Izitho ezinkulu ezinjengezinhliziyo namabele zihluka kakhulu ngesisindo
Isisindo somzimba yisifundo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Kunezici eziningi - kufaka phakathi isisindo somzimba, ukuphakama, ukuqina komzimba kanye nobuhlanga - obangela izinsimbi zomzimba ezihlukahluka kakhulu. Ukuze uthole izilinganiso ezinembile zezinsimbi zomzimba, kudinga ulwazi oluthe xaxa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le datha idinga ukuvela ezinhlobonhlobo zabantu. Okwamanje, idatha enjalo ayitholakali njalo.
Izisindo zegciwane ezisetshenziselwa ireferensi zidinga ukuba zivela kumakhompiyutha e-forensic, ngokuvamile avunyelwe ezimweni zokufa okusolisayo, ngokuzumayo, noma okudabukisayo lapho izitho zomuntu ofile ziphilile khona. Izifo ezigulayo zihlolwe ngesikhathi sokubheka izibhedlela, kodwa, akufanele zisetshenziselwe ukunquma izindinganiso zokubhekisela ngoba lesi sifo singathinta ngempela isisindo sesitho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lezimoto ezenziwa ngokuphambanisa, ukunikeza abacwaningi amathuba okufinyelela nokuhlola izisindo zomzimba.
Naphezu kokucatshangwa okungaqondakali kanye nokucwaningwa okwesikhashana, izinsimbi zesisindo nobukhulu zisetshenziselwa ochwepheshe bezempilo ukunquma imbangela yokufa kanye nezifo kanye nokuqondisa izindlela ezithile zokwelapha.
Izinombolo
Ngo-2001, umcwaningi waseFrance Omkhulu kanye nabalobi bezobambisene bashicilela iphephandaba e- Forensic Science International ehlaziya izicucu zomzimba ezivela kuma-autopsies angu-684 ezenziwa abamhlophe phakathi kuka-1987 no-1991.
Amandla okucwaninga kanye ne-concordance nezinye izifundo zesisindo somzimba, kanye nokuntuleka kocwaningo ngale ndaba ngokuphelele, kwenza kube ngumthombo omuhle njenganoma yikuphi ukubala izinsimbi zomzimba.
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yalolu cwaningo, lokhu okulandelayo kuyisisindo somzimba nesisindo samadoda nabesifazane:
Umzimba | Isilinganiso Isisindo Emadodeni (amagremu) | Hlanganisa Amadoda (amagremu) | Isilinganiso Isisindo Kwabesifazane (amagremu) | Izinga labesifazane (amagremu) |
Inhliziyo | 365 | 90-630 | 312 | 174-590 |
Isibindi | 1677 | 670-2900 | 1475 | 508-3081 |
I-Pancreas | 144 | 65-243 | 122 | 60-250 |
I-lung yangakwesokudla | 663 | 200-1593 | 546 | 173-1700 |
Amaphaphu angakwesobunxele | 583 | 206-1718 | 467 | 178-1350 |
Izinso ezilungile | 162 | 53-320 | 135 | 45-360 |
Izinso ezisele | 160 | 50-410 | 136 | 40-300 |
Ipeni | 156 | 30-580 | 140 | 33-481 |
I-Thyroid | 25 | 12-87 | 20 | 5-68 |
Ngokwezinga elithile, lezi zindinganiso azitholi amandla okudala futhi angeke zisebenzise ngokuzenzakalelayo kubo bonke abantu kubantu. Okokuqala, izitho ezihlolwe kulolu cwaningo zafika kuphela kumhlophe futhi ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izinsimbi zomzimba zihluka ngohlanga. Ngokuqondile, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abamnyama bathambekele ekubeni nezitho ezinzima kakhulu. Okwesibili, yize abantu beshintsha kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo isivele idalwe.
Isisindo se-Anatomic yesisindo: Ngabe izibeletho zilingana kangakanani?
