Uma uke wabona i-movie ye-2011 ethi "Ukuphikisana," uyazi ukuthi i-nail-biter yangempela. Kulo, ulandela isifo esiwumonakalo esibhekana nomhlaba njengoba izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi zigijimela ukuyiyeka. I-movie, ngezinye izikhathi, iyesabeka. Kubuye kubekwe ngokuphelele.
Ochwepheshe bezezempilo zomphakathi balandelela izifo zengculazi nsuku zonke, kanti ngenkathi umsebenzi ungahlali njalo ujabulisa njengoba iHollywood ingasikisela, kuyisidingo sezempilo esidlangalaleni-enye yezinsizakalo eziyisisekelo eziyishumi, empeleni.
Umlando
Imithi kanye nempilo yomphakathi ivame ukuhlanganiswa, kepha beya empilweni ngemibono emibili ehluke kakhulu. Nakuba odokotela bevame ukugxila ekuxilongweni, ekunakekeleni nasekunakekeleni isiguli ngasinye phambi kwabo, impilo yomphakathi ithatha umbono obanzi - womphakathi wonke. Uma kwenziwa kahle, impilo yomphakathi ingafeza okuthile okuphawulekayo: lutho. Akukho ukuqhuma. Akukho ukukhathazeka kwezempilo. Akukho muntu olahlekile ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kungumgomo ophakeme kakhulu futhi ongenakwenzeka, kodwa uhlanganisa nesici esibaluleke kakhulu sempilo yomphakathi. Okusho ukuthi, ukuvimbela.
Izinsizakalo eziyi-10 ezibalulekile zavela ekuqaleni kweminyaka engu-90 kanye nempikiswano mayelana nokuhlelwa kwezempilo. Ngaleso sikhathi kuphela "imisebenzi esemqoka" emithathu yempilo yomphakathi yabonwa kabanzi: ukuhlolwa, ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubomgomo nokuqinisekisa. Ngenkathi imigomo emihle eqondisayo, yayisemkhulu kakhulu ukuze isebenzise ngendlela efanele. Abaholi bezempilo emphakathini bafuna ukunikeza isiqondiso esicacile eminyangweni yezempilo nabamemezeli abasebenza ngokuvikela impilo yemiphakathi yabo. Umphumela waba yisitatimende sokuvumelana esinikeze izinsizakalo ezibalulekile wonke umuntu osebenza empilweni yomphakathi kufanele alwele.
Nakhu abakhulume nabo.
Hlola Isimo Sezempilo Ukuze Uhlonze Futhi Uxazulule Izinkinga Zempilo Yomphakathi
Isici esibucayi esidingekayo kuzo zonke izinsizakalo zezempilo zomphakathi idatha. Ngaphandle kwalo, imiphakathi ayiyazi ukuthi yini edingekayo, lapho okumele kube khona okuqakathekileko, noma indlela yokwabiwa kwemithombo ngendlela efanele. "E-Contagion," izinhlaka zezempilo zomphakathi njengezikhungo zokulawula nokuvimbela izifo kanye ne-World Health Organization zase zisishisa endleleni yokuqhuma ngaphambi kokuba abantu abaningi bazi ukuthi kwenzeke ngenxa yezinqubo zokuqapha endaweni.
Kunezinhlelo emhlabeni jikelele ukusiza ama-alamu aphikisayo uma izinto zingenasisindo. Ngokwemvelo baye bathembela kakhulu ezintweni ezifana nokubika ngabasebenzi bezokwelapha, ukuqhuba ucwaningo, noma amasampula we-laboratory wokuhlola, i-intanethi inikeze izindlela ezintsha zokulandelela izifo ezithathelwanayo ekuqaleni, noma ngaphambi kokuba ziqale. Insimu entsha ebizwa ngokuthi ukutholakala kwezifo zedijithali sekuvele ukusiza ochwepheshe bezempilo emphakathini nabacwaningi ukuthi babone ukuqhuma ngokushesha ngokulandelela imishwana eyinhloko emithonjeni yezokuxhumana noma ekuhlanganiseni imibiko yezindaba zomsakazo. Lezi zinhlelo azibheki kuphela izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ukuqapha isimo sempilo yomphakathi kusho futhi ukubheka izinto ezifana nokulimala, izifo ezingapheliyo, kanye nemiphumela yokuzalwa ukuze ubone ukuthi yiziphi izitayela-uma kukhona-zikhona.
