Iphutha lokuzalwa elaziwa ngokuthi i-microcephaly laqaphela ngo-2016 ngenxa yegciwane le- Zika , elisakaze phezu kweBrazil nezinye izingxenye zeLatin America, okwenza iNational Health Organization imemezele isimo somphakathi esiphuthumayo. I-virus ekugcineni yatholakala ukuthi ibangele ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa.
I-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (i-CDC) iyaqhubeka nokucebisa abesifazane abakhulelwe ukuba bahlehlise ukuhamba ezindaweni eziseZika ngenxa yokukhathazeka ukuthi ukutheleleka komama kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokukhulelwa kungandisa ingozi ye-microcephaly.
I-CDC ibuye ituse labo abahlela ukukhulelwa ukuthi baxoxe nodokotela wabo uma bebhekene nokuhamba ezindaweni ezithintekayo.
Yini Microcephaly?
I-microcephaly yilapho ikhanda lomntwana lincane kunalindelekile. Igama libhekisela ezincane ( ezincane ngesiLatini) nasekhanda ( cephaly ngesiGreki). Kuyinto engavamile yokuthuthuka lapho inhloko encane kakhulu ehambisana nomzimba futhi iqhathaniswa nabanye abaneminyaka efanayo.
Lokhu kungaqaphela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. Ikhanda elincane livame ukuthi ukuthi ubuchopho abuyona nje encane, kodwa buye lwavela ngendlela engavamile. Lokhu kungasho ukubambezeleka kwe-neurologic kwezingane ezithintekile. Ukulibaziseka okuqondile kuzoxhomeka ekubambeni nasekucaciseni ukuthuthukiswa okungavamile.
Kukhona ubukhulu obukhulu obukhulu bezinhloko zezingane ezisanda kuzalwa. Ezinye zinkulu futhi ezinye zincane kakhulu, ezingabhekisela ezinkingeni ezahlukene ezidinga ukubhekana nazo. Izinhloko zezingane zivame ukulinganiswa ngemva nje kokuzalwa nokuvakashelwa kukadokotela, okuvamise uma isimo sibonakala.
Kungatholakala futhi kwi-ultrasound ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, okungase kubonise nezinye izinto ezingavamile. (Lokhu kungahle kuchazwe njengokwehluka kokubili okujwayelekile ngaphansi kwe-mean (noma isilinganiso), noma kungase kube ukwehluka okuyisithathu ngezansi).
Kuyini Okushoyo I-Microcephaly Kwabantwana?
Kuyinto yokuphila impilo yonke. Ayikho ukwelashwa okuyibuyisela emuva uma kutholakala.
Isizathu esiyinhloko singadinga ukuphathwa.
Kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokulibaziseka kwentuthuko (ukuphuza ukukhuluma, ukuhlala, ukuma noma ukuhamba), ubunzima bokuhlakanipha (izinkinga zokufunda noma ukusebenza ekuphileni kwansuku zonke), ukugubha, ukubona izinkinga noma ukuzwa, izinkinga zokudla nokugwinya, nokuhlupheka ukuhamba noma ukulinganisa. Izinsizakalo zentuthuko ngokungenelela kokuqala kanye nezinye izinsizakalo kanye nezinsizakalo zezokwelapha zingasiza izingane. Amacala ahlukene anezifundo ezihlukahlukene zokuthuthukiswa.
Ingabe i-Microcephaly Inhloko Encane?
I-microcephaly ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinye iziphumo. Kungaba khona izibalo ebuchosheni (amaqoqo e-calcium ezingekho ebuchosheni); ubukhulu bobuchopho bungaba buncane kakhulu; ama-ventricles angaba mkhulu (okuyilapho umthamo we-cerebrospinal ogeleza nxazonke zobuchopho udlula khona).
Yini Ebangela Microcephaly?
I-Microcephaly ayivamile. Ngokuvamile ayitholakali yonke indawo. Kungase kungabhekwa noma kungabhalwa kuyo yonke indawo.Ukuxilongwa kuxhomeke kulokho okusetshenzisiwe. Kukhona ukuhlukahluka kwencazelo ye-microcephaly ngamasayizi ekhanda ahlukene asetshenzisiwe.
I-microcephaly ingaba yilapho eyinhloko, lapho ubuchopho buqala khona kusukela ekuqaleni, okuyinto ngokuvamile i-genetic. Kwezinye izimo, i-microcephaly ingaba ngenxa yokuba ne-chromosome eyodwa ngaphezulu kunabantu abaningi.
