Njengamanje, abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi uxhumano lukhona phakathi kokubhema nomdlavuza wamaphaphu . Kodwa sisakhuluma lokho okushiwo, "Umalume wayebhema iminyaka engama-60 futhi engakaze abe nomdlavuza wamaphaphu." "Ukanina akazange aphume kodwa abe nomdlavuza wamaphaphu noma kunjalo." Ziyini amaqiniso mayelana nokubhema ugwayi kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu, futhi yisiphi isayensi esilandela la maqiniso? Ingabe kwenza umehluko uma uyeka, futhi wenza umehluko omkhulu kangakanani? Futhi njengoba iningi labantu abahlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu babengaphambili-hhayi ababhemayo njengamanje, yini umuntu wonke okudingeka azi?
Izibalo Ngokubhema Nengculaza Yengculazi
Siyazi ukuthi ukubhema kuyingozi enkulu engumdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu ihlobene ngqo nenani le-" pack-years " umuntu obhemayo. I- pack-iminyaka ibalwa ngokuphindaphinda inani lamaphakheji kagwayi obhemayo nsuku zonke ngenani leminyaka yokubhema. , yiyona imbangela ehamba phambili yokufa komdlavuza kulamadoda nabesifazane e-United States.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ababhemayo abangeke bakwazi ukwenza umdlavuza wamaphaphu, nakuba ukubhema ugwayi kuyisisusa esiyinhloko sesifo. Abesilisa ababhemayo banamathuba angama-23 okuthuthukisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu kunelabo abangabhemi, kanti ababhemayo besifazane banamathuba angaphezu kuka-13 okuthuthukisa lesi sifo kunabalingani babo abangabhemi. Ngokuvamile, amaphesenti angama-80 no-90 wamanqamu amaphaphu ase-US abhekwa njengabangelwa ukubhema.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi umdlavuza wamaphaphu akuyona nje isishayo sokubhema. Ukubhema ugwayi kubangele amagciwane amaningi nezinye izifo . Ngokuvamile, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukubhema impilo yonke iminyaka eyi-10 yokuphila nokubhema futhi cishe cishe isigamu sabashayeli besikhathi eside bazofa ngenxa yezifo ezihlobene nogwayi.
Ngamaphi Amaphesenti Ababhemayo Abazokwenza I-Cancer Lung?
Ingozi yokuphila komdlavuza wamaphaphu kubantu ababhemayo ingaphezulu kwamaphesenti angu-15 omuntu ozobhema impilo yonke. Ukuyeka nganoma isiphi isikhathi kunciphisa ingozi, kodwa umuntu osuka eneminyaka engama-50 usenayo cishe amaphesenti amahlanu okufa ngenxa yomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Ngaphezu kobudlelwane phakathi kwengozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu kanye neminyaka yokupaka, ukuqala ukubhema kusenesikhathi, futhi ukutholakala kwezinye izinto ezingozini kungase kuphakame le ngozi. Eminye imikhawulo engozini, njenge-exposure ye-asbestos, ingozi ekhuphukile ingaphezu kwalokho engalindeleke ngokufaka nje izinto ezimbili zokubeka ingozi ndawonye.
Abangabokuqala Ukubhema Ngengozi Engcono Kakhulu Yomdlavuza We-Lung
Iningi lama-cancer wamaphaphu (amaphesenti angaba ngu-50) manje ayenzeka kulabo abababhema ngaphambili-abantu abaye baphuza kodwa bayeka. Ngokungafani nenengozi yesifo senhliziyo, esiwela ngokushesha lapho umuntu eyeka ukubhema, ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ingase ihlale isikhathi eside futhi ihlala ingaphezu kwalabo abangabhemi isikhathi eside.
Uma ungumuntu ozobhema futhi ufunda lokhu okokuqala, ungaphelelwa ithemba. Labo ababhemayo bangakwazi ukunciphisa ingozi yabo kanye nokwandisa ithuba labo lokusinda lesi sifo uma beyihlakulela (bheka ngezansi).
Ukuguga Ekupheleni Kwesifo Somdlavuza We-Lung
Ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu kulabo ababekade bebhema ibhekene nesikhathi esithile lapho othile ekhishwa khona umkhuba. Isikhathi sokuyeka ukubhema ngokuphathelene nomngcipheko wokufa sekuye kwahlolwa kakhulu kunokuba ubuhlobo nomdlavuza wamaphaphu kuphela.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, ukubhema kuthatha cishe iminyaka eyi-10 yokuphila kude nomuntu ongapheli kuze kube phakade, nengxenye yabantu ababulawa isifo esihlobene nokubhema. Kulabo abayeka ukuhlala phakathi kweminyaka engama-25 no-34, ukubuyela engozini kuya ekujwayelekile. Labo abathule phakathi kweminyaka engu-35 no-44, bangalindela ukuphinde bathole amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye kulezo zingu-10. Ukuyeka ukubhema phakathi kweminyaka engama-45 no-54 kuvuselela iminyaka eyisithupha, futhi ukuyeka phakathi kuka-55 no-64 kuyabuyisa iminyaka emine.