Ngomqondo ophelele, "ama-boobs" noma amabele akuyona isitho ngasinye, kodwa kunalokho iqoqo lezinhlayiya ezincelisayo kanye namafutha omzimba we-mammary. Noma kunjalo, amabele ayingxenye ehlukile evela emzimbeni wonke ukuthi odokotela abaningi abahlinzayo abasebenza ngokukhethekile ekubelethweni kwebele babheka "izitho zesatomic."
Esihlokweni esicacisiwe okubizwa ngokuthi "Ukunikezwa Kwemvamisa Yomzimba Ne-Weight kuya Ukusabalalisa Kwezinyamazane Kwabesifazane," abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi (ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni kwabo) amabele asebesisindo sinesisindo esingamaphesenti angu-3.5 esisindo somzimba womzimba. Noma kunjalo, usayizi wesampula walolu cwaningo luncane futhi imiphumela yilezi zikhathi ezithile.
Ngokwale fomula, umuntu ophethe ama-pounds angama-40 we-fat body umzimba angaba namabele asisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-1.4.
"Isisindo somzimba sithandwa kakhulu," kusho uDkt. Bradford Hsu, udokotela ohlinzayo webele ohambisana noCharp Healthcare eChula Vista, eCalifornia.
"Ngokuya ngobudala kanye nokuthuthukiswa komuntu ohilelekile, kokubili amabele ahlangene angaba nesisindo esingamamitha ayi-100 noma amakhilogremu amane noma amahlanu."
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ushintsho lwakhe lwezinguquko ekwakheni amabele lungase lithinte isisindo sesifuba ngezinye izikhathi. UDkt. Patricia Allenby, udokotela wezifo zegazi e-Ohio State University, uthi: "Uma umuntu enesifo esiningi se- fibrocystic , isifuba siyoba nzima kakhulu uma sinamafutha. Kuhlobene nobukhulu bezincubu-futhi amafutha aphansi kakhulu. "
Nokho, umphumela wezinguquko ze-fibrocystic, i-adenomatous, noma i-tumorigen isisindo sesifuba isihlobo.
U-Hsu uthi, "Uma unesifo esincane esincane segolfu-ibhola esifubeni esincane," kusho u-Hsu, "leso sifo sithatha isifuba esingaphezu kwesifiso kunomuntu onesifuba esikhulu kakhulu. Ngomuntu oyedwa, leso sifo singase sisho ingxenye yesithathu yesilenze sakhe, futhi komunye umuntu, leso sifo singamelwa ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayisithupha esiswini sakhe. "
Ngaphandle kwesifo, esinye isici esibalulekile esithinta isisasa sebele kusukuma nokuzivocavoca. Lapho abantu belahlekelwa isisindo, bavame ukwenza kanjalo ngokufanayo. Isibonelo, uma owesifazane ohlotshiswe ngamapareli angase alahlekelwe isisindo, uzobe esalondoloza isimo sakhe sephepha eliphakathi kwamapareli kodwa ngobuncane. Bekungaba mncane kakhulu. Abesifazane abagcini nje ngokulahlekelwa isilinganiso esiphezulu sesisindo somzimba kusuka emzimbeni othile othize - njengamabele - emva kokuhlanganyela ekudleni nasekuzivocavoca. Ukulahlekelwa kwamafutha okuhloswe noma "ukunciphisa indawo" akunakwenzeka.
Owesifazane olahlekelwa isisindo ngeke abone ukwehla okubonakalayo esayizi lesifuba. Amabele akhe ayengakufanelekela isisindo sakhe esisha futhi ngokulingana nalo lonke umzimba wakhe ... konke kungaba nje okuncane . Encwadini ehlobene, njengamabele, abantu balahlekelwa isisindo esilinganiselwe kusukela emasontweni ngenkathi bedla.
Ukuphakama, Isisindo, Imizimba Yomzimba Ebukhali, ne-BMI
Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abantu abade kakhulu, balinganisa ngaphezulu (bane-BMI ephakeme), futhi banomzimba obunamafutha ongenamandla angase abe nezitho ezinzima kakhulu. Kulezi zici, ucwaningo oluthile lubonisa ukuthi ukuphakama kungase kuhambisane kakhulu nezinsimbi eziningi zomzimba; Abantu abade kakhulu banezitho ezilinganisa kakhulu futhi zikhulu kakhulu.
