Kungathatha iminyaka eminingi phakathi kokuchayeka nokuthuthukiswa komdlavuza kamuva. Kungenzeka ukuthi uzwile ngabantu ababhekene ne-asbestos nokuthuthukisa i-mesothelioma eminyakeni eminingi kamuva. Icala lifanayo uma kuziwa ekubhemeni ugwayi kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Lokho kusho ukuthi kukhona isikhathi esiphelile esibizwa ngokuthi isikhathi se-latency emkhatsini wokuchayeka kwento eyenza umdlavuza kanye nezibonakaliso zokuqala zomdlavuza.
Kungani isikhathi se-latency sibalulekile futhi senza kanjani ukuthi kunzima ukucacisa izimbangela zomdlavuza? Lokhu kungasho ukuthini kubantu abaye babhekana namakhemikhali anobuthi, njengabasebenzi abathintekayo ekusindiseni nasekuphulukeleni emva kwenhlekelele ye World Trade Center?
I-Latency Period Yokuthuthukiswa Komdlavuza: Incazelo
Isikhathi se-latency somdlavuza sichazwa njengesilinganiso sesikhathi esiqhamuka phakathi kokuchayeka kokuqala ku-carcinogen (isifo esibangelwa umdlavuza) nokuxilongwa komdlavuza. Isibonelo, mhlawumbe ujwayele ukubhema ugwayi njengengozi engozini yomdlavuza wamaphaphu . Isikhathi se-latency, kulokhu, sizochazwa ngokuthi ubude besikhathi phakathi kokuqala kokubhema, nokuthuthukiswa okulandelayo nokuxilongwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Isikhathi se-latency singashintsha ngokuyinhloko kuye ngokuthi imithi ethile eyenza umdlavuza ihlolwe futhi umdlavuza othize noma umdlavuza owenzayo ubangele.
Isikhathi singase sibe esifushane, njengokungabonakaliswa kwezidakamizwa e-Hiroshima naseNagasaki nokuthuthukiswa kwe-leukemia, noma kungase kube yisikhathi eside, njengesikhathi esilinganiselwe phakathi kokuchayeka kwe-asbestos nokuthuthukiswa kamuva kwe-mesothelioma . I-Cancer ingahle ihlotshaniswe namazinga aphakeme esifushane okuvezwa noma amazinga aphansi asezingeni eliphansi lokuchayeka.
Iyini i-carcinogen?
Kuwusizo uma ukhuluma ngezikhathi zesikhathi sokuqala ukuze ubuyekeze kuqala incazelo yamagciwane . Ama-carcinogens ayimvelo endaweni yethu okucatshangwa ukuthi ibeka ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza.
Lezi zimboni zingabandakanya imisebe, amakhemikhali, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ngisho nama -virus abangela umdlavuza . Izibonelo ongazijwayele zibandakanya i-asbestos, i- radon , umusi wogwayi kanye ne-arsenic.
I-carcinogenicity akuyona isayensi eqondile-asazi ukuthi ngabe ukuvezwa kuyodala umdlavuza. I-International Association for Research on Cancer ihlukanisa ama-carcinogens ngokususelwa emkhubeni wokuthi bangabangela umdlavuza. Izigaba zifaka:
- Iqembu 1 - I-carcinogenic kubantu
- Iqembu 2A - Mhlawumbe i-carcinogenic kubantu
- Iqembu 2B - Kungenzeka ukuthi i-carcinogenic kubantu
- Iqembu lama-3 - Lingahlukaniseki ngokuphathelene nokudla kwamagciwane kubantu
- Iqembu 4 - Mhlawumbe hhayi i-carcinogenic kubantu.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuveza ukuthi umdlavuza uvame ukuba "isifo sobuningi" esivela ngenxa yokuqoqwa kwezinguquko emangqamuzaneni, hhayi njengomphumela wokuguquka okukodwa (kukhona okunye okuhlukile, ikakhulukazi ngegazi elihlobene negazi ). Ngamanye amazwi, ngokuvamile izici eziningana zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zikhiqize noma zivimbele umdlavuza.
