Indlela Abasebenza Ngayo nokuthi Yini Engabathinta
Kungenzeka ukuthi uzwile ukuthi i-alveoli idlala indima ebalulekile ekuphefumuleni, noma ukuthi unesifo sezempilo esiye sabathinta lezi zakhiwo emzimbeni wakho. Yini ngempela i-alveolus, futhi yini i-anatomy futhi isebenza? Ake sibheke izimpendulo zale mibuzo kanye nendima i-alveoli engayidlala ngayo ezifweni.
I-Alveoli: Incazelo nokusebenza
I-Alveoli iyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sokuphefumula okusebenza kwayo ukushintshanisa ama-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide molecules kuya nasegazini legazi.
Lezi zikhwama zomoya ezinama-ballo zihlala ekupheleni komuthi wokuphefumula futhi zihlelwe ngamaqoqo kuwo wonke amaphaphu.
Kukhona izigidi ze-alveoli emzimbeni womuntu onendawo engamamitha ayi-70 square. Uma behlelwe futhi bethulwe kusukela ekugcineni kuze kube sekupheleni, bangakwazi ukumboza inkantolo yonke ye-tennis.
I-Anatomy: Ukumaka Ukugeleza Kwemoya Kuya Futhi Ku-Alveoli
I-Alveoli yiyona ndlela yokuphefumula yendlela yokuphefumula eqala lapho sikhipha umoya emlonyeni noma ekhaleni. Umoya ocebile oksijini uhamba ngaphansi kwe- trachea bese ungena kwenye yamapayipi amabili nge-right or left bronchus . Ukusuka lapho, umoya uqondiswa emaqenjini amancinci namancane, okuthiwa i- bronchioles , adlule umzila we-alveolar, kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni ungena ku-alveolus ngayinye.
I-alveolus ngayinye ihlanganiswe ngqimba oluketshezi olubizwa ngokuthi i-surfactant eligcina ukungezwani komzimba nokuma kwendiza yomoya. I-alveolus yona ngokwayo izungezwe inethiwekhi yamapillazi athutha umoya-mpilo ukuya egazini kanye ne-carbon dioxide ngaphandle kwegazi.
Kule ngxenyana ukuthi ama-molecule e-oxygen ahlakazeka ngesisodwa esisodwa ku-alveolus bese iseli elilodwa ku-capillary ukungena egazini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-carbon dioxide molecules, eyakhiwe ngokuphefumula kwamaselula, ibuyele emuva e-alveolus lapho ixoshwa khona emzimbeni ngekhala noma ngomlomo.
Ngesikhathi sokuphuza, ama-capillari akhula njengoba ingcindezi engezansi esifubeni idalwe ukuchotshozwa kwesifenqamu. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula, i-alveoli recoil (entwasahlobo emuva) njengoba i-diaphragm ixosha.
Isakhiwo se-Alveoli
I-Alveoli yizinhlaka ezincane ezibunjwa futhi ziyiyona ndlela encane kunazo zonke ohlelweni lokuphefumula. I-alveoli inesisindo esisodwa kuphela, okwenza kube lula ukuhamba kwe-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide phakathi kwe-alveoli ne-capillary. I-cubic millimeter eyodwa iqukethe i-alveoli engu-170 kanti indawo ye-alveoli isilinganiso samamitha ayi-square ayi-70. Inani le-alveoli lihlukana phakathi kwabantu namaphaphu amakhulu kunama-alveoli amaningi.
Izimo Zezokwelapha Ezibandakanya I-Alveoli
Kunezimo eziningi zezokwelapha ezingathinta ngokuqondile i-alveoli (esibhekisela kuzo njengezifo ze-alveolar lung). Lezi zifo zingabangela ukuthi i-alveoli ingabe ishaqeka futhi ibangele noma ibangele igcwalise ngamanzi, i-pus, noma igazi.
Phakathi kwezimo ezihilela i-alveoli:
- I-Emphysema yisimo lapho ukuvuvukala emaphashini kubangela ukuhlenga nokubhujiswa kwe-alveoli. Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ama-alveoli, izindonga zamaselula ezinama-air ziqala ukuqina futhi zilahlekelwe ukuqina kwazo. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuxosha umoya emaphashini (isimo esibizwa ngokuthi ukudoba umoya). Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukukhipha amandla kunokugxilisa ngokuvamile kuvame kakhulu kubantu abane-emphysema. Ukuhluleka ukuxosha umoya, kuholela ekuthuthukiseni phambili kwe-alveoli, futhi kufana ne-pair of izingubo zangaphansi ezilahlekelwa yi-elasticity uma ilula kakhulu, i-aveoli ilahlekelwa leli khono kanye.