Isikhathi Kusukela Ukuyeka Ukubhema Nengozi Ye-Cancer Lung
Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uvela kaningi kangakanani eminyakeni noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka emva kokuyeka?
Le nombolo ayizange iqinisekiswe kahle, kodwa ukuhlolwa kuka-2011 kubheka abantu abangu-600 okubhekiswe ekuhlinzeni umdlavuza wamaphaphu kungasinika umbono. Ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa, amaphesenti angu-77 alaba bantu bebebhemayo ngaphambili futhi amaphesenti angu-11 kuphela ababhema manje. Ukuphazamiseka kwaba kanje:
- Amaphesenti angu-14 ayengabhemi-funa okungaphansi konyaka
- Amaphesenti angu-27 ayengabani ukubhema iminyaka engu-1 kuya kwengu-10
- Amaphesenti angu-21 ayengabhemi ngotshani iminyaka eyishumi kuya kwengu-20
- Amaphesenti angu-16 ayengabhemi ngotshani iminyaka engu-20 kuya kwengu-30
- Amaphesenti angu-11 ayengabhemi umusi iminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengu-40
- Amaphesenti angu-10 ayengabhemi umusi iminyaka engama-40 kuya kwangu-50
Kubonakala kulolu cwaningo ukuthi ababhemayo bangase babe engozini isikhathi eside emva kokuphela. Eqinisweni, isikhathi esiphezulu sokuqeda ukubhema ngaphambi kokuxilongwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu kulolu cwaningo kwakuyiminyaka engu-18. Nakulokhu, lezi zinombolo zingase ziphazamise uma ungumuntu oyeka ukubhema, kodwa kusekhona izinto ongayenza ukuze unciphise ingozi yakho. Qinisekisa ukuthi ufunda njalo. Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi ngokutholwa komdlavuza wegazi wamaphaphu, lezi zinombolo zingashintsha.
Kungenzeka ukuthi wezwa ukuthi ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ibonakala iyanda phakathi kweminyaka eyodwa nesine emva kokuyeka ukubhema. Esikhundleni sengozi eyanda kakhulu kule nkathi emva kokuyeka, kucatshangwa ukuthi abantu abaningi bangase bayeke ngenxa yempawu zokuqala zomdlavuza wamaphaphu nokuthi ukuyeka kungenzeka umphumela womdlavuza wamaphaphu kunokuba imbangela. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu yokuyeka kukhona ukwehla okuphawulekayo engozini.
Umlando Wokubhema ne-Cancer Cancer
Ukulandela umbiko we-Surgeon General ka-1964 mayelana nokubhema nezeMpilo, umphakathi waqaphela kabanzi ingozi yokubhema. Kulo mbiko, kwacatshangwa ukuthi ababhemayo babenengozi yokukhula komdlavuza wamaphaphu uma kuqhathaniswa nabangewona abokubhema, nokubhema kuthiwa imbangela enkulu yomdlavuza wamaphaphu e-United States. Kodwa sikhombise ukuxhumana phakathi komuthi wokubhema nomdlavuza ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Isihloko esithi "I-Cancer yi-Carton" sathola amakhasi e- Reader's Digest ngo-1952, futhi izifundo eJalimane zaveza okufanayo okutholakala eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwalokho. Ucwaningo oluningi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi luye lwachaza lo mhlangano.
Nakuba umdlavuza wamaphaphu ubelokhu ukhona nathi, ngesikhathi esisodwa kwakungavamile emhlabeni jikelele. Kwaze kwafika ngo-1492-lapho abantu baseYurophu beqala ukuxhumana nabantu ababhema ugwayi-ugwayi watholakala kuphela eMelika. Ukukhishwa okhathele "okunye umlando" kukhuluma iqiniso elihlabayo, ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu obangelwa ukubhema, imbangela eyodwa yezinkinga ezihlobene nomdlavuza emhlabeni wonke.