Lokho kusho, ngisho noma elinye lamaseli ethu liqala ukushintshashintsha, iningi lala maseli aliqhubeki liba nezicubu zomdlavuza. Isivikelo sethu somzimba sokuzivikela sikhwameni sinezicingo eziqeda amangqamuzana angavamile nabonakalisiwe, kodwa amangqamuzana omdlavuza ahlukile .
Isibonelo se-multifunctional causation yomdlavuza kungaba abesifazane ababhema futhi babe nokuguqulwa kwesakhi se-BRCA2. I-BRCA2 iyisisindo sokucindezela i- tumor . Ungase ujwayelane nalokhu "igciwane lesifo segciwane lesifuba" ngenxa yokuqwashisa okuphakanyiswe ngu-Angelina Jolie. Okungaziwa kahle ukuthi abesifazane abathwala ukuguqulwa kwe-BRCA2 banomthelela kabili wokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu uma bebhema.
Kwezinye izimo, ukuvezwa kwama-carcinogens kungaphezu kokungeza. Isibonelo, ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu kanye ne-mesothelioma kubantu bobabili abavelele ku-asbestos nomusi kunkulu uma ngabe uvele wanezela lezi zingozi ndawonye.
Ukubaluleka kwe-Latency Period
Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukuqaphela isikhathi se-latency nomdlavuza. Isibonelo esivamile sibonakala ebuhlotsheni phakathi kokusebenzisa ugwayi nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Abantu bangase bazizwe kahle iminyaka eminingi-ngesikhathi se-latency-ngaphambi kokuba kucace ukuthi kukhona inhlangano phakathi kokubhema nezinhlobo eziningana zomdlavuza .
Umqondo wesikhatsi se-latency ungasiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani singakayiqiniseki ngengozi yokuchayeka kubantu ababandakanyekile emizamweni yokuhlanza emva kuka-911.
Esinye isibonelo sokubaluleka kwesikhathi se-latency sivela ezingxoxweni mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwefoni nomdlavuza womqondo. Kuye kwaphikiswa abanye abantu ukuthi uma ukusetshenziswa kwefoni kungumphumela wobungozi bomdlavuza webuchopho kufanele sibone ukwanda okukhulu kulezi zicubu. Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi uma ukubhema ugwayi kuqala futhi kuvamile ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho ukusetshenziswa kwefoni kususwe khona, sizobe sizibuza ukuthi ukubhema kungabangela umdlavuza. Ngokusobala ukubhema kubangelwa umdlavuza, kodwa ngenxa yesikhathi sokugcina kwamashumi eminyaka, asikwazanga ukuhlola ngokucacile ingozi ekufanekiseni. Ngamanye amazwi, ijaji lisengcupheni ngqo phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwefoni nomdlavuza.
Ukuqonda isikhathi se-latency kuyasiza ukuchaza esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani kunzima ukufunda isifo somdlavuza nomdlavuza. Uma ngabe siqala ukutadisha namhlanje sibheka into ethile, singase sibe nemiphumela amashumi eminyaka. Isibonelo, okungenani iminyaka engu-40 uma isikhathi se-latency se-carcinogen sasiyiminyaka engama-40. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izifundo eziningi (izifundo ezibuyiselwa emuva) zibuka emuva kwesikhathi. Njengoba lezi zifundo zingacatshangwa ngokucophelela esikhathini esingaphambili (njengezifundo ezizayo) zivame ukuphendula imibuzo eminingi engaphenduliwe.
Izinto Ezingase Zithinte Isikhathi Sokugcina
Kunezinguquko eziningana ezithonya kokubili amathuba okuthi i-carcinogen ingabangela ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza kanye nesikhathi (isikhathi se-latency) phakathi kokuchayeka nokuxilongwa komdlavuza. Ezinye zazo zihlanganisa:
- Umthamo noma ubukhulu bokuvezwa.
- Isikhathi sokuchayeka.
- Isici esithile (ukuvezwa okunye kungase kube nomdlavuza kunabanye).
- Uhlobo lomdlavuza obangelwa ukuchayeka.