Isisindo senhliziyo singathinteka kakhulu yi-BMI, nabantu abanamahloni abanenhliziyo enzima kakhulu.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, isisindo somzimba we-thyroid asikwenzi lutho ngokuphakama, isisindo, nokuqina komzimba. Esikhundleni salokho, isisindo somzimba we-thyroid singathonywa kakhulu yi-iodine. Ezindaweni lapho iningi labesifazane lidla khona iodine ngokwanele ekudleni kwazo, izisindo ze-thyroid ngokuvamile ziwela ngaphansi kwezinga elifanayo kubo bonke abesifazane.
Ubudala nobulili nakho kuthinta isisindo somzimba. Ngokwesilinganiso, abesifazane bavame ukuba nezitho ezilula kunalokho abesilisa abakwenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kunesisindo somzimba esiqinile, izisindo zomzimba zivame ukwehla ngokukhula. Ukuncipha okuhlobene nobudala emzimbeni wesisindo kubonakala ikakhulu ebuchosheni bomqondo. Ngamanye amazwi, ubuchopho bomuntu buyoba buncane njengoba bekhula, okuyinto inqubo yemvelo. Encwadini ehlobene, ubuningi bobuchopho abuhlangene nobunhloli; Ukuba nobuchopho obuningi abuyena umuntu ohlakaniphile.
Imiphumela evela ocwaningweni ka-1994 eyanyatheliswa ku- Der Pathologe - futhi isekelwe ezingaphezu kuka-8000 autopsies - isho ukuthi isisindo sobukhulu bobuchopho kubantu abangenawo izifo zobuchopho ngu-1336 amagremu futhi isisindo sobuchopho obuphakathi kwabesifazane abangenayo isifo sobuchopho ngu-1198 amagremu. Abacwaningi baphinde bathola ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, isisindo sobuchopho besilisa sinciphisa ngo-2.7 amagremu ngonyaka futhi isisindo somzimba wesifazane sinciphisa cishe ngo-2.2 amagremu ngonyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, ubuchopho bakho bukhanya kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ipharamitha eyodwa engokwenyama enomphumela ongacacile kwisisindo somzimba ukukhuluphala. Ukukhuluphala yisifo esiwumshayabhuqe e-United States futhi amazinga akhula ahlukumeza ukwethembeka kwamanani okulinganisa isisindo somzimba. Imithombo ethile yemvelo iveza izisindo zomzimba njengephesenti yesisindo somzimba - ukuchaza ubudlelwano obuqondile nokulingana.
UDkt. Patricia Allenby, udokotela wezilwane kanye nomqondisi wezinsiza zokuzitholela ezise-Ohio State University ubonisa ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle kulokho kubalwa. "Izitho zakho azikhulisi ngesisindo njengokuthi isisindo sakho sithini. Uma isisindo somzimba somunye umuntu siphindaphindeka, isitho asikwazi ngokuphindwe kabili ngesisindo. "
Umthelela Wezifo
Akumele kusimangaze ukuthi umphumela wezifo noma ukwelashwa kwesisindo somzimba uguquke kakhulu futhi unzima. Izifo ezithile zenza izitho zibheke izifo eziningi futhi ezithile zidala izitho ukuba zilinganise.
Ukusetshenziswa kotshwala okungapheli kuhlotshaniswa nosayizi owandayo wenhliziyo (isifo senhliziyo) nesayizi okwandisiwe yesibindi (i-hepatomegaly). Kodwa ekugcineni, isisindo sesibindi kubantu abancike kotshwala singancipha ngokuthuthukiswa kwe- cirrhosis. Nge-cirrhosis, izicubu ezinobindi ezinempilo zithathelwa izicubu ezibomvu.
Ngomagazini ka-2016 oshicilelwe kuDiabetologia , eCampbell-Thompson kanye nabalobi abambisene nabo basikisela ukuthi abantu abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-1 bahlangabezana nokunciphisa okukhulu kwesisindo se-pancreatic sibonakala lapho kuqala izifo. Abantu abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesibili, noma kunjalo, abatholi ukwehla kwesisindo se-pancreas.
