, njengesibonelo, sasivame ukubulala cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabayisikhombisa abathola. Ukuxilongwa okuphumelelayo nokwelashwa kuye kwaholela ekunciphiseni amazinga e-United States nakwamanye amazwe , kodwa leyo nqubekela phambili isengozini yokuthi isifo sofuba esingaxiliswa izidakamizwa siyaqhubeka sitshala emhlabeni jikelele. Kwezinye izimo, amabhaktheriya abonakala engenakuphulukiswa nezinhlelo nemithi ekhona.
Futhi akuyona yedwa kuphela. Ukuphikiswa kwezidakamizwa kubonwe ngezifo eziningi- ezinye zazo zibeka izinsongo eziphuthumayo empilweni yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ezifana ne-gonorrhea. Izizathu zokuthi ukuphikisana kuyahlukahluka, kodwa konke kuvela ukuthi lezi zidakamizwa zisetshenziswa kanjani futhi nini.
Uma unegciwane lesandulela ngculaza, kungenzeka ukuthi usuvele unamabhaktheriya anemvelo ngokwemvelo kumuthi we-antibiotic ngaphakathi kwakho, kanye namanye ama-bacteria "amahle" asiza ukuvikela umzimba wakho kumabhaktheriya "amabi". Ama-antibiotics abulala kokubili, kodwa uma engasetshenziswanga kahle-engagqizi yonke imali enqunyiwe, isibonelo-angashiya amanye alawo mabhaktheriya amabi, angamelana nawo. Ngaphandle kwama-bacteria amahle ukuwagcina, lezi "superbugs" zingandisa, zithathe, futhi zikwazi ukusabalalisa kusuka kumuntu kuya komuntu noma zidlulisele amandla amakhulu kwezinye amabhaktheriya.
Enye yezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekunqandeni ukuphikisana nezidakamizwa ukushintsha indlela okusetshenziswa ngayo namagciwane. Ngokwezikhungo zokulawulwa nokuvimbela izifo, cishe amaphesenti angu-50 yilawo ma-antibiotic anqunywe, anqunywe ngokungalungile noma ngendlela ehambelana nalokho-isibonelo, ukubeka ama-antibiotic ngalokho okuyi-viral infection, njengemakhaza.
Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa ezilwaneni ezikhiqizayo ukudla kungabangela ukuphikiswa kwezidakamizwa zezifo ezithwala ukudla ezifana ne-salmonella kubantu, ngakho-ke kumele kusetshenziswe kuphela ngaphansi kokuqondiswa nokuqondiswa kwezilwane zezilwane ezinelayisensi. Abantu bangenza okunye ukuvimbela ukumelana nezidakamizwa ngokusebenza kanzima ukuvimbela ukugula ngokujwayelekile ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanza izandla, ukudla okuphephile nokusebenzisa imithi uma kunesidingo futhi njengoba kunqunywe.
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu
Mhlawumbe ukuvuselelwa okukhulu kwezifo kuyakuza. Njengoba kuphakama izinga lokushisa emhlabeni jikelele, umhlaba ubona ushintsho hhayi nje kuphela emvelweni, kodwa futhi ukushintsha kwezakhiwo zezilwane nokusebenzisana kwabantu njengoba izenzakalo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu-njalo zisongela impilo yabantu nokuphepha-ziba njalo.
Ososayensi baxwayisa ukuthi iplanethi efudumele, elamanzi iyoholela ekuvuseleleni kwezifo eziningi. Izimvula ezinkulu kanye nezikhukhula ezalandela, isibonelo, zingakwazi ukugcwala imifula nokugcina imigqa yokuhambisa amanzi , okuholela ekungcoleni kwemithombo yamanzi nokuqubuka kwezifo ezifana nekholera. Ukushisa kwamazinga okufudumala nokukhuphuka kwemvula kwenza izimila ezitshisayo zishisa zisondele eduze kwezibonda, zifaka ingozi ekuguleni kwezifo ezinjenge-malaria. Futhi ukuphakama kwamazinga angolwandle kuzosusa imiphakathi yonke futhi ibenqume ukuba bathuthele ezindaweni ezingaphezu komadolobhana, lapho izifo zingasakazeka khona kalula.
Lezi zenzakalo zizokwenzeka nini futhi kuphi-kule ndawo-ikakhulukazi imfundiso ngenxa yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokuhamba kwezifo. Kodwa izikhulu zezezempilo zibikezela ukuthi isimo sezulu esishintshayo cishe cishe sizokhula futhi sandise izinkinga zempilo zamanje, ikakhulu ezindaweni ezingenalo ingqalasizinda kanye nezinsiza zokulungiselela nokuphendula.
Ama-Flickers alawo asevele aqala ukuvela. Ukukhubazeka komkhuhlane we-Dengue kuye kwanda kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngenxa yalokho okushisa okufudumayo nesimo sezulu esiphezulu esivumela umuthi wayo, u-Aedes ukuba ukhulise umkhuba wawo. Izigameko ezibhekene nezifo zokudonsa amanzi ezivame ukubonakala ngokulandela imvula enamandla efana ne-legionella kanye ne-cryptosporidium-ibonile ukukhuphuka eminyakeni yamuva nje, futhi amanzi afudumele enze amabhaktheriya abangela ukwelashwa ekwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezingenakwenzeka ngaphambili. Lokhu kwanda kungase kube ukuqala kuphela.
Izwi elivela
Ukujula nokugeleza kwezifo zesifo kunzima kakhulu futhi cishe akubangelwa ngenxa eyodwa, imbangela yodwa. Izibonelo ezinikezwe ngenhla zenzelwe ukukhombisa ukuthi lezi zici ezithile zithonya kanjani izitayela zesifo, futhi azisho ukuthi zimele incazelo ephelele yokuthi kungani isifo esithile senza ukubuyela emuva.
Ukwengeza, kanti ezinye zalezi zifo-mzimba ziyizibonakaliso zokubuyela emuva, ezinye eziningi zanqotshwa nsuku zonke ngemizamo emikhulu yempilo yomphakathi. Ukubaluleka kwalempumelelo akufanele kunganakwa.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Mayelana nokuphikiswa kwama-antimicrobial.
> I-Dayan GH, i-Rubin S, i-Plotkin S. Amaphule aphulukisiwe kuma-Vaccinated Populations: Ingabe Amakhadi Angatholakala Amagciwane Ukusebenza Okwanele Ukuvimbela Ukuqubuka? I-Dis Infect Dis. 2008; 47 (11): 1458-1467.
> Phadke VK, Bednarczyk RA, Salmon DA, Omer SB. Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kwegciwane Lokugoma Nokugoma I-Vaccine-Okuvimbela Izifo E-United States: Ukubukwa Kwezingubo Zama-Measles ne-Pertussis. I-JAMA . 2016; 315 (11): 1149-1158.
> Warfel JM, Zimmerman LI, Merkel TJ. Imishanguzo ye-Acellular pertussis ivikela izifo kodwa ihluleka ukuvimbela ukutheleleka nokudluliselwa emzimbeni ongabonisi umuntu. Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences yase-United States of America . 2014; 111 (2): 787-792.
> I-World Health Organization. Amaphrofayli Ezwe Lamazulu NezeMpilo - 2015: Ukubukwa Komhlaba Wonke .