- Ukuguga ekudumeni. Kwamanye amaphuzu empilweni, umzimba ungangena kalula kunezinye izifo (lokhu kungase kube lula ukuyiqonda uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukutheleleka nge-cytomegalovirus kungabangela ukukhubazeka okunzima lapho bexhumana ngaphambi kokukhulelwa, kodwa kuphela i-mild syndrome enokukhathala ngesinye isikhathi). Ngomdlavuza, ukuvezwa kwemisebe ye-ioni e-utero cishe kungabangela umdlavuza kunokuba kuvezwe kwezinye izikhathi zokuphila. Ukwengeza, izinto ezinesikhathi eside se-latency cishe zingabangela umdlavuza uma ukuvezwa kwenzeka esikhathini esithile empilweni ngoba nje abantu bangaphila isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba umdlavuza uthuthuke.
- Ubulili. Amadoda nabesifazane bangase bahluke ekukhulekeleni kwabo ekuvezeni. Isibonelo, abanye bacatshangwa (kepha hhayi abanye) ukuthi abesifazane banamathuba amaningi okuthuthukisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu nesilinganiso esifanayo sokungcola ugwayi. Kwabesifazane, i-estrogen ingadlala indima ekuthuthukiseni umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
- Ukuthathwa kwe-Genetic. Isibonelo esicacile sethonya lofuzo ekuthuthukiseni umdlavuza kubonakala kubantu abane-Down syndrome, abanamathuba amaningi okuthuthukisa i-leukemia. Kunezinye izibonelo eziningi. Eqinisweni, nakuba ungase ujwayelane nokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet njengesici esibangela i-melanoma, manje sekucatshangwa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-55 ama-melanomas anezakhi zofuzo.
- Ezinye izinto ezibangelwa ingozi yomdlavuza
- Ezinye izimo zezokwelapha. Ukuzivikela komzimba (isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela esingasebenzi ngendlela efanele) kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunemibandela yezokwelapha, i-chemotherapy, noma ezinye izidakamizwa ezicindezelayo, kuphakamisa amathuba okuba nomdlavuza oholela ekuthuthukiseni umdlavuza.
Abasebenzi beCreator and Recovery Workers kanye neCanscer
Kungenzeka ukuthi uzwile ukuthi abantu abasiza ekuzikhandla nasekuhlengeni emva kweminyaka engu-911 banengozini enkulu yokwenza umdlavuza. Sikhuluma manje abantu bezwa ukuthi labo abahilelekile emizamweni ehlanzekile banomngcipheko ophakeme womdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ngalesi sikhathi, asikwazi nje. Esinye isizathu sokuthi lokhu kubungozi akucaci ngenxa yesikhathi sokugcina. Ngenkathi ukwelashwa okuhlobene negazi okufana ne-myeloma ne-Hodgkin lymphoma kunesidingo sokuthatha isikhathi esifushane, lezo zicubu ezinamandla ezifana nomdlavuza wamaphaphu zivame kakhulu
Ngokususelwa kwizifundo kuze kube yimanje, kubonakala sengathi kuyingozi engozini yomdlavuza phakathi kwalaba bantu. Ucwaningo oluthile oluhle lwabacimi bomlilo nabasebenzi bokuphulukisa abangaba yinkulungwane bathola ukuthi eminyakeni eyisikhombisa ngemuva kwalesi sigameko, kwakukhona ingozi engaphezu kuka-19 engozini yomdlavuza kuzo zonke izindawo.
Amagciwane okubonakala sengathi akhula kuze kube manje ahlanganisa umdlavuza wesibeletho, umdlavuza we-thyroid, i-myeloma, ne-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ezinye ze-carcinogens ezikhonjiswe othulini kanye nama-debris zihlanganisa i-asbestos, i-silika, i-benzene, ne-polycyclic ama-hydrocarboni ahlanzekile. Kukhona ukukhathazeka ukuthi ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu izoba enkulu kakhulu esikhathini esizayo, futhi ukuqonda umqondo wesikhathi sokugcina kungasiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani singasazi ngalesi sikhathi.
Isibonelo Sokuhluka Kwezikhathi Zokuhamba Ngesikhathi Ngisho Ne-Carcinogen Yodwa
Isikhathi se-latency singahluka kakhulu nge-carcinogens ehlukene, kodwa ngisho ne-carcinogen eyodwa ingaba nokushintshashintsha kokubili isikhathi se-latency kanye nohlobo lwe-khansa ephakama. Ucwaningo lwango-2017 lubheke ukwelashwa kwesibili kubantu abane-leukemia ephawulekayo. Siyazi ukuthi i-chemotherapy-kuyilapho ingase iphulukise lezi zomshukela ngezinye izikhathi-ingaba ne-carcinogen ebangela ezinye ukwelapha ngaphansi komugqa.