Ama-Culprits Ngomgwaqo Owubangela Umdlavuza We-Lung
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezinqubo ugwayi ezingabangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu, kuyasiza ukubhala ezinye zamakhemikhali ezilimazayo ezigayini ezitholakale. Phakathi kwamakhemikhali ayizinkulungwane eziningana omusi womusiyi, kunama- carcinogens angu-70 (amakhemikhali acatshangelwa ukuthi abangela umdlavuza). Ezinye zazo zihlanganisa:
- i-arsenic (etholakala ebuhlungu besilonda)
- i-benzene (ingxenye yamafutha angcolile ngokuvamile ayetshenziselwa ukwenza amanye amakhemikhali)
- i-cadmium (ithola amabhethri)
- i-chromium
- i-nickel
- i-chloride ye-vinyl (etholakala kumahlumela e-plastiki nogwayi)
- ama-hydrocyclic ama-hydrocarboni aroma (PAHs)
- N-nitrosamines
- amine amakha
- i-formaldehyde (etholakala ekugqumeni uketshezi)
- i-acetaldehyde
- i-acrylonitrile
- i-polonium-210 (i-metalactive heavy metal)
Kunezici eziningi ezingase zandise noma zinciphise i-carcinogenicity kagwayi. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaqabunga kagwayi, ukutholakala noma ukungabikho kwezihlungi, izithasiselo zamakhemikhali, kanye nezimo ezimbi zokubhema kungenzeka ukuthi bonke badlale indima ekwenzeni ugwayi ukudala umdlavuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi akuzona amakhemikhali athile egwayi, kodwa kunalokho ukuxuba kwamakhemikhali akhona.
Ukutholakala kwama-carcinogen ambalwa ku-cigarettes aseJapane kuye kwacatshangelwa njengesizathu esisodwa esenza amadoda aseJapane akwazi ukuthuthukisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu nakuba ebhema ngaphezulu-okuthiwa yi- Japanese yokubhema nomdlavuza we-lung . Izinkinga zokubhema kubantu abangabhemi abakha umdlavuza wamaphaphu e-United States zingama-40: 1 ngokungafani nenani lika-6.3: 1 eJapane. Ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle asetshenzisiwe kuhlunga ugwayi eJapane kungase kube yinto ebalulekile. I-charcoal esebenzayo iyaziwa kakhulu ngokusetshenziswa kwayo ekubopha izinhlayiya ekamelweni eliphuthumayo. Yiqiniso, izici ezifana nokudla kanye nokwenza izakhi zofuzo zingase zibe nesibopho salokhu okuphazamisayo.
I-Low-Tar Cigarettes, Izihlungi Ne-Cancer Cancer
Ukwengezwa kwezihlungi kugwayi kushintshile isimo somdlavuza wemaphaphu ngezinga elithile. Kucatshangwa ukuthi abantu ababhema ugwayi ohlungiwe kulo lonke impilo bangamaphesenti angama-20 kuya kwangu-40 amathuba okuthuthukisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu kunokuba bonke ababhemayo ababhemayo abangekho njalo. Ngaphandle kweengozi yomdlavuza, noma kunjalo, ukufakwa kwezihlungi kubonakala sengathi kushintshe izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu, futhi ngenxa yalokho izimpawu ezivamile zesifo (bheka ngezansi).
Kanye nokungezwa kwezihlungi, ugwayi wawutholakala ngezinto ezincane zokubhema ugwayi. Ngisho noma ukwehlisa i-tar kunciphisa ukuvezwa kwalezi zimakhemikhali eziyingozi, ugwayi obhalwe ngokuthi "ukukhanya" noma "ultralight" kuyingozi kakhulu njengezinhlobo ezivamile. Ukuze bathole umuthi ofanayo we-nikotine, labo abashisa ugwayi ophansi batha ukubhema ugwayi obengeziwe futhi bathathe izinyathelo ezingaphezulu, okuholela engozini efanayo yomdlavuza wamaphaphu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhona yini umquba.
Ukubhema Kanjani Umdlavuza We-Lung? I-Science (Izindlela zeMolom) Eziyiqiniso
Ukuze iseli evamile libe umakhalekhukhwini wesifo somdlavuza , uchungechunge lwezinguquko kufanele lwenzeke. In the nucleus yamaseli ethu ngayinye ikhona i-DNA yethu-isakhiwo sethu sezakhi zofuzo-esineziqondiso zeprotein ngayinye eyenziwe yileli. Ezinye zala maprotheni zitshela iseli ukuthi sikhule futhi sande. Abanye basiza ekulungiseni i-DNA. Kanti abanye basebenzela ukususa amaseli abonakalisiwe ukuze bangakwazi ukusakazeka (ngenqubo yokufa kweseli ehlelwe ngokuthi i-apoptosis). Ukubhema kungabangela lezi zinguquko emangqamuzaneni omdlavuza wamaphaphu ngamasu ahlukahlukene, okufaka:
Umonakalo oqondile ku-DNA : Ezinye ze-carcinogens ekubhemeni komusi ka-cigarette ngokuqondile (kubangele ukuguquguquka nezinye izinguquko) i-DNA yamaseli wamaphaphu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amakhemikhali, afana ne-chromium, asize amanye ama-carcinogens "anamathele" ku-DNA yamaseli amaphaphu afana neglue, okwandisa ingozi yomonakalo.
