Umthelela we-Down Syndrome ekuPhileni komuntu kuguquke
Ngo-1862, uDkt. John Langdon Down waphawula ukuthi ezinye iziguli zakhe zazihlanganisa izici ezihlukile zomzimba, izinkinga zezokwelapha, nokukhubazeka kwengqondo.
Ukuhlanganisa lezi zifaniso ndawonye, u-Down waphetha ngokuthi iziguli zakhe zine-syndrome ethile. U-Down wabika lokho akubona emaphepheni wezokwelapha futhi wayengowokuqala ukuchaza lokho esikuyazi manje njenge-Down syndrome.
Izici zomzimba ze-Down Syndrome
Nakuba kungekhona bonke abantu abanesifo se- Down syndrome abelana ngezici ezifanayo ezibonakalayo, kunezinye izici ezivame ukuvela kule disorder. Yingakho abantu abane-Down syndrome bebonakala ngendlela efanayo.
Izici ezintathu ezitholakala cishe kuwo wonke umuntu abane-Down syndrome yizo:
- Amaqabunga e-Epicanthic (isikhumba esengeziwe sejwabu leso elingaphakathi, okwenza amehlo abe yi-almond)
- Ukuqothula ama-palpebral fissures (amehlo ahlehlisayo)
- I-Brachycephaly (ikhanda elincanyana elithile elihlehlisiwe ngemuva)
Ezinye izici ezibonakala kubantu abane-Down syndrome (kodwa hhayi kuwo wonke umuntu) zifaka izindawo ezinemibala ekhanyayo emehlweni abo (lezi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-Brushfield amabala), isikhala esincane, esithile esicabayo, umlomo omncane, ovulekile olimini oluvulekile, nezindlebe ezincane ezisezingeni eliphansi ezingahle zihlungwe.
Emlonyeni wabo, abantu abanesifo se-Down syndrome bangase babe namazinyo angavamile, i-palate encane, nolimi olunezinkuni ezijulile kulo (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ulimi oluvulekile).
Kungenzeka futhi babe nobuso obomvu, izintamo ezimfushane nesikhumba esingeziwe emthonjeni wezintambo, kanye namaphrofayili athile.
Ezinye izici ezibonakalayo ku-Down syndrome zihlanganisa i-crease eyodwa ezandleni zezintende zezandla zabo kanye neminwe emifushane enomunwe wesihlanu noma i-pinky engena emaceleni ngaphakathi (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-clinodactyly).
Ngokuvamile babe nezinwele eziqondile ezihle futhi ezincane. Ngokuvamile, abantu abanesifo se-Down syndrome bavame ukufinyeleleka esifushane ngesigungu esifushane. Bangase babe nendawo enkulu kunazo zonke eziphakathi kwezinzwane ezinkulu nezinesibili kanye namajoyina engeziwe.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi akekho kulezi zici zobuso noma zomzimba ezingavamile ngokwabo, futhi aziholeli noma azibangela izinkinga ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, uma udokotela ebona lezi zici ndawonye, cishe bazosola ukuthi umntwana une-Down syndrome .
Izinkinga zezempilo ku-Down Syndrome
Ngaphezu kwezici zabo zobuso nezomzimba, izingane ezine-Down syndrome zinengozi enkulu yokuthuthukisa izinkinga eziningi zezokwelapha.
Nazi izinkinga eziyisikhombisa zezempilo abantu abane-Down syndrome bangase babhekane:
I-Hypotonia
Cishe zonke izinsana ezine-Down syndrome zinomsindo ophansi we-muscle (hypotonia), okusho ukuthi imisipha yabo ibuthakathaka futhi ibonakale i-floppy. Izwi eliphansi lemisipha lingenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuqhubekela phambili, ukuhlala phansi, ume futhi ukhulume. Ezinganeni, i-hypotonia ingabangela nezinkinga zokudla.
Izingane eziningi ezine-Down syndrome ziphuzelele ekufinyeleleni izigigaba zabo zokuhamba ngenxa ye-hypotonia. I-Hypotonia ayikwazi ukuphulukiswa kepha ngokuvamile ithuthukisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukwelapha ngokomzimba kungasiza ukuthuthukisa ithoni ye-muscle.
I-hypotonia ingabangela izinkinga zamathambo, enye inkinga evamile ehlobene nokuxilongwa kwe-Down syndrome.
Izinkinga zembono
Izinkinga zembono zivamekile kwi-Down syndrome kanye nethuba lokunyuka okulodwa lapho umuntu ekhula. Izibonelo zenkinga yemibono enjalo zibandakanya ukungaboni kahle (myopia), ukubhekwa ngokweqile (hyperopia), amehlo awela ( strabismus ), noma ukuthungatha iso ngephethini yesigqi (nystagmus).
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izingane ezine-Down syndrome zihlolwe kuqala ngoba iningi lalezi zinkinga zombono zilungiswa.
Izinkinga Zenhliziyo
Amaphesenti angaba ngu-50 abantwana abane-Down syndrome bazalwa benesifo senhliziyo.