- I-pneumonia iyisifo esithinta i-alveoli kwelinye noma zombili amaphaphu futhi kungabangela ukuba ama-sacs emoyeni agcwaliswe nge-pus.
- Isifo sofuba yisifo esithathelwanayo se-bacterial esibonakala ukukhula kwama-nodules ezinhlobonhlobo zamaphaphu. Lesi sifo sithinta ngokuyinhloko i-alveoli njengoba amabhaktheriya ephikisiwe, i-pus ifomu e-avleoli njengengane yokuphefumula ngenhla.
- I-Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) uhlobo lomdlavuza wamaphaphu okwamanje kunalokho kubhekwa njengengxenye ye-lung adenocarcinoma. Lezi zifo zomshoshaphansi ziqala ku-alveoli, futhi zivame ukutholakala ngokubanzi kumunye noma zombili amaphaphu.
- Isifo esiphezulu sokucindezeleka sokuphefumula (ARDS) yisimo esisongela ukuphila kwamaphaphu esivimbela umoya-mpilo ukuba ungene emaphashini njengoba amanzi eqala ukubuthelwa e-alveoli. Ama-ARD ajwayelekile kakhulu kwiziguli ezigula kakhulu.
- I-respiratory distress syndrome (i-RDS) ibonakala ezinganeni ezingakabiphi lapho imizimba engakaze ikhiqize isazi sezintambo esanele sokwenza i-alveoli. Ngaphandle kokuvula ama-alveoli evulekile, indawo yendawo yamaphaphu iyancipha, okwenza ukuphefumula kube nzima nakakhulu.
- I-edema yepulmonary yisimo esibangelwa uketshezi okweqile emaphashini aqoqa ku-alveoli futhi kungaholela ekuhlulekeni kokuphefumula.
Impact of cigarettes e-Alveoli
Njengengxenye eyodwa yengozi yezifo zamaphaphu, ukubhema ugwayi kuyaziwa ukuthi kuthinta iphethri yokuphefumula kuzo zonke izigaba. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-alveoli.
I-Alveoli yakhiwa i-collagen ne-elastin ehlinzeka ama-air bag esikhwameni sabo. Ngendlela efanayo nogwayi obonakalisa ngayo i-collagen ne-elastin esikhumbeni sakho (okuholela ekugubheni okusheshayo nasekugugeni), kunganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwalezi zinto ku-alveoli yakho, futhi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukutholakala okunamandla kwe-alveoli kuyancipha njengoba izindonga zamaseli ziqala ukweqa futhi zikhuni ngenxa yomonakalo okhulayo.
Umusi wesigare uthinta nendlela umsebenzi we-alveoli, obangela ukulimala kuze kube sezingeni le-molecular. Iphazamisa ikhono lomzimba wethu ukuzilungisa ngokwayo njengoba kungase kulandele ukutheleleka noma ukuhlukunyezwa. Ngakho-ke, umonakalo we-alveolar uvumelekile ukuba uthuthuke ungaphenduliwe njengoba amaphaphu aqhubeka evezwe emithonjeni enobuthi.
Ngezansi ku-Alveoli
I-alveoli inikeza enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu imizimba yethu eyenziwa. Ziyizindlela lapho i-oksijeni ingena khona egazini lethu futhi indlela eyinhloko lapho ezinye zezinto ezidakayo ze-metabolism (carbon dioxide) ziphuma emzimbeni.
Izifo ezithinta i-alveoli zingabangela ukuncipha kwe-oksijeni ezakhiweni zomzimba wethu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kungabangela umonakalo (i- hypoxia efanele) kuzo zonke izigungu ezinkulu.
> Imithombo:
> Hsia, C., Hyde, D., no-E. Weibel. Ukwakhiwa Kwemigodi kanye Nezinselele Ze-Intrinsic ze-Gas Exchange. I-Physiology ephelele . 2016. 6 (2): 827-895.
> Kasper, uDennis L .., u-Anthony S. Fauci, noStephen L .. Hauser. Izimiso zikaHarrison zeMithi yangaphakathi. ENew York: imfundo kaMc Graw Hill, 2015. Print.