Ukuntuleka kwe-DNA ukulungiswa: Ngisho noma i-DNA emangqamuzaneni ethu ibonakaliswe ngandlela-thile, sinesimiso esihle sokulungisa i-DNA ewonakele. Izazi ezibizwa ngokuthi i- tumor suppressor gene code for proteins ezilungisa i-DNA ezimele noma ezibangela ukufa kwamaseli angavamile. I-arsenic ne-nickel zombili ziphazamisa izindlela zokulungisa i-DNA ewonakele.
Isibonelo sokuthi lokhu kusebenza kuphawulwe kanjani ngohlobo lwesifo sofuba sokucindezeleka esibizwa ngokuthi i- p53 gene . Igazi le-p53 lilawula ukuhlukaniswa kweseli ngokugcina amaseli ahlukaniswe ngokushesha kakhulu noma ngendlela engalawulwa. Amakhodi we-TP53 wephrotheyini e-p53 eqondisa umvuni noma ukuqedwa kwamangqamuzana ane-DNA eyonakalisiwe noma eguquliwe. Enye ye-carcinogens ekubhemeni kogwayi, i-benzo (o) i-pyrene, itholwe ngokulimaza ngokuqondile isakhi se-p53.
Ukuvuvukala: Noma nini uma iseli lihlukanisa, kunethuba lokuthi "ingozi" ekukopheni izinto eziphathekayo zeseli izokwenzeka. Lapho amangqamuzana kufanele ahlukanise kaningi ukuze azalise amaseli abonakalisiwe, njengalapho izindiza zomoya zilimaza umusi wocuba, kunethuba elikhulu lokuthi enye yale mphutha ekuhlukaneni kwamaseli-ukuguqulwa-kuyokwenzeka. Kunamakhemikhali amaningi emshonjeni wokubhema odala ukuvuvukala.
Ukulimala kwe-cilia : I-Cilia yizintambo ezincane ezinjengezinwele ezithinta izindiza. I-cilia ibamba i-toxins futhi iwaxoshe futhi iphume emoyeni njenge-stroke ephezulu. Amakhomikhali enduku kagwayi, njenge-formaldehyde, abonakalisa i-cilia ngakho-ke ayasebenza kangcono ekususeni ubuthi. Amanye ama-toxins akhiphekile angase ahlale "isikhathi eside" emoyeni ukuze enze umonakalo.
Ukuzivikela komzimba: Amasosha ethu omzimba aklanyelwe ukuthola nokubhubhisa amaseli angavamile njengamaseli omdlavuza. Lapho amasosha omzimba engasebenzi ngendlela efanele, la maseli omdlavuza angaqala "ukuphunyuka." Amanye amakhemikhali omusi ogwayi ugwayi angaphazamisa ukusebenza komzimba.
Ukubhema, Izihlungi, kanye Nezinhlobo Zengculaza
Izinhlobo zomdlavuza wamaphaphu ezitholakala kubantu ababhema ngokuvamile bahluke kulabo abangabhemi. Amakhansela amancane amaphaphu wamaphaphu , okubalwa cishe ngamaphesenti angu-15 emdlavuza wamaphaphu, atholakala cishe njalo kubantu ababhema noma ababhemayo. Amangqamuzana amancane amancane amaphaphu amaphaphu (NSCLC) , ngokuphambene, nakuba ayenzeka kakhulu kubantu ababhemayo, kungenzeka futhi kubantu abangabhemi (ikakhulukazi uhlobo lwe-adenocarcinoma).
Umdlavuza wesifo samangqamuzana ongasona omncane (obhekene namaphesenti angama-85 wamanqamu wamaphaphu) abuye aphule abe yi-lung adenocarcinoma (cishe amaphesenti angu-50) umdlavuza wamangqamuzana wesifo samaphaphu (cishe amaphesenti angu-30) nomdlavuza omkhulu wamaphaphu (cishe amaphesenti angu-10.)
Ngokomlando, abantu ababhema babe nethuba lokuthuthukisa umdlavuza wesifo samaphaphu , futhi ababhemayo, i- adenocarcinoma . Ngomshini osuka ku-unfiltered kuya ku-cigaretti ohlungiwe, i-adenocarcinomas iye yavame kakhulu kubantu ababhema futhi.