Le sevisi ibalulekile. Phela, ngaphambi kokuba izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi zenze noma yini ekuthuthukiseni impilo yomphakathi, kumele ziqale ukuthi yini okudingeka yenziwe.
Ukuxilonga nokuPhenya Izinkinga Zempilo Nezifo Zezempilo Emphakathini
Uma ngabe ama-alamu esekhulile, izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi zisebenza ukuze zibone ukuthi ngubani othintekayo kakhulu futhi kungani. Insimu yonke yesayensi empeleni inikezelwe ukuphenya lezi zindlela zezempilo. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-epidemiology.
I-Epidemiologists iqoqa futhi ihlaziye idatha ukuze ibone ukuthi izifo noma izimo zezempilo zisakazwa kanjani emkhakheni onikeziwe, yiziphi izici eziyinhloko lezi zinkinga ezifanayo, futhi-okubaluleke kakhulu-ukuthi lolu lwazi lungasetshenziswa kanjani ukuvimbela amacala esizayo. Uma kukhona ukuqubuka kwe- salmonella , izifo ze-epidemiologists yizo ezikhuluma nalabo abagulayo, abaqoqa ulwazi ngalokho abakudlayo, nokukhomba ukuthi yini ukudla okungenzeka ukuthi yiyo yokudla ukuze isuswe emashalofini.
Yazisa, Ufundisa, futhi Uxhobisa Abantu Ngezindaba Zezempilo
Uma ochwepheshe bezempilo bezempilo bekwazi ukuthi kwenzekani, ngubani owenza umthelela, futhi-uma kungenzeka-ukuthi ungakuvimbela kanjani, basakaza izwi kubantu abaningi.
Esinye sezibonelo eziphumelele kakhulu kule nsizakalo ebalulekile esenzweni kwakuwumkhankaso we-Back to Sleep. Lapho izifo ze-epidemiologist emhlabeni wonke ziqala ukukhomba isikhundla sokulala njengesici esiyingozi engozini yokuzalwa kwezingane ezisanda kungazelelwe, i-American Academy of Pediatrics nezinye izikhulu ze-heath e-United States zaqala umkhankaso wezemfundo okhuthaza abazali ukuba bahlele izingane zabo ukuba zilale phansi, kunokuba isisu noma izinhlangothi zabo. Abahlengikazi bakhuluma ngakho ngemindeni yabo iziguli, amapheshana adluliswa, futhi ochwepheshe bahamba ngethelevishini ukusakaza leli gama.
Futhi kubonakala sengathi kusebenza. Amazinga we-SIDS ahlaselwe ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-50 eminyakeni ngemva kokuqaliswa komkhankaso.
Ukugqugquzela ukusebenzisana komphakathi kanye nesenzo ukukhomba nokuxazulula izinkinga zempilo
Ngokuvamile ukuvimbela isifo nokukhuthazwa kwezempilo okwenziwe yinhlangano eyodwa ku-vacuum. Impilo yomphakathi ixhomeke ekubambisaneni nasekusekeleni abantu abahlukahlukene abathintekayo ukuphenya, ukuxazulula, nokuvimbela izinkinga zezempilo. Lokho kubandakanya abantu kanye nezinhlangano ezingase zingabandakanyeki empilweni ngqo, kodwa ukusekelwa kwabo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqoqa ulwazi olunembile nokunika amandla abantu ukuthi bathole izinguquko ezithile zokuziphatha.
