Okubalulekile kwe-Autism
I-Autism, ebizwa nangokuthi "i-autism spectrum disorder (ASD)," iyisifo sokuthuthukiswa. Ukukhathazeka okuthuthukiswayo kutholakala kubuntwaneni kodwa ngokuvamile kuholela ekukhubazekeni okuphelele. Kunezinkolelo eziningi mayelana ne-autism nokuningi kwemininingwane engafanele etholakalayo kwi-intanethi. Ngenxa yalokho, kungaba nzima ukuthola ulwazi olunokwethenjelwa mayelana nokuthi yi-autism ngempela-futhi ayikho.
Kuyini i-Autism?
I-Autism yinkinga ehlanganisa ukungezwani kanye / noma izinselele kumakhono okuxhumana nabantu, amakhono amahle kanye namakhono amakhulu, inkulumo kanye nekhono lobuhlakani.
Abantu abane-autism nabo banezimpendulo zomsindo ekufakweni kwemizwa, njengokuzwela okungavamile ukukhanya, umsindo, iphunga, ukunambitheka, kanye / noma izinkanuko zokuzwa.
Ezinye izimpawu ezivamile zihlanganisa "ama-stims" (ukugaya izandla, ukuhamba ngezinyawo, ukuzulazula), isidingo sokufana nokuphindaphinda, ukukhathazeka, futhi-kwezinye izimo-amakhono amangalisayo "avant" ezindaweni ezithile (ngokuvamile umculo nombalo).
Ngenxa yokuthi i-autism iyinkimbinkimbi ye-spectrum, kungenzeka ukuba ngomusa, ngokulinganisela, noma ngokukhululekile kwe-autistic.
Ngokuphazamisa, ungabuye ube nokuhlanganiswa kwezibonakaliso ezincane nezimbi. Isibonelo, kungenzeka ukuba uhlakaniphe kakhulu futhi ukhulume kodwa futhi ube nezibonakaliso ezinzima zokukhathazeka nokungasebenzi kahle.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi i-autism ayiyona ingqondo yengqondo noma isimo esiba sibi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Eqinisweni, cishe wonke umuntu ozimele uyakhula futhi ukhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathwa kanzima.
Ngendlela efanayo, noma kunjalo, ayikho ikhambi elungisiwe le-autism. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingane etholakale ene-autism cishe iyokhula ibe umuntu omdala nge-autism-nezinselele nezikhwepha ezihambisana nokuxilongwa.
Ukuthi i-Autism ishintshile kanjani
I-Autism yaqale ichazwa ngokuthi iyinkinga ehlukile phakathi nawo-1930. Incazelo, noma kunjalo, ishintshile kakhulu eminyakeni. Mhlawumbe okubaluleke nakakhulu, i-Asperger syndrome yanezelwa ku-autism spectrum ngo-1994.
Njengoba i-autism echazwe okokuqala, inani labantu abaxilongwe liye lavuka ngokukhululekile. Lokhu kungabizwa, okungenani ngokuyinhloko, ekushintsheni kwencazelo yenkinga.
Phakathi kuka-1994 no-Meyi 2013, kwakukhona izifo zokuhlonza i-autism eziyisihlanu ezahlukene. Ngesinye isiqephu se-spectrum kwakuyi- Asperger syndrome , ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "I-Little Professor syndrome." Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomdlalo kwakuyi-disistic disorder, eyaziwa ngokulibaziseka okuthuthukile kokuthuthukiswa nezinselele. Phakathi kwakho kwakunezinkinga ezihlukahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko kuhlanganise ne-Rett syndrome, i-Fragile X Syndrome, kanye nesifo esiqhubekayo sokuthuthukiswa okungakaze sichazwe (PDD-NOS) .
Namuhla, ngokushicilelwa kwe-DSM-5 (Diagnostic Manual Version 5) kunesigaba esisodwa sokuhlonza abantu abane-autism: i- autism spectrum disorder .
Noma ubani onezimpawu ezihambisana ne-autism uzothola ukuxilongwa kwe-ASD, kanye nezinga elisebenzayo (1 (ukusebenza okuphezulu), 2 (kakhulu ngokweqile), noma 3 (okunzima) futhi, uma kufanelekile, abachazayo. Amanye ama-specifiers avamile ahlanganisa ukukhubazeka kokucabanga, ukuphazamiseka kwengcindezi, njalonjalo.