Kokubili umdlavuza wamangqamuzana wamaphaphu amancane kanye namagciwane e-pulam cell lungamapayipi amaningi avela kaningi emigwaqweni emikhulu-i-bronchi. Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwezihlungi ezigayini, kucatshangwa ukuthi iningi lala ma-carcinogens afakwe kulezi zindlela ezihamba phambili ezindiza emoyeni. Ngokungezwa kwezihlungi, kubonakala sengathi ama-carcinogens agxiliswa kakhulu emaphashini-indawo lapho i-adenocarcinomas eminingi ikhona khona.
I-Genetics, Ukubhema, ne-Cancer Cancer
I-Genetics ingadlala indima ekuxhumaneni phakathi komuthi wokubhema nomdlavuza ngezindlela ezimbalwa. Akukucaci ukuthi yikuphi ubudlelwane obuqondile, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka kube nesimo sezinto eziphilayo zokujwayela ukuze kube umlutha we-nicotine kanye nokuthuthukiswa komdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Kusukela kwenye indawo, umlando womndeni (i-genetics) ingasebenza ndawonye nokubhema ukwandisa ingozi. Abantu abaningi bajwayele ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ze-BRCA2 eziye zaziwa njengenye yezinhlayiya zomdlavuza webele. Sifunde ukuthi umdlavuza wamaphaphu uhlobene nokuguqulwa kwe-BRCA2 . Abesifazane ababhema futhi bathatha i-BRCA2 ye-gene mutation baye bafaka kabili ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Amanye Amafomu Okubhema Nesifo Sengculaza
I-cigarettes akuyona yodwa uhlobo lwegwayi oluvusa ingozi yomdlavuza. Ugwayi we-clove, uKreteks, noBidis futhi banda ingozi.
Kokubili ukubhema ipayipi nogwayi kukhulisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Lezi zinhlobo zokubhema ziye zaxhunyaniswa kakhulu nomdlavuza omncane we-cell lung kanye ne-squamous cell carcinoma yamaphaphu. Akuqiniseki ukuthi ukuthi ukubhema ukubhema kuholela kanjani emdlalweni wamaphaphu, kodwa kubhekwa ukuthi abantu ababhemayo ababhemayo banomdlavuza wamaphaphu uma kuqhathaniswa nabokubhema ababheyi.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, akuqiniseki ukuthi ingabe unogwaja unomthelela engozini yomdlavuza wamaphaphu . Eziningi ze-carcinogens ezitholakala kumusi wokubhema nazo zikhona ngotshani, kodwa izifundo ziye zahlanganiswa-ezinye zibonisa ukwanda kanti ezinye zibonisa ukwehla komdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kungenzeka ukuthi kunezinyathelo ezingaphezu kweyodwa ezibandakanyekayo, njengoba umusi ubhekana nomthelela wokulwa nomdlavuza, okungenani ngokuphathelene nohlobo lwesifo socansi.
Kuyashesha ukukwazi ukuthi i-hookah ukubhema ibangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu , kodwa kukhona ukukhathazeka okuphawulekayo. Ukubuyekezwa kwezifundo ezenziwe phakathi kuka-1997 no-2014 bathola ukuthi i-hookah intuthu iqukethe ama-carcinogens angu-27. Amazinga alawo makhemikhali ahlukahluka, kepha-ke, abanye banamazinga aphakeme futhi amanye amazinga aphansi kunelabo ababhema ugwayi. I-Benzene, isibonelo, ingenye ye-carcinogen etholakala emazingeni aphezulu e-hookah kwentuthu kunomusi ogwayi. I-Hookah ibuye ibonise abantu ku-carcinogen engekho ngokwejwayelekile ku-ugwayi-amalahle asetshenziselwa ukushisa ugwayi epayipi. I-hookah intuthu igxiliswa ngokujulile kumthamo omkhulu kunomusi kagwayi.
Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi i- e-cigarettes ingalimaza amangqamuzana ephaphu , kodwa njenge-hookah, asisazi ukuthi yimuphi umphumela-uma kukhona-ukusetshenziswa kuzoba nengozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Uma ucabangela umphumela we-e-cigarettes kanye ne-hookah, kubalulekile ukukhumbula isikhathi sokugcina ngomdlavuza. Isikhathi se- latency sichazwa njengesikhathi esivela phakathi kokuchazwa kwe-carcinogen nokuthuthukiswa komdlavuza kamuva. Ngokubhema, isilinganiso sesikhathi sokubala somphakathi sekuyiminyaka engama-30.