Isibonelo, izinhlelo eziningi zempilo yomphakathi ziphendukele emaqenjini kanye nabantu ngabanye ukusiza ukulwa ne-HIV emiphakathini ehlukanisiwe. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izibalo zamandla ukusabalalisa ulwazi olubalulekile, izinhlelo zisebenza ngaphakathi kwamanethiwekhi ukuze zifinyelele labo abasengozini yokutheleleka. Phela, ngubani ongcono ukusiza ukuthonya ushintsho oluhle emphakathini kunabantu asebevele beyingxenye yalo?
Thuthukisa izinqubomgomo nezinhlelo ezisekela imizamo yabantu ngabanye kanye nempilo yomphakathi
Eminye impumelelo enkulu yempilo yomphakathi yekhulu elidlule ayikona ngempela ngenxa yemfundo yodwa noma eyodwa, imizamo yendawo. Zingumphumela wezinguquko zenqubomgomo. Imihlahlandlela yokuphepha emsebenzini, imithetho yebhande yokubeka izihlalo, nezindinganiso ezincane zekhwalithi zamanzi okuphuza, isibonelo, konke kwaholela ekuthuthukiseni okukhulu impilo yethu nokuphepha.
Izidingo zokugoma izikole, ngokwesibonelo, zenze izinyathelo ezinkulu ekukhuleni izinga lokugoma futhi, futhi, ukulwa nezifo ezivimbela ukugoma ezifana nesimungumungwane kanye nenkukhu. Akukhona kuphela ukuthi izidingo zivikela ukuvikela izingane, kepha amazinga aphezulu okugoma enza kube nzima ngezifo ukuba zijikeleze-inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i- herd immunity -thus ekusizeni ukuvikela inani elikhulu kakhulu labantu emphakathini.
Ukuphoqelela Imithetho Nemigomo evikela impilo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha
Amakhodi ezempilo asiza ukuvimbela ukugula okuphethwe ukudla ngokudinga ukuba izindawo zokudlela zihambelane nezindinganiso ezithile, kodwa zingabe ziphumelela yini uma izikhulu zezempilo zingakaze zizohlola amakhishi? Okufanayo kungashiwo ngemithi yokwelapha. Ukuhlolwa kwezindawo zokukhiqiza yi-Food and Drug Administration Ukusiza ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthi imikhiqizo yezokwelapha ingcolile. Izinqubomgomo zingaholela ekuthuthukiseni impilo yezinga labantu, kodwa kuphela uma ziphoqelelwa.
Xhumanisa Abantu Emisebenzini Yezempilo Yomuntu Eyidingayo
Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo e-United States kuyisimiso esihlukene futhi esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyakwazi yini ukubona udokotela noma awukwazi ukubona uma udinga ukuhluka ngokusekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezici, kuhlanganise nobudala bakho, indawo, isimo sezimali, isimo sezempilo, nesimo somsebenzi. Izinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abanye abantu abasengozini kakhulu emphakathini bayakwazi ukuthola ukunakekelwa kwezempilo-nokufinyelela akusho nje ukungena ukuze ubone udokotela. Kungasho futhi ukuthi ukuthutha ukuhamba nokuya kwezinsizakalo zezokwelapha, ukukwazi ukukhokhela ukunakekelwa okunikeziwe, nokuhumusha okufanelekayo kwemikhiqizo.
Enye yezindlela ezinkulu kakhulu iminyango yempilo yomphakathi isiza ukuxhumanisa abantu nezinsizakalo ngezikhungo zezempilo zomphakathi. Nakuba ngokuvamile lezi zikhungo zihlinzeka ngokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokuqondile kubantu abathole imali engenayo futhi abangaqinisekisiwe, nabo bavame ukunikeza izinto ezifana nemfundo yezempilo, ukwelulekwa, kanye nezinsizakalo zokudlulisela. Isibonelo, uhlelo olukhethekile lokudla okunomsoco lwabesifazane, izinsana, nezingane-okubizwa ngokuthi i-WIC-luvame ukuphathwa yiminyango yezempilo yangakini ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izingane kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyithola kanjani ukuthola ukufinyelela okunomsoco eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yokuphila .