Eqhutshwa e-Argentina, lolu cwaningo lwalandela abantu abane-leukemia noma ama-lymphomas acacile ukuze banqume kokubili izigameko zamangqamuzana wesibili (ukwelashwa okubangelwa ukwelashwa komdlavuza) kanye nesikhathi sokulinganisa isilinganiso esiphakathi kokuphathwa kwe-leukemia yangempela noma i-lymphoma nokuthuthukiswa komdlavuza wesibili. Cishe amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili okusinda aqala umdlavuza wesibili. Isikhathi se-latency sasinesifushane kakhulu samakhondomu ahlobene negciwane legazi kunama-tumors aqinile. Isikhathi sokulinganisa isilinganiso se-hematologic (ehlobene negazi) kancelisi efana ne-leukemi ne-lymphomas kwakunezinyanga ezingu-51 kodwa kwahluka ezinyangeni eziyi-10 kuya kwezingu-110. Isikhathi sokulinganisa isilinganiso samathumba aqinile sasinezinyanga ezingu-110, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi sisukela ezinyangeni ezingu-25 kuya ku-236.
Indlela Yokusebenzisa Le Mqondo Yokunciphisa Ingozi KaCancer
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, kunezinto eziningi esizitholayo nsuku zonke ezinokubangela umdlavuza. Lokhu akusho ukuthi kunomdlavuza womdlavuza oqhubekayo, noma ukuthi izinkampani zikhulula ama-carcinogens ukuze zithole imali emithini yemithi yokwelashwa ngaphansi komugqa. Asinayo imithombo, ukufaka imali, noma isikhathi sokutadisha i-carcinogenicity kanye nesikhathi esingenzeka sokuhamba kwamakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukuhweba.
Kuze kube yilapho izinto zihlolwe isikhathi eside, asikwazi ukuthi yini engaba khona engozini. Nakuba lo mqondo ungaholela abanye ukuba bagweme imikhiqizo emisha futhi bahambe emagqumeni, ukuqonda okuncane nokuqapha kungenzeka ukuthi konke okudingekayo ukuze uzigcine uphephile.
Vikela isikhumba sakho namaphaphu. Uma umkhiqizo uncoma ukuthi ugqoke amagilavu (ngokuphrinta okuhle) gqoka amagilavu. Siyazi ukuthi amakhemikhali amaningi angathathwa ngesikhumba sethu. Uma umkhiqizo uncoma ukusebenzisa umoya omuhle, amafasitela avulekile noma uvule i-fan exhaust. Thatha isikhathi sokufunda amaphepha amaphepha okuphepha kwedatha kuwo wonke amakhemikhali osebenza nawo.
Uma uzizwa ucindezelekile, khumbula futhi ukuthi amaningi kansela abangelwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezici, futhi unokulawula okunye kwalokhu .
> Imithombo:
> I-American Cancer Society. Ama-Carcinogens Abantu Ayaziwayo Nokubonakalayo. Kubuyekezwe 11/03/16.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. I-Latency encane ne-Izinhlobo noma izigaba ze-Cancer . I-Meyi 1, 2013.
> Felice, M., Rossi, J., Alonso, C. et al. I-Second Neoplasms Ezinganeni Ezilandela Ukwelashwa Kwe-Acute Leukemia kanye / noma I-Lymphoma: Iminyaka Engama-29 Yezezimo Ezindaweni Ezilodwa E-Argentina. I-Journal of Hematology / Oncology yezingane . 2017. 39 (8): e406-e412.
> Li, J., Cone, J., Kahn, A. et al. Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kokuhweba Kwamazwe Omhlaba Kwezokuhweba kanye Nengozi Eyingozi Yomdlavuza. I-JAMA . 2012. 308 (23): 2479-2488.
> Veham, V., Verma, M., no S. Mahbir. Ukuqala kwesikhashana ukuvezwa kwezigciwane ezithathelwanayo kanye nentuthuko yomdlavuza kamuva. I-Cancer Medicine . 2015. 4 (12): 1908-22.