Ingozi ye-Nicotine ne-Lung Cancer
Iyini isixhumanisi phakathi kwe-nicotine nomdlavuza ? Njengoba izindlela zokwelashwa zokuguqula i-nicotine zisetshenziselwa kabanzi kulabo abazama ukuyeka ukubhema, umbuzo othi noma ngabe i-nicotine yedwa yandisa ingozi yomdlavuza ibaluleke kakhulu.
Nakuba ngokusobala i-nicotine ibhekene namandla okulutha kagwayi, futhi ingaba yingozi, i-nicotine akuyona ngempela i-carcinogenic yodwa. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi esikhundleni sokudlala indima ekusungulweni komdlavuza, leli khemikhali lingasebenza kaningi njengomgqugquzeli-ukwandisa ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi i-nicotine ifanelwe ukukhanya okuluhlaza uma kuziwa emdlalweni. Kulabo asebevele benomdlavuza, kunezindlela eziningana lapho i-nicotine ingase ingabi umbono omuhle. Kutholakale-kumagundane noma kunjalo-ukuthi i-nicotine yaba negalelo ekukhuleni kwesisu nokusabalalisa (i- metastasis ) yamangqamuzana omdlavuza we-cell wamaphaphu angewona amancane. Kucatshangwa ukuthi i-nicotine ingase ikhulise i- angiogenesis -ikhono le-tumor ukwenza imithwalo yegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nicotine inganciphisa ukusebenza kwe-chemotherapy.
I-Secondhand Smoke ne-Cancer Cancer
Ukubhema kwentuthuko kuyinto engozini yomdlavuza wamaphaphu futhi kucatshangelwa ukuthi kubangele ukubulawa komdlavuza wamaphaphu we-7300 unyaka ngamunye. Umuntu ongabhemi ohlala nomuntu obhemayo ( ukubhema okungahambi kahle ) unethuba elingamaphesenti angama-20 ukuya kwangu-30 amakhulu okuthuthukisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu. (Ukubhema kwentuthuko kuthiwa kubhekene nokufa kwabantu abangu-34 000 ngonyaka.)
Umusi oshiswa ama-Sidestream , umusi owenziwe yi-cigarette ovuthayo, ubangele cishe amaphesenti angu-80 omusi ongabonakali kuwo abangewona obhemayo, nomusi omningi , umusi okhishwa ngumuntu obhemayo, okubalwa ngamaphesenti angu-20 asele. Sisafunda ukuthi lezi zingxabano zingabangela kanjani izinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabokubhema nalabo abangabhemi abavelele.
I-Thirdhand ukubhema -izinhlayiya nama-gase asele ngemva kokuba ugwayi uqedwe-ingaba ne-toxin, kodwa asazi ukuthi kunomthelela engozini yomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Ukubhema Emva kokuthola isifo se-Lung Cancer (noma noma iyiphi i-Cancer)
Ngisho noma othile ethola ukuthi unomdlavuza wamaphaphu, ukuyeka ukubhema kungenza umehluko. Ukuyeka ukubhema nomdlavuza wamaphaphu kungaba:
- Thuthukisa ithuba lokuthi uzosinda. Ucwaningo olulodwa ezigulini ezine-cancer emaphaphu ethuthukile lathola ukuthi ukusinda okuphakathi kwalabo abayeka ukuxilongwa kwakuyizinyanga ezingu-28, ngokungafani nezinyanga ezingu-18 kulabo abaqhubeka bebhema.
- Nciphisa ubungozi bokuphindaphinda umdlavuza wamaphaphu .
- Nciphisa ingozi yokucindezeleka nokuhlinzwa. Ukubhema kwandisa ingozi yenhliziyo nokuphefumula emva kokuhlinzwa. Labo ababhema nabo banamathuba amaningi okuthuthukisa ukutheleleka kwe-postoperative futhi banokuphulukiswa okulimazayo okulimala.
- Nciphisa izimpawu ozizwayo ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Abantu abaqhubeka bebhema ngemuva kokuxilongwa komdlavuza bahlangabezana nokuhlushwa okukhulu kunabo abakwazi ukubeka ugwayi eceleni.
- Thuthukisa impendulo yakho ekwelapheni. Nakuba umdlavuza wamaphaphu ungahloliswanga ngokukhethekile, abantu abanomdlavuza wekhanda nentamo baphendula kangcono kakhulu ukwelapha imishanguzo uma beyeka ukubhema. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhema kunciphisa ukusebenza kwemithi ethile ye-chemotherapy, futhi kunganciphisa amazinga egazi we-Tarceva (erlotinib) ejwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
- Nciphisa ingozi yezinkinga ezihlobene nokwelashwa. Isibonelo, abantu ababhemayo cishe bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa i- pneumonitis ye-radiation njengengcindezi yokwelashwa kwemisebe kunelabo abangabhemi.