Qinisekisa abasebenzi abasebenzayo bokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nabasebenzi
Imithi ihlala ishintsha ukuze ivumelane nocwaningo lwamuva kanye nobuchwepheshe obutholakalayo. Yingakho ochwepheshe bezokwelapha e-United States kudingeka bafunde amakilasi ukuze bahlale besesikhathini. Izinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi njengezikhungo zokulawula nokuvimbela izifo, kanye neminyango yezempilo yasendaweni, zibambisana nezinhlangano zezokwelapha ukunikeza amakilasi okuqhubekayo emfundo ngezihloko ezahlukene, kufaka phakathi nezinto ezinjenge-bioterrorism nokuzilungiselela okuphuthumayo-yebo, ngisho nokuphendula emvelo izinhlekelele ziwela ngaphansi kwempilo yomphakathi, futhi.
Hlola Ukusebenza, Ukufinyeleleka, kanye Nekhwalithi Yemisebenzi Yezempilo
Njengoba ngempumelelo njengoba imizamo yezempilo yomphakathi bekulokhu igcina izimpilo futhi ithuthukise impilo yemiphakathi, kukhona okunye okungahle kwenziwe. Imizamo yezempilo iseduze nokuqapha nokuhlola okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi empeleni bayasebenza, futhi izinhlelo ezidinga izimali zibuye zihlolwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsiza zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo nangempumelelo.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, ama-ejensi abukeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ahileleke izici ezahlukene ezihlukahlukene. Abacwaningi bezeMpilo, isibonelo, bangasiza ukulinganisa ukuphumelela kwezindleko zenguquko enikeziwe yenkambiso. Izazi ze-Epidemiologists zibheke ukuthambekela kwezifo phakathi kwabahlanganyeli besinyathelo esithile sezempilo ukuze babone ukuthi baphumelele yini. Ama-Biostatisticians ahlaziya idatha kusuka ku-survey kanye namarekhodi wezokwelapha ukuze abone ukuthi izinkomba ezithile zezempilo ezinikezwe abantu zinikeziwe. Akukona kuphela imiphumela evela kulezi zivivinyo ezisiza ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo, kodwa ukuqonda okuhlangene nakho kungasetshenziswa futhi kuluhlu lokuqala lwezinsiza ezibalulekile ngenhla.
Ukucwaninga kweNew Insights kanye Nezixazululo Ezisungulwa Ezinkinga Zezempilo
Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu impilo yomphakathi esebenza ukuvikela impilo nokuphepha komphakathi iwukubuza imibuzo, ukuqoqa idatha, nokuthola izindlela ezintsha nezengcono zokuxazulula izinkinga. Ucwaningo lwezempilo lomphakathi olwenziwe ngokuphazamiseka kwezimoto lusilethela izimoto ezivikelekile nezibhande zokuhlala. Ukuphenya okuqhubekayo kwe-anomaly yamazinyo kwaholela ekufakeni i- fluoride emanzini okuphuza. Ukuqonda kangcono amasosha omzimba wethu kwaholela ekwakheni imishanguzo eye igcine izigidi zabantu kanye nezigidigidi zamaRandi.
Ngakho cha, impilo yomphakathi ayinhle kakhulu. Kodwa kuhle okumangalisayo.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Uhlelo lwezempilo lomphakathi kanye nezinsizakalo zezempilo ezisemqoka eziyi-10 ezisemqoka.
> Ibhokisi lamathuluzi womphakathi. Isahluko 2: Isigaba 7. Amasevisi WezeMpilo Kahulumeni Eziyishumi Eziyishumi. Isikhungo seMpilo Yomphakathi Nokuthuthukiswa eNyuvesi yaseKansas.