I-microcephaly ingaba yesikhulu, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho kuqala khona kodwa kumisiwe noma izicubu zonakaliswe.
I-microcephaly ingaxhunyaniswa nokuvezwa kwe-utero kotshwala kanye nokuntuleka kokudla okungenamsoco noma ukuhoxiswa kwe-mercury. Kungaba ngenxa yokulimala okubuhlungu. Kungase futhi kuxhumene nezifo kumama, njengePhenylketonuria (PKU). Ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi ukuvezwa kuyimbangela kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi akunjalo.
Yini Esenza Sicabange ukuthi Zika Idala Microcephaly?
I-Zika iye yaziwa iminyaka, kodwa indima yayo ekuthuthukiseni izingane yayingakaze ibonakale. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuzindaweni lapho kwakuvame kakhulu ukuthi abaningi banesandulela njengabantwana, ngaphambi kokukhulelwa.
Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungavamile ngokwanele, kwasakazeka kakhulu phakathi kwezinkawu kanye nezinyosi, ukuthi bambalwa abesifazane abakhulelwe abanesifo. Noma kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungabantwana abambalwa abazalwa ezakhiweni ezilandelela i-microcephaly-kanti uZika akenzanga njengengculaza-ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kwempawu emincane (noma engekho) ekukhulelweni kwakungahambisani nezinkinga zokuzalwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
Lokhu konke kwashintsha lapho uZika efika futhi eqoqa ukukhula eNtshonalanga yeHemisphere. Akekho owayengumzimba. Inani labantu abamiyane nabantu babesengozini. Igciwane lisakazeka ngokwemvelo.
a. EBrazil, ukuhlukumeza okubili kanye nezinsana ezimbili ezalwa nge-microcephaly zikhonjiswe ukuthi zinegciwane leZika, abomama babika ukuthi banezibonakaliso zakwaZika, kanti lezi zinsana ezizalwe zaboniswa ukuthi zineZika zikhona ebuchosheni babo obungathuthuki.
b. Umntwana owazalwa eHawaii wazalelwa nge-microcephaly futhi wathola ukuthi uneZika ngemuva kokuba umama abe nezimpawu ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa lapho ehlala eBrazil ekuqaleni kokukhulelwa.
c. IBrazil yaqaphela amacala amaningi kunalokho ayevame ukubona nge-microcephaly. Isifo se-Zika safika ngo-May 2015, kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2015 kuya ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2016, kwamacala angaphezu kwama-3500 we-microcephaly atholakale. Ezinye izimo zazibi kakhulu; abanye bafa. Ngisho noma lokhu okuthakazelisayo ku-microcephaly kwaholela ekuqapheliseni kwamacala amaningi, okungeke kube khona okubikiwe, lokhu kuyinani eliphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu sekufinyelele izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-10 ngaphezulu kunejwayelekile.
Lokhu futhi kubonakala sengathi akuyona nje indaba yaseBrazil ehlonza ngokuzumayo i-microcephaly. I-US ngokuvamile ihlolisisa i-microcephaly kubantwana ababili kuya kwabangu-12 abazalwa ngokuzalwa abayishumi nanhlanu. Lokhu kuzoba ngamacala angu-200 kuya ku-1200 ezinyangeni ezintathu e-US, ebona ukuzalwa okuningi. I-Brazil inezingane ezimbalwa ezelwe (iBrazil inama-quarter-quarters inani lokuzalwa. I-Brazil inezingaphansi kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu inani labantu base-US (200 million vs. 318 million) kanye nesilinganiso sokuzalwa esincane kakhulu (15/1000 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Brazil 13/1000)).
d. Amacala we-microcephaly ayevame kakhulu ezindaweni ezithinteka kakhulu yiZika, eduze ne-Bahia enyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil.
f. I-Ultrasound eBrazil ibonise ukuthi i-microcephaly emabhokisini amabili kanye nezimpawu ezithile (ezifana nezibalo) ezifana nezinye izifo ezibangelwa ubuchopho. Bobabili omama abakhulelwe babika ukuthi banezibonakaliso ezifana neZika (kodwa manje bezingalungile); i-amniocentesis eqoshiwe i-Zika ku-amniotic fluid, okungukuthi. ku-utero izifo.
Njengoba kunikezwe lokhu okukhathazayo, uMnyango wezeMpilo waseBrazil, i-CDC yase-United States nabanye abaningi bakhathazekile ngomphumela wokutheleleka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubumnene, kungaba nezingane.
Kungani Sisafunda Manje NgeZika?
