Umlando Wokuhlanza Ngesandla, Amanzi Ahlanzekile, Nezingubo Zokuhlanza
Kulolu suku nosuku, odokotela neziguli ngokufanayo baphendukela kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje zokulwa nokulwa nazo zonke izinhlobo zezifo nezinhlupheko. Indlela yokwelashwa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ayifani, ngeziguli eziningi zidinga imiyalelo yama-antibiotics ngesimpawu esincane kunazo zonke. Ngeshwa, ukusebenzisa kabi imithi yama-antibiotics kufanele kuholele ekukhuleni kwe- antibiotic-resistant strains of microbes, okuyinto ukutheleleka kungaba nenhlekelele futhi ngezinye izikhathi imiphumela ebulalayo.
Ngaphambi kokutholakala kwama-microbial pathogens, abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izifo zivela emimoya emibi. Kodwa-ke, iminikelo yesayensi ngesikhathi sama-1800 nguLouis Pasteur noRobert Koch babonisa ukuthi izimboni ezincane zingabangela izifo ezibulalayo nokukhubazeka ezifana nesifo sofuba nesibhukela. Kodwa ingabe wayazi ukuthi ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwezifo ezithathelwanayo phakathi kokutholakala komnikelo we-microbial kanye nokutholakala kwama-antibiotics (aka "izidakamizwa ezimangalisayo") akubhekiselwe ekunakekeleni kwezokwelapha eziphezulu, kodwa kunalokho, ekushintsheni kokuziphatha kwabantu?
Abantu abathathu, u-Ignaz Semmelweis, uJohn Snow noThomas Crapper, kuthiwa baqala izindlela zokuphila zansuku zonke zokuhlanza izandla, ukuphuza amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezindlu zangasese.
Umlando Wokuhlanza Ngesandla: Ignaz Semmelweis
Ake ucabange ukuthi ukuphila bekuyoba njani uma ukugeza izandla kwakukhethwa phakathi kwabahlinzayo. Kungesabeka kakhulu, akunjalo? Emazweni athuthukile, ukuhlanza izandla kuphakanyiswa kakhulu kubantu beminyaka yonke nemikhakha yokuphila, kodwa bambalwa abantu abazi umlando wokuqala kwawo.
Ngo-1847 udokotela waseHungary owazalwa owazalwa u-Ignaz Semmelweis wenza ukuphawula okuphawulekayo okuholela ekwenzeni ukugeza izandla emitholampilo yezokwelapha. Ngenkathi esebenza emtholampilo wokuvimbela izidakamizwa eVienna, uDkt. Semmelweis wayephazamiseka ngokuthi ukushisa komntwana (noma "puerperal") okufayo kwenzeka kakhulu kakhulu kwabesifazane abasizwa abafundi bezokwelapha, uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abasizwa ngababelethisi.
Ngokuhlola ngokucophelela ngemikhuba yezokwelapha, wathola ukuthi abafundi bezokwelapha ababasiza ekubelethweni babevame ukwenza kanjalo ngemuva kokwenza izidakamizwa ezigulini ezafa ngenxa ye-sepsis (ngokuvela kwamagciwane). Ngemuva kokusungula inqubomgomo eqinile yokuhlanza ngesandla ngesisombululo se-antiseptic ehlotshisiwe, amazinga okushona awela phansi ezinyangeni eziyi-10 kuya kwezingu-20 zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu, kubonisa ukuthi ukudluliselwa kwezifo kungancishiswa kakhulu ngale ndlela elula yokuhlanzeka.
Akakwazanga ukukholisa ozakwabo ngokubaluleka kokutholakala kwakhe. Ucatshangwa ukuthi uphukile futhi wafa esikhungweni esivela ku-sepsis kusukela ekulimazeni ayitholile khona, njengabesifazane abaningi abafuna ukuwavikela.
Hlanza Amanzi Okuphuza: UJohn Snow ne-Broad Street Pump
Ungacabanga ukuthi impilo yakho yayiyoba njani uma umthombo wakho wodwa wamanzi okuphuza wawungcoliswa uhudo oluvela kubantu ababulawa yiKhola ? Umsindo omuhle kakhulu, akunjalo?
Phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka eNgilandi, ukuqubuka kwekholera (ngokuvela kwamabhaktheriya) kwaholela ekubhubhiseni okukhulu, kwasala amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abafa futhi begula kakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babengazi kangako ngemvelaphi ye-microbial noma ukusabalala kwezifo ezithathelwanayo. Kunalokho, babekholelwa ukuthi isifo sekholera sabangelwa ukushisa okwesabekayo okuvela emanzini okuthutha amanzi, amathuna avulekile, nezinye izindawo zokubola.
UJohn Snow wayengudokotela oqaphele ukuthi ikholera ibonakala ingasakazwa ngegazi elimuthi, kodwa lisuka emanzini angcolile. Uqaphele ukuthi iningi lokufa okuhlobene nekholera kwenzeka eduze kwepompi ku-Broad Street, lapho izakhamuzi zendawo zihlala zimi khona ukuphuza amanzi. UDkt. Snow ususe isibambo sepompo, futhi cishe ngokushesha, ukusakazeka kwesifo kwakuqukethe. Nakuba kuthatha isikhathi sokuba uhulumeni wendawo akholwe yizimpendulo zakhe futhi athathe isinyathelo, izinkolelo zikaDkt. Snow kanye nokuthola izinto ziyimiklomelo emikhulu ekuqondeni imvelaphi yezifo ezithathelwanayo nokusetshenziswa kokusasa amanzi okuphuza.
I-Modern Flush Toilet: Thomas Crapper
Khumbula izinsuku zendlu yangaphandle? Noma imbobo emhlabathini, kwezinye izimo? Kwenza uthokoze ngokwengeziwe indlu yangasese yokuhlanza, akunjalo?
UThomas Crapper, owazalwa ngo-1836 eYorkshire, eNgilandi, kuthiwa ungumqambi wendlu yangasese. Eqinisweni, akazange asungule indlu yangasese kodwa ukholelwa ukuthi wenze iminikelo emikhulu ekuthuthukiseni nasekuhanjisweni kwayo emphakathini wanamuhla. Ngokusebenzisa isimiso se-septic sanamuhla esasiphakamisela amanzi angcolile emadolobheni, izakhamizi zazingekho ngaphansi kwesigameko sokubamba izifo ezivela ezincane ezitholakala emanzini omuntu. Ngakho-ke noma uThans Crapper noma lowo muntu empeleni abe negalelo ekwenzeni izindlu zangasese kuqhutshwa ingxabano, kodwa indlu yangasese igxila ekuthuthukiseni impilo yomphakathi.
Yini uMlayezo Wasekhaya Wokuthatha?
Abantu abathathu kuthiwa yiziqhumane ezinkulu kubantu, iningi lethu esithatha kalula. Ukuqaliswa kwalezi zenzo zansuku zonke kwenzeka ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwama-antibiotics ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kuqondwe ukuthi izifo zingabangelwa yizifo ezincane. Yini umlayezo wokuthatha ekhaya? Izinguquko endleleni yokuphila zingenza umehluko omkhulu uma kuziwa ekugwemeni izifo ezibulalayo.
> Izinkomba
> Biography: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. NgoJulayi 30, 2008
> Thomas Crapper: Inganekwane neqiniso. I-Plumbing & Mechanical 1993
> Abakwa-Summers, uJudith. "Broad Street Pump Outbreak" . Umlando wezakhamuzi ezithandekayo kakhulu eLondon. Bloomsbury, eLondon, 1989; pp. 113-117