Lolu shintsho lusho ukuthi abantu abaningi abatholwe benesifo se-Asperger syndrome baye "balahlekelwa" ngokusemthethweni lelo ilebula. Kodwa ngoba igama elithi Asperger syndrome lisetshenziswe kakhulu, futhi lichaze isigaba esithile sokuxilonga, igama linamathele. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abaningi abane-autism ephezulu abasazichazela ngokwabo njenge-Asperger syndrome.
Izinto Ezinhlanu Okwazi Ngayo Nge-Autism
1. Ezimweni eziningi, asazi ukuthi yini ebangela i-autism . Siyazi ukuthi izidakamizwa ezimbalwa, ezithathwe ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, zingandisa ingozi ye-autism. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ulwazi lwethu lukhawulelwe.
Isibonelo, siyazi ukuthi abafana basengozini enkulu kunamantombazane, kodwa asazi ukuthi kungani. Ngokufanayo, siyazi ukuthi abazali asebekhulile banamathuba amaningi okuba nezingane ezizimele-kodwa futhi, asazi ukuthi kungani.
Siyazi ukuthi i-autism ibonakala igijimela emindenini, kodwa inqume ukukhetha ukungabi nabantwana nhlobo, ayikho indlela yokwazi ukuthi ngabe umntwana uzoba noma ngeke abe autistic.
- Yiziphi Ezinye Izingozi Ze-Autism?
- Ingabe Ingane Yethu Esilandelayo Iyoba I-Autistic?
- Ingabe i-Autism Genetic?
- Ingabe I-Vaccines Yenza I-Autism?
2. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokwelapha ezisebenza kahle kodwa azikho ukwelashwa okuwaziwayo. Imithi yokwelapha i-Autism ayifuni neze yezokwelapha, kepha kunalokho ihlanganisa ukuziphatha okunamandla, ukuthuthukiswa, inkulumo, kanye nokwelapha emsebenzini. Ezimweni eziningi, ukwelashwa kungaba nomthelela omuhle kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokuthi izingane eziningi ezine-autism zinezinkinga zomzimba, ngokuvamile kubalulekile ukugwema ukudla okunye ngenkathi uqinisekisa ukuthi ingane yakho inempilo efanele. Okwamanje, akukho muthi, ukwelashwa, noma ukudla okhethekile okuzokwelapha ngempela i-autism.
3. I-Autism ingaba umthombo wamandla kanye nezinselelo. Yiqiniso, kunezinselele eziningi ezihambisana ne-autism. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu abaningi e-spectrum banomthelela olinganiselayo kuze kube namandla amakhulu.
Ngokwesibonelo:
- Abantu abaningi abane-autism bahlakaniphile kakhulu. Inombolo ekhudlwana ngisho nenani elikhudlwana lingenani lokuhlakanipha elihlakaniphile nezindawo zamandla amakhulu okuqonda.
- Abantu abaningi abasendlini babe namakhono anamandla ezindaweni zomculo, izibalo, ubuchwepheshe, ubuciko, nobunjiniyela-nakuba amakhono weqiniso "savant" ayengavamile.
- Abantu abane-autism bavame ukwethenjwa futhi bathembeke, ngokwengxenye ngoba bakuthola kunzima ukuqaphela noma ukusebenzisa ukuhlambalaza, ukungathembeki, ukukhohlisa noma "amanga amhlophe."
4. Kunezinkolelo eziningi mayelana ne-autism. Kunzima kubantu abaningi abangewona autistic ukuba bacabange ukuthi kunjani ukuba yi-autistic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa okuningi kwe-IQ kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-IQ kuthuthukiswa kubantu abangewona ama-autistic. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkolelo zezinkolelo ziye zavela nxazonke ze-autism.
Isibonelo, abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi abantu be-autistic abakwazi ukuthandana, abanakho ukucabanga, noma abanomzwelo. Lezi zinkolelo zivela ekungaqondani futhi hhayi ekuqinisweni.