- Thuthukisa ikhwalithi yakho yokuphila. Abantu abaqhubeka bebhema nomdlavuza banamazinga aphansi aphansi, bahlangabezana nokuphefumula okungaphezulu, futhi banesimo sokusebenza esinciphile esihlobene nalabo abayeka.
- Nciphise amathuba okufa ngenxa yezimo ngaphandle komdlavuza wamaphaphu.
- Nciphise ingozi yokuthuthukisa umdlavuza wesibili wesibili. Akukhona nje kuphela labo abasenomdlavuza engozini yokwanda komdlavuza wesibili ongathinteki, kodwa ukwelashwa okusetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza njengokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nokwelashwa kwemisebe kungangandisa ingozi.
- Nciphisa ingozi yakho yokubheka ukubhema komuntu oseduze nabangabhemi.
Hlola lezi zizathu eziyishumi eziphezulu zokuyeka ukubhema ngemuva kokuxilongwa komdlavuza .
Ukuhlolwa kwesifo somdlavuza
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ekuqaleni, umdlavuza wamaphaphu uvame kakhulu kubantu abaqala ukubhema kunabokubhema okwamanje, kodwa lokhu akusona isizathu sokwesaba. Kulabo ababhema esikhathini esidlule, manje kukhona ukuhlolwa kokuhlola okutholakala ukutholakala kokuqala komdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kucatshangwa ukuthi uma wonke umuntu ofanelekayo ukuhlolwa ahlolwe, izinga lokushona lomdlavuza wamaphaphu lingancishiswa ngamaphesenti angu-20 e-United States.
Esikhathini esidlule, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukwenza amathumba eminyaka esifubeni kungasiza ekutholeni umdlavuza wamaphaphu ekuqaleni, kepha lokhu akusasekelwa. Ngisho noma i-chest x-rays ingathola ezinye ze-cancer yamaphaphu, kwafunyanwa ukuthi ukuhlolwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu ngesifuba x-ray kuphela akuzange kunciphise izinga lokufa emdlalweni wamaphaphu; lezi zivivinyo zahluleka ukuthola umdlavuza wamaphaphu ngesikhathi esanele ngokwanele.
Ngokuphambene, ukuhlolwa komdlavuza we-CT wamaphaphu kutholakale ukuthola umdlavuza wamaphaphu esiteji lapho ukwelashwa khona kungenza ngcono ukusinda.
Ukuhlolwa komdlavuza we-CT wamaphaphu kunconywa ukuthi:
- Abantu abaneminyaka engama-55 no-80 ubudala.
- Labo abanomlando okungenani iminyaka engu-30 yokupaka (ngonyaka wepaka ubalwa ngokuphindaphinda inani leminyaka yokubhema inani lamaphakheji kagwayi abhema nsuku zonke) Isibonelo, uma othile ephuza amaphakethe amabili ngosuku ngosuku lwe-15 iminyaka babezoba nomlando wepakethe wama-30 wokubhema.)
- Labo abaqhubeka bebhema noma bayeke eminyakeni engu-15 edlule.
- Labo bantu abanempilo enengqondo ukuthi bangakwazi ukuhlinzwa uma umdlavuza utholakala.
Ukuthola okungahle kwenzeke ukuthi abantu ababhekene nomdlavuza wamaphaphu banamathuba amaningi okuyeka ukubhema.
I-Stigma ye-Cancer Lung
Njengoba ukubhema kuhlotshaniswa neningi lama-cancer wamaphaphu, kukhona inhlamba ehambisana nomdlavuza wamaphaphu . Inhlamba ukuthi ngandlela-thile abantu ngabanye babangele isifo sabo futhi "bafanelwe" ukuba nomdlavuza. Le nhlamba ilimaza futhi ingalungile. Asibheki nabantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile noma abahlala phansi bebonisa ukuthi banesibopho sezifo abazikhulayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imbangela yomdlavuza, noma yisiphi isimo salolu daba, abantu abanenkinga yokugula okungapheli badinga ukunakekelwa okungenasisekelo nokusekelwa.
'I-Cancer' Lung Can Smokers 'Lung Cancer
Kungenzeka ukuthi uzwe othile ephawula esikhathini esidlule ukuthi banomdlavuza we-lung "ongabhema." Kukhona umehluko obalulekile phakathi komdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabangewokubhema nomdlavuza wamaphaphu kubantu ababhema embonweni wezokwelapha. Umdlavuza wamangqamuzana kubantu abaye babhema bavame ukuba nesifo esibi kakhulu esigabeni ngasinye sesifo futhi kaningi amathuba okuthi "abe nezinguquko ezithintekayo" ezingaphathwa ngezokwelapha ezibhekiswe kuzo. Lokho kusho ukuthi imithi ye-immunotherapy ingase iphumelele kakhulu kulabo ababhemayo kunabangewona abokubhema.