I-Zika entsha eNtshonalanga Yenkabazwe, kodwa ayiyona entsha emhlabeni. Itholakala e-Afrika nakamuva kakhulu e-Asia nasePacific Islands. Kuye kwabonakala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50. Kodwa-ke igciwane alitholakali kakhulu emitholampilo. Kungenzeka uma kukhona ubudlelwane, kungenzeka ukuthi akutholakalanga.
Kulapho futhi bekungeke kube khona abesifazane abaningi abakhulelwe besandulela futhi ngakho-ke 'ukuqhuma kwe-microcephaly' bekungeke kwenzeke, okwakungenza kube lula ukulungiswa. Emitholampilo enezinsizakalo ezimbalwa, amarekhodi angeke agcinwe ngemininingwane efana ne-microcephaly, noma ngabe iyaqaphela. Izingane-futhi ngisho namabele-anesifo esibi kakhulu se-microcephaly angeke asinde isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi uma izinsiza zilinganiselwe.
Futhi, endaweni lapho igciwane lavame khona, amantombazane ayengeke athole umiyane futhi aphethwe kahle ngaphambi kokuba asebekhulile ngokwanele ukuba akhulelwe, ngakho-ke gwema le nkinga. Lokhu kubonakala nge-Chickenpox, evame ukuthinta izingane hhayi abesifazane abakhulelwe, emazweni afana ne-US ngaphambi kokugoma.
Kungenzeka nokuthi ukuvela okungazelelwe kungathinta, ngisho nokukhulisa, ukuguqulwa kwamandla wegciwane.
Zikhona Ezinye I-Virus Ezenza Microcephaly?
Yebo, kukhona okungenzeka kwamanye amagciwane ukudala lesi simo.
I-Varicella: Igciwane elibangela inkukhukukhuka lingabuye libe yinhle kakhulu ekukhupheni. Ngaphambi kokuba kugonywe, izingane ezimbalwa kakhulu zazenza umuntu omdala ngaphandle kokutheleleka. Ngenxa yalokho, bambalwa abesifazane besengozini yokuthola inkukhu ngenkathi bekhulelwe. Abaningi babenesandulela ngculaza futhi baba nomzimba omzimba ngaphambi kokuba bakhulelwe. Kulezo zimo ezingavamile lapho umama athuthuka khona i-varicella ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kwakukhona izingozi eziningi ezinganeni. Enye yalezi ziyi-microcephaly.
I-chickenpox ingaba yisifo esibi kakhulu kumama.
I-Rubella: Igciwane eliqedwa manje eNtshonalanga yeHemisphere lalisetshenziselwa ukubangela ukukhubazeka kokubeletha uma omama benesifo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Enye yalezi ziphazamiso zokuzalwa yayiyi-microcephaly. Lezi zinkinga zokuzalwa- I-Congenital Rubella Syndrome-kwakuyisizathu esikhulu sokugxila ekuqedeni. Ukugonywa kweRubella bekulokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuvimbela iningi labantwana nemindeni yabo ukuthi bangabhekana nalezi zinkinga.
I-Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Igciwane, elivame kakhulu, liholela ekuguleni okunomsoco omncane kumama, kodwa kungaba nemiphumela emihle ebusweni. Ukutheleleka kuthatha ingozi yamaphesenti angu-30 kuya kwangu-40 okudluliselwa emntwaneni; cishe eyodwa kokubili kuya kweyodwa kuma-fetus amahlanu athelelekile izobonisa izimpawu zokutheleleka ngemva kokuzalwa. Lokhu kungabangela ukulimala okuningi-njengokulahlekelwa kokuzwa, kanye nokungahleleki okubonakalayo nokuthuthukiswa. Kungabuye kuholele ku-microcephaly.
I-Toxoplasmosis: Ukutheleleka okuyi-parasitic kungabangela ukuba i-microcephaly nayo. Kungabangela nezinye izibonakaliso-ukushayeka, amehlo aphuzi noma isikhumba (i-jaundice), nokubalwa kobuchopho, kanye nezinkinga zamehlo kanye nokwakhiwa kwamanzi ebuchosheni (i-hydrocephalus).
I-HIV: Ukubeletha kwabomama be-HIV + kungaba nempilo enhle nokunakekelwa kahle kwezempilo. Kulabo abangenakho ukufinyelela noma abangakwazi ukufinyelela imithi ye-HIV, kungaba khona engozini kumntanami. Kulezi zingozi, i-microcephaly ikhonjwe ngezikhathi ezithile.