5. Zonke izinhlobo ze-autism zingaba yinselele. Izinhlobo ezinzima ze-autism zingaba nzima kakhulu ukuphatha ngoba zingabhekana nokuziphatha okunonya nokubhekana nezinselele zokuxhumana ezimbi. Kodwa i-autism ephezulu yokusebenza ivame ukuhambisana nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo ezifana nokukhathazeka, ukuziphatha okuqaphele, ukukhubazeka okungathí sina, ngisho nokucindezeleka.
Kulabo Abanobuchwepheshe Bamuva
Uma ingane yakho encane isanda kutholakala ene-autism, kungumqondo omuhle ukufuna umbono wesibili-ikakhulukazi uma ukuxilongwa kuvela emthonjeni ngaphandle kochwepheshe obhekene ne-autism isipiliyoni.
Uma usuqinisekisile ukuxilongwa kwengane yakho, isinyathelo esihle esilandelayo ukuxhumana nodokotela wakho wezingane kanye nesifunda sesikole ukusetha izinsizakalo zokuqala zangasese. Ungase futhi ufune ukubheka izinhlelo zokwelapha zasenkulisa nezinkundla zokudlala. Uma ucwaninga nge-autism, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola imithombo yakho ngokucophelela, ngoba kukhona ulwazi oluningi olutholakalayo kwi-intanethi nangomvini.
Uma abantu abadala bebona ukuthi bane-autism, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi bahlala nezimpawu ezincane. Okuyiqiniso ukuthi akukho isidingo sokwenza noma yini emva kokuthola ukuxilongwa; i-autism ayilulapheki, ngakho-ke ukwelapha kanye nemithi kuyindlela yokuzikhethela.
Kodwa-ke abantu abaningi abadala bakhetha ukulandela ukuxilongwa kwabo ngokufinyelela kubantu abadala abadala kanye nokusekela, ngokuthola udokotela olwazini olufanele, ngokufuna usizo ngezinselelo ezizwakalayo, noma ngokufunda okuningi mayelana nalesi sifo.
Imibuzo Yokubuza Nge-Autism
Njengoba uqala ukucabanga nge-diagnosis ye-autism, kunemibuzo ethile ethize ofuna ukuyihlola. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kufaka:
- Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezingcono kakhulu zengane yami?
- Luhlobo luni lokuhlelwa kwemfundo okungcono kakhulu kumntanami?
- Luhlobo luni lwezinto zokuzilibazisa nezomphakathi ezingahle zifanele ingane yami?
- Kufanele ngilungiselele kanjani ikusasa lesikhathi eside semntanami?
Ukuphila Nge-Autism
Uma ingane yakho itholakale ene-autism, kuyoba yisici ezinqumweni eziningi ozenzayo nangenxa yakhe. Izinqumo zakho zizohlukahluka kuye ngokuthi izimpawu zakho zingakanani, impendulo yakho kulezo zimpawu, isimo sakho sokuphila, kanye nemali yakho.
Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini, kuzodingeka ucabange futhi uhlele nge-autism yengane yakho. Mhlawumbe okubaluleke nakakhulu, kuzodingeka usebenze nezikole, izinhlaka zombuso kanye nesezinhlangano, abahlinzeki bezempilo, kanye nabameli ukukhuthaza izidingo zomntanakho.
Izwi elivela
Ukuxilongwa kwe-autism kungaba yinto emangalisayo. Kwabanye abantu, kungase kusabe. Kodwa kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi kungaphezu kokusemandleni ukuhlala kahle nge-autism.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uzothola izinsiza eziningi namathuba atholakalayo ezinganeni ezine-autism nemindeni yabo. Uzothola ikhono lakho lokubhekana nalo-futhi uphumelele-nge-autism.
Imithombo:
I-Autism Society of America Website
Ukuphazamiseka Kwe-Autism Spectrum (Izinkinga Eziqhubekayo Zokuthuthukiswa) I-National Institute of Health Mental, ngo-2016.
Greenspan, uStanley. "Ingane enezidingo ezikhethekile." C 1998: Amabhuku e-Perseus.
Romanowski, Patricia et al. "Umhlahlandlela we-OASIS we-Asperger Syndrome." C 2000: Abahleli bezintambo, eNew York, NY.