Ngamanye amazwi, imiphumela evela kulolu cwaningo ibonisa ukuthi ama-pancreases kubantu abanesifo sikashukela se-type "ayancipha," futhi lokhu kuguqulwa kungabonwa lapho umuntu eqala ukutholwa ukuthi unesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 (ngokuvamile ngesikhathi esemncane noma ebusheni).
Ngokuqondene nobuchopho, i-cerebral atrophy - ebonwe ezimweni ezifana nokushaya kwesifo sofuba nokucindezeleka komzimba - imiphumela ekunciphiseni isisindo somqondo.
Isiphetho
Kukhona okuningi okumele ufunde mayelana nezinsimbi zomzimba. Ukutshala izimali kulolu cwaningo kubalulekile ngoba ubukhulu nesisindo sezitho ziyizinto ezisetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuzitholela ukucacisa isimo sezempilo kanye nesibindi sokufa. Njengamanje, izindinganiso zokubhekisela ezisetshenziselwa izinsimbi zomzimba azisekelwe ebufakazini obukholisayo futhi akuzona zonke izinto.
"Izisindo zomzimba zisisiza ukuba sinqume ukuthi kukhona okungajwayelekile," kusho u-Allenby, "futhi izifo eziningi zihlobene nezinguquko zesayizi - ikakhulukazi enhliziyweni. Isisindo somzimba sisisiza ukuba siqinisekise noma siqondane nezifo ezikhona ... Kuyasiza ngokuxilongwa. "
Ukubheka phambili, izindlela ezingenakuvunywa zengqondo, ezifana ne-MRI ne-CT, zingase zibe usizo ekunqumeni izisindo zensimbi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzimela. Ku-athikili eshicilelwe ku- Investigative Radiology , uJackowski nabalobi ababambisene nabo bathole ukuthi isisindo sesibindi nesipelingi singalinganiselwa ukuthi sisebenzisa idatha ye-imaging kanye nesofthiwe yokuhlaziya ivolumu.
Eqinisweni, abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi ukucabanga okunjalo kungase kunembile kunokwakheka kwe-autopsy ekunqumeni izilonda zesibindi namapulangwe uma kwenzeka ukuxubana (ukushaqeka) ngoba akukho ukuguqulwa kwe-intrahepatic blood volume okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokucabanga. Baphinde babikezele isithembiso esengeziwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-CT ukucacisa izisindo zomzimba - CT ayibizayo futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa kune-MRI, futhi ukufakwa kwamagesi kanye nomoya wokulinganisa umkhawulo we-MRI. Umoya omisiwe ubhekisela emoyeni obanjwe emithanjeni yegazi yesistimu yokujikeleza.
> Imithombo:
> Campbell-Thompson ML et al. Umthelela wohlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesifo sikashukela. I-Diabetologia. 2016; 59: 217-221.
> Grandmaison GL, Clairand I, noDurigon M. Organ Weight ngo-684 Ama-Autopsies Abadala: Amathebula Amasha Wendawo Yabantu AbakwaCaucasoid. I-Forensic Science International. 2001; 119: 149-154.
> Ingxoxo noPatricia Allenby, MD, ngo-10/14/2016.
> Ingxoxo noBradford Hsu, MD, ngo-10/16/2016.
> Jackowski C et al. Ukulinganisa okungapheli kwezisindo ze-Organic nge-Postmortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging kanye ne-Multislice Computed Tomography. I-Radiology yezocwaningo. 2006; 41: 572-578.
> Katch V et al. Umnikelo we-Breast Volume ne-Weight kuya Ukusabalalisa Kwezinto Zomzimba Kwabesifazane. I-American Journal of Anthropology Physical. 1980; 53: 93-100.
> I-JW Wong, i-Arango-Viana JC, ne-Squires T. Heart, isibindi kanye ne-Spleen Pathology ku-Alcohol Chronicle nabasebenzisa izidakamizwa. I-Journal of Forensic and Medicine Medicine. 2008; 15: 141-147.