Ezinye zalezi zinkinga zenhliziyo zinyene futhi zingazilungisa ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezokwelapha. Ezinye iziphambeko zenhliziyo zimbi kakhulu, zidinga ukuhlinzwa noma imithi.
Ukuzwa Ukulahlekelwa
Izinkinga zokuzwa zivamekile ezinganeni ezine-Down syndrome, ikakhulukazi i- otitis media, ezithinta amaphesenti angama-50 kuya kwangu-70 futhi iyimbangela evamile yokulahlekelwa kokuzwa. Ukulahleka kokuzwa okukhona lapho kuzalwa kwenzeka cishe ngamaphesenti angu-15 ezinsana ezine-Down Syndrome.
Izinkinga zomzimba
Amaphesenti angaba ngu-5 wezinsana ezine-Down syndrome zizoba nezinkinga zomzimba ezifana nokunciphisa noma ukuvinjwa kwamathumbu (duodenal atresia) noma ukuvula okungekho (anal atresia). Iningi lalezi zinkinga zingalungiswa ngokuhlinzwa.
Ukungabi khona kwemizwa emgodini (isifo sikaHirschsprung) kuvame kakhulu kubantu abane-Down syndrome kunabantu abaningi kodwa namanje asivamile. Kukhona ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwesifo se-celiac ne-Down syndrome, okusho ukuthi kuvame kakhulu kubantu abane-Down syndrome kunabantu abaningi.
Izinkinga ze-Thyroid
Abantu abane-Down syndrome bangase babe nezinkinga nge-gland yabo-isikhumba esincane esisezintanyeni-ngokuthi asikhiqizi i-hormone ye-thyroid eyanele, engabangela i-hypothyroidism. I-hypothyroidism ivame ukuphathwa ngokuthatha i-hormone ye-thyroid esikhundleni. Le mithi kufanele ithathwe impilo yonke yomuntu. I-Hyperthyroidism (okusho ukuthi igciwane le-thyroid engasebenzi) lingase lenzeke kubantu abane-Down syndrome.
I-leukemia
Ngokuvamile, cishe amaphesenti angu-1 esikhathi, umuntu onesifo se-Down syndrome angase ahlakulele i- leukemia . I-leukemia uhlobo lomdlavuza oluthinta amangqamuzana egazi emnothweni wethambo. Izimpawu ze-leukemia zihlanganisa ukulimaza okulula, ukukhathala, ubuciko obukhanyayo, nemifudu engachaziwe. Nakuba i-leukemia yisifo esibi kakhulu, izinga lokusinda liphakeme. Ngokuvamile i-leukemia iphathwa nge-chemotherapy, imisebe, noma ukufakelwa komnkantsha wamathambo.
Izinkinga Zengqondo ku-Down Syndrome
Wonke umuntu onesifo se-Down syndrome unezinga elithile lokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Abantu abanesifo se-Down syndrome bavame ukufunda kancane futhi banenkinga yokucabanga okunengqondo nokwahlulela. Akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ukuthi yiliphi izinga lokukhubazeka kwengqondo labo abazalwa nge-Down syndrome kuyoba-nakuba, lokhu kuzocaca njengoba bekhula.
Kunamakhono amaningi engqondo phakathi kwabantu abane-Down syndrome. I-range ye-IQ ye-intelligence-ngoba ukuhlakanipha okuvamile kuphakathi kuka-70 no-130. Umuntu ubhekwa ukuthi uyakwazi ukukhubazeka kwengqondo uma i-IQ yabo iphakathi kuka-55 no-70. Umuntu onokukhubazeka ngokwengqondo une-IQ phakathi kuka-40 no-55. Iningi labantu abane-Down syndrome score ngaphakathi kwebala eliphansi kuya elilinganiselwe.
Naphezu kwe-IQ yabo, abantu abane-Down syndrome bangafunda. Kuvame ukungaqondi kahle ukuthi labo abane-Down syndrome banekhono elinqunyiwe lokufunda. Siyazi manje ukuthi abantu abanesifo se-Down syndrome bahlakulela esikhathini sokuphila kwabo futhi banethuba lokufunda. Lokhu kukwazi ukukhuliswa ngokungenelela kwangaphambili, imfundo enhle, okulindelwe kakhulu, nokukhuthazwa.
Izwi elivela
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi akekho umuntu ophethe i-Down syndrome ezoba nazo zonke izici, izimo zezempilo, noma izinkinga zezingqondo ezichazwe lapha. Futhi nenani lezinkinga zomzimba umuntu onesifo se-Down syndrome lihambisana nokukwazi kwabo kwengqondo. Wonke umuntu onesifo se-Down syndrome unobuntu bakhe obuhlukile kanye namandla akhe.
> Imithombo:
> Mundakel GT. (Januwari 2017). I-Down syndrome. Emedicine
> Ostermaier, KK. (Novemba 2015). I-Down syndrome: Izici zomtholampilo nokuxilongwa. Ku: UpToDate, Drutz JE, Firth HV (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA.