Ngaphansi konyaka ngemuva kokuzamazama komhlaba okuphazamisayo kuHaiti ngo-2010, izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi phansi zaphawula okuthile okuvelele. Abantu abaningi babegula ngesifo esingakaze sibonwe eHaiti eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu: ikholera .
Ukuzamazama komhlaba ngokwayo kwakuyingozi. Kwabulawa abantu abangaphezu kuka-230 000 kanti abayizigidi ezingu-1.5 baphumelele. Ngakho-ke usizi lwaluhlanganiswa nokuqhamuka kwekhamera okwakungase kuqhubeke kugula abantu abangaba ngu- 300 000 futhi babulale ngaphezu kuka-4 500.
Lokhu kwakubuhlungu-futhi kuvinjelwe-kodwa hhayi ngempela okungalindelekile.
Ngenkathi inani lezingozi ezishayelwayo yilokho okuvame ukushiwo ngemuva kwenhlekelele yemvelo, izenzakalo zingaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo, eyingozi emphakathini. Lapho ingqalasizinda ebalulekile iphazanyiswa futhi abantu bebaleka, bangakwazi ukwenza izinkinga eziningi zempilo yomphakathi, futhi ukuqonda lezi zinkinga kubalulekile kwabaphenduli bokuqala kanye nemizamo yokubuyisa ama-second-wave.
Uhudo
Ukuqubuka kwekholera yeHaiti kwaxoshwa yizinselele ezimbili eziyinhloko ngokuvamile ezibangelwa izinhlekelele: amanzi angaphephile nokuntuleka kokungcola. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kuka-2010 kwashiya abaningi bengenawo amanzi ahlanzekile noma okugeza-kubandakanya labo abasebenza futhi behlala emakamu eZizwe Ezihlangene.
Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukwazi ngokuqinisekile, umbiko we-United Nations ukhombisa ukuthi umlindi wokuthula waletha ikholera nabo eHaiti, futhi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinsizakalo zokungcola, amabhaktheriya aye angena emfuleni oseduze, angcolisa amanzi esendaweni.
Ngaleso sikhathi, amaHaiti angaphansi kwekamu asebenzisa amanzi asemfuleni ukuba aphuze, ageze, ageze, futhi anisele izitshalo. Njengoba abantu abaningi bebengenwe igciwane, amabhaktheriya amaningi angena emanzini, futhi phakathi nezinyanga, leli zwe lalibhekene nesifo esiwumshayabhuqe.
Uma kwenzeka inhlekelele, ukuhlanza kahle izandla zakho noma ukupheka amanzi akho kungahle kubonakale sengathi kulandela isikhathi eside, kepha amanzi ahlanzekile kubalulekile ukugcina amafa okufa ekukhuphukeni.
I-diarrhea ingaholela ekudambiseni amanzi emzimbeni, ikakhulukazi ezinsana ezisencane.
Ngesikhathi ukuqubuka kweHaiti kungenxa ye-cholera, izinto eziningi zingabangela isifo sohudo. Amagaraji, imishini, noma izingosi zezimboni zingaholela ezinobuthi ekukhuleni kwamanzi. Ngisho emazweni athuthukile njenge-United States, kufanele uthathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela isifo sohudo: Geza izandla zakho emva kokuhlangana nezikhukhula ngaphambi kokuba udle, uphilise noma yikuphi ukukhukhula noma izinto-njengamathoyizi-ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa, futhi ungalokothi ugejime ake izingane zidlale ezindaweni ezikhukhulayo.
Ukulimala Kwamzimba Kanye Nokutheleleka
Ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukukhuphuka kwamanzi, kanye nemimoya ephakeme kungabangela ukusongelwa okusheshayo ngokomzimba, kodwa ukulimala kungenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke inhlekelele yemvelo. Ngo-2005, iSiphepho uRita sasingakaze senze indawo lapho abantu abaningi befa ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwe-Houston nase-Texas ogwini. Ukubalekela izimo eziphuthumayo kuthatha izingozi zayo, futhi inani elikhulu labantu abesabisayo ababandakanyekile ekukhunjweni kwamadolobheni amakhulu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ezinye zezigameko zizokwenzeka emgwaqweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Rita, abantu abangu-23 babulawa emlilweni owodwa webhasi. Imigwaqo egcwele ngokweqile ikhona enye ingozi lapho ithrafikhi ihamba kancane noma ihamba.
I-Gridlock ingashiya abahlengikazi abasengozini emotweni yabo lapho isiphepho sishaya.
Ngokufanayo, ukwakhiwa komhlabathi noma ukuphefumula kwamanzi kungabangeli ukulimala ngesikhathi sezulu esibi kakhulu. Ngisho nangemva kokuba umcimbi usuphelile, izakhiwo zingaba zizinzile futhi ziwe amahora, izinsuku, noma ngisho namasonto kamuva. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokukhethekile uma kwenzeka ukuzamazama komhlaba lapho ukuqhuma ngemuva kokususa izakhiwo kudlule iphuzu lokuphulwa kwazo futhi kubangele ukuthi abasebenzi bezokuphepha babhekene nezingozi ezintsha.
Ukuhamba ngamanzi emkhunjini kungabangela nokulimala okuningi. Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukubona ukuthi uhamba kuphi noma ukubhukuda, ungawela emgwaqweni ongatholakali, uhambo olungenalutho, noma ukusika izinto ezibukhali ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Kukhona futhi izidalwa eziyingozi zokubhukuda ezingabonakali eceleni kwakho. Lapho izikhukhula ezibangelwa yiZiphepho uHarvey zihlasela eHouston ngo-Agasti 2017, izakhamizi zabika ukuthi zibona izimbongolo, izinyoka, ngisho namabhola ezintuthwane zomlilo ezinamanzi ezikhukhula.
Ngisho noma ukulimala akuyona impilo esongela ngaleso sikhathi, kungase kube kamuva uma kungenakekelwa kahle . Kodwa ngenxa yesenzakalo esiyingozi, amanzi ahlanzekile nama-bandage ukuze ahlaziye amagciwane futhi agqoke isilonda angeke abe khona, futhi ukutheleleka okubangelwayo kungashintsha. I-tetanus, ikakhulukazi, iyinkinga enkulu ngenxa yezinhlekelele. Ama-bacteria ahlala endaweni yokungcola nokuthuli-kokubili okukhishwa noma ukuphonswa emanzini ngesikhathi somcimbi omkhulu. Uma behamba ngendlela evulekile, kungaba nemiphumela ebulalayo.
Izibhamu zeTetanus zingasiza ukuvimbela lokhu ukuthi kungenzeki, kodwa uma abasebenzi bezokwelapha kanye nezinto ezithengiswayo bebekwe eceleni, imishanguzo ingathatha isinyathelo esilandelayo ekukhathazeni okuningi okucindezelayo. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uhlale usesikhathini esiphezulu ngaphambi kokuthi inhlekelele yemvelo ibonakale.
Izifo ezikhulumayo
Abantu bavame ukuqoqa ndawonye ngezikhathi zokubhujiswa. Imindeni kanye nomakhelwane bahlanganisela emakhaya angaphili kahle, futhi abantu abaphuthumayo bangabutha izinkulungwane ezindaweni zokukhosela noma banikeze amaphuzu okuhambisa. Lapho abantu abaningi behlushwa endaweni encane, izifo eziphilayo ezifana namagciwane nama-bacteria zingadluliselwa kusuka komuntu oyedwa kuya kwesinye ngokushesha.
Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezifo ezinzima zokuphefumula ezifana nemikhuhlane kanye nomkhuhlane. Nakuba izifo eziningi zokuphefumula ziba mnene, ngezinye izikhathi ziholela ezimweni ezinzima ezifana ne-pneumonia, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala kanye nalabo abanezigciwane ezizivikelekile. Lezi zifogciwane ziyagxuma kusuka komuntu kuya komuntu ngamaconsi okuphefumula-zisakazwa ngokusula impumu egijima futhi zithinte isitifiketi, noma zikhwehlela ngenkathi zisesixukwini. Uma omunye umuntu ephefumula emathontsheni noma ethinta ubuso bakhe ngemuva kokuhlangana nomuntu ongcolile, angakwazi ukutheleleka, futhi. Lapho abantu abaningi benesifo, ngokushesha kusakazeka.
Izindawo zokukhosela eziphuthumayo zingasengozini ikakhulukazi kulezi ziqhumane. Lezi zikhathi zesikhashana-izakhiwo zesikhashana zingaba nomoya ophuthumayo futhi zigcwele ngokweqile. Lokhu, kuhlanganise nezinkinga zokugcina ukuhlanzeka okujwayelekile nokuhlanza izandla njalo, kungaholela ezifweni ezithuthumayo ezisakazeka ngokushesha.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi-ngenkathi izidumbu ezinzima futhi eziphazamisayo-ezifile ngenxa yengozi yemvelo zithwala ingozi kakhulu yezifo. Ngaphandle kokuthi ukufa kwabangelwa izifo ezimbalwa ezifana nekholera noma i-ebola, akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuzoba umthombo wokugqashuka. Ukululama komzimba akufanele ukuguqula izinsiza ezivela emisebenzini yokulondoloza impilo nokunakekelwa kwasekuseni okusinda. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ekubuyiseleni kwengqondo nangokomoya kwabasindile.
Izifo ezithwala i-Vector
Izifo ezithile azifaki kusuka kumuntu kuya komuntu, kodwa kunalokho zisabalalisa nge-vectors, njengezinambuzane. Izenzakalo ze-Meteorologic, ezifana nezikhukhula, iziphepho nezinkanyezi, zingahlanza izindawo ezithile zokuzalisa-izimbangela kuphela ukuze kubangele ukuqhuma kwenani lamasha ngesonto noma amabili kamuva. Lokhu kungaholela ekukhuleni okukhulu emphakathini we-vector futhi, kamuva, ukuqubuka kwezifo abazithwalayo. Endabeni yamazinyo, lokho kungase kusho ukuphakama kwezifo ezifana ne- malaria noma i- dengue fever .