Ngokuphambene nalokhu umehluko wezokwelapha, noma kunjalo, okwenza umehluko phakathi kwababhemayo 'nabangewona obhema' umdlavuza wamaphaphu kwanezela ekuhlaleni kwesifo. Kubalulekile ukuthi sikhuthaze abantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu kungakhathaliseki isimo sokubhema ukuze baqwashise futhi bakhulise imali yokucwaninga okungayithuthukisa imiphumela yomuntu onesifo.
Izinsiza Zokuyeka
Ngokusobala, umdlavuza wamaphaphu ukwandisa ingozi yokubhema, futhi ngisho nangemva kokuthola isifo, ukubhema kuyingozi. Uma ubhema futhi udinga usizo lokuyeka, khuluma nodokotela wakho. Thatha isikhashana ukuhlola lawa mathiphu ayishumi okulawula ukuhoxiswa kwe-nicotine, njengoba ukulutha komuthi we-nicotine kuyisici esinzima kakhulu sokushiya. Futhi qiniseka ukuthi uhlola isihloko esilandelayo esinikeza ulwazi oluvela ezitatimendeni ezishukumisayo ezinsizeni zempumelelo:
- Ukushiya Ibhokisi Lencwadi Yokubhema.
Ukunciphisa Ingozi Yakho Yengculazi Njengomuntu Odala (noma ngisho Namanje) Ukubhema
Kulabo abake baphuza, kungaba yingozi kakhulu ukubona ukuthi usengozini. Yini ongayenza?
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho mayelana nokuhlolwa kwe-CT. Ingabe uhlangabezana nemigomo yalolu vavanyo, noma ingabe kunezinye izizathu okufanele uhlolwe ngazo? Lapho amaphashaza emaphaphu atholakale esiteji sokuqala aphethwe kakhulu kunalawo atholakalayo ngezigaba kamuva.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, cabangela izici zakho ezingozini zomdlavuza wamaphaphu . Awukwazi ukubuyela emuva bese uyeka ukubhema usencane, kodwa kukhona izinto ongazenza. Isibonelo, njengoba ukukhishwa kwe-radon ekhaya kuyimbangela yesibili eholela emdlalweni wamaphaphu, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola izinga le-radon ekhaya lakho.
Futhi khumbula ukuthi ukunciphisa ingozi yakho akusho ukuthi ulandela uhlu olude lwezinto okufanele uzigweme. Ukunciphisa ingozi yakho kungaba mnandi nakakhulu. Ukuzivocavoca okulula njengokutshala kabili ngeviki kutholakale engozini encane futhi ukwengeza ezinye zalezi zinsuku eziphezulu ekunciphiseni ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ekudleni kwakho kungase kube mnandi.
Izwi elivela
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, kuyacaca ukuthi ukubhema kubangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu nokuthi ngisho nabangaphambili ababhemayo basengozini. Kodwa akukaze kube sekwephuzile kakhulu ukuyeka ukubhema noma ukuthuthukisa indlela yakho yokuphila ngezinye izindlela. Eqinisweni, abantu abaningi abaye baphawula lo mkhuba bathola ukuthi bazizwa bengcono, kodwa bazizwa bekhuthazwa ukuthuthukisa impilo yabo nangezinye izindlela.
Njengombhalo wokugcina, uma wazi noma ubani onomdlavuza wamaphaphu, ukunciphisa inhlamba yesifo kungaqala ngomunye wethu. Akukhathaleki uma othile ebhema noma cha. Abantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu badinga ukwesekwa kwethu okuzinikezele. Ukwelashwa kwalesi sifo kuhamba ngcono futhi isikhathi sokuphila sithuthuka. Uma singakwazi ukuqeda ukuhlambalaza, singaphuma ekuguquleni isimo sengqondo kunoma ubani okumele azwe lawo mazwi ahlaba inhliziyo: "Unomdlavuza wamaphaphu."
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isigaba = "ql-cite"> I-National Cancer Institute. Ukudla Ukubhema Nokubhema Kwezempilo Ukuyeka. Kubuyekezwe 12/02/14. isigaba = "ql-cite"> http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/cessation-fact-sheet
isigaba = "ql-cite"> I-Library Yomuthi Kazwelonke. Amaphrofayli eSayensi. Imibiko yeDokotela oPhezulu oPhezulu. Umbiko we-1964 Wokubhema Nezempilo. isigaba = "ql-cite"> https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/Views/Exhibit/narrative/smoking.html
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