Nakuba amazwe amaningi enendlela yokulawula onogwaja ngemizamo efana nokufafaza izibulala-zinambuzane, izinhlekelele zemvelo zingaphazamisa lezi zinsizakalo, zishiye ama-vectors ukuba akhiqize angahlosiwe. Lokhu kuyiqiniso nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile afana ne-United States, lapho izifo ezithwalwa yizilwane ezinjengeNayile eNtshonalanga zingaqhuma emva kokukhukhula noma izimvula ezinkulu.
I-virus ye-Zika, ikakhulukazi, ukukhathazeka ngokulandela izenzakalo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, njengoba kuhlotshaniswa nokukhubazeka kokuzalwa nezinye izinkinga ezihlobene nokukhulelwa. Lezi zinambuzane eziphethe i-dengue virus ne-West Nile nazo zingadlulisela iZika, futhi lezi zinyatho zitholakala emazweni amaningi e-United States nasemhlabeni wonke.
Ngenkathi ukuqubuka kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kuye kwaba yinto engavamile e-United States, izikhukhula ezinzima-njengalokho okwenzeka eHouston kulandela iSiphepho Harvey ngo-2017-zingenza izindawo ezithile zivikeleke kakhulu kugciwane elisakazeka njengabantu abamiyane bekhuphuka futhi abantu ababalekile babuyela emakhaya abo kusuka kwezinye izindawo.
Izimo zempilo yengqondo
Ngemva kokuphelelwa yisivunguvungu uKatrina, iNew Orleanians yabhekana nobunzima obuningi. Kulimale okungaphezu kwezingu-R6 100 billion emakhaya nasemabhizinisini, izinkulungwane zazithunjwa, futhi abantu abangaba ngu-1 836 bafa. Ngesikhathi ukulimala ngokoqobo kweso senzakalo kwakusabeka, umthelela empilweni yengqondo kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuyiqonda.
Ukucindezeleka okukhulu kanye nokuhlukunyezwa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabasindileyo benhlekelele engokwemvelo kungaba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside. Izimo ezinjengokucindezeleka okungapheli, ukucindezeleka, kanye nokucindezeleka kokucindezeleka emva kokudangala kungaba yinselele ukuphatha ngokubhekene nenhlekelele-uma kuthiwa bayatholakala ngisho nhlobo-ngenxa yezinkinga ohlelweni lwezempilo kanye nobunzima bezezimali. Uma lezi zimo zingalashwa, zingathinta kakhulu impilo nenhlalakahle.
Lokhu akulona nje kuphela kulabo abaphila ngengozi ngokwabo, kodwa futhi nabanakekeli abasiza ekubuyiseleni. Izisebenzi zokusiza zithola ukushisa, ukuhlukumeza, nezinye izinhlobo zokucindezeleka kwengqondo ngesilinganiso esiphezulu kunabantu abaningi.
Izwi elivela
Lokhu akulona uhlu oluphelele. Ezinye izimo zemvelo-njengezinhlamvu ezibunjiwe emakhaya asezikhukhula kanye namabhaktheriya eLegionella ekumeleleni amanzi noma emithonjeni-ingaholela ezifweni zokuphefumula. Izimo ezinzima ezifana nesifo senhliziyo nesifo sikashukela zingadala noma zikhule ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemithi noma ukwelashwa okwanele. Ukwanda kobudlova kungenzeka, ikakhulukazi kubantwana nakubalingani basekhaya. Futhi eminye yemiphumela emibi eminye ingabonakala njengomphumela oqondile noma ongaqondile wezinhlekelele.
Lokho okushiwo, lolu hlu aluhloswanga ukuthusa wena. Ukuqwashisa kuyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela. Izingozi zezempilo zomphakathi ezinjengalezi zingenhla zingawela ngaphansi kwe-radar ngemuva kwenhlekelele, njengoba izidingo eziphuthumayo njengokuthi indawo yokuhlala nokuphepha kuhlangene kuqala. Ukuqonda izingozi ezingase kube khona kungakusiza wena, umndeni wakho nomphakathi wakho ukuba ulungele kangcono izenzakalo eziyingozi futhi ululame ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba kwenzeke-futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, gcina izinombolo ezibulalayo ezivele zikhuphuka kusukela ekukhuphukeni okuphakeme.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Amanzi, ukungcola, nokuhlanzeka (i-WASH) -izimo eziphuthumayo neziphuthumayo.
> Jafari N, Shahsanai A, Memarzadeh M, Loghmani A. Ukuvimbela izifo ezithathelanayo emva kwenhlekelele: Ukubuyekezwa. Journal of Research in Scientific Medical: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences . 2011; 16 (7): 956-962.
> I-Waring SC, i-Brown BJ. Isongo Sezifo Ezikhulumayo Ezilandelayo Izinhlekelele Zemvelo: Impendulo Yempilo Kahulumeni. Impendulo Yokulawulwa Kwezinhlekelele 2005; 3: 41-7
> Watson JT, Gayer M, u-Connolly MA. Ama-Epidemics emva kwezinhlekelele zemvelo. Izifo Ezithathelwanayo Ezikhulayo . 2007; 13 (1): 1.