Izinga lezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STDs) e-United States zikhuphuka. Kusukela ngo-2013 kuya ku-2014 yedwa, inani lamacala okulwa nesifo sofuba lanyuka kusuka ku-56 482 kuya ku-63.450, kuyilapho izifo zokugonywa zikhula kancane kancane ngonyaka ngonyaka ka-2009.
Okumangalisa kakhulu mhlawumbe, inani lamacala e-chlamydia liye laphindwe kabili phakathi neminyaka eyishumi, kusukela ku-929 462 ngo-2004 kuya ku-1,441.789 ngo-2014.
Nakuba kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-STD angakhuphula kakhulu ingozi yomuntu yokuthola i-HIV, abantu abaningi abaqondi kahle ukuthi kungani lokhu noma izindlela lapho ama-STD angenza khona kalula ukutheleleka-ngisho nangeminye imisebenzi engekho engozini njengezocansi zomlomo . Iqiniso lokuthi eziningi zalezi zifo zihlala zingabonwayo kuphela zanezela ezithandweni zokuthola igciwane.
Nakuba kucacile ukuthi izifo ezilonda ulcerative zifana ne-syphilis-ezingabonakalisa ngezilonda ezivulekile ezithombeni zobulili-zinikeza umzila olula wokufinyelela wegciwane, cishe amacala angu-20% angenayo izilonda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilonda ze-syphilitic e-rectum noma e-cervix zivame ukulahlekelwa noma zingabonakali, zakha iwindi lokukhushulwa kakhudlwana isikhathi sokutheleleka okuyisisekelo (cishe amasonto amathathu kuya ku-6).
Kodwa lokhu kusho ukuthi izifo ezithathelwanayo njenge-syphilis ngandlela-thile "zimbi" kunezinye izifo ze-STD uma kuziwa nge-HIV? Ake sibheke izizathu ezintathu ukuthi kungani lokhu kungeke kube njalo.
I-STD Ngokusebenzayo "Iyakuthola" Amaseli we-HIV Ukufeza
Noma nini lapho i-pathogen (ie, i-agent edala isifo) ingena emzimbeni, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisasebenza ngokushesha, okuholela ekuphenduleni kwemvelo, okuvuvukala. Ukuvuvukala kubangelwa nje ngoba umsebenzi wokuzivikela omzimba ukhunjulwa ngamagesi aphezulu, okwenza amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba ahlukanise futhi abulale i-pathogen.
Ekutheleleni okutholakala endaweni, njenge-STD, amangqamuzana avikelayo njenge CD4 kanye ne- CD8 T-cell athathwa emigqa yangaphambili. Ama-CD4 T-cell "amangqamuzana" amangqamuzana asebenza ngokuqondile eqondisa "ama-CD" T-cell cells "wokubulala" ukuze anciphise i-pathogen.
Ukucabangela ukuthi ama-cell ahloselwe ukukhombisa ukuhlasela-amasosha e-CD4-yiwona ahloswe yi-HIV ngokutheleleka. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuhlaselwa khona kakhulu kwe-pathogenic, amangqamuzana ahlosiwe ahloswe futhi kungenzeka ukuthi i-HIV izokwazi ukungena emzimbeni wokuvikela omzimba omzimba.
Yingakho ngisho nokusebenza kwebhaktheriya ngaphansi kwejwabu le-penis kungandisa ukwandiswa kwe-HIV ngoba ukuqoqwa kwamabhaktheriya kungabangela kalula ukuphendula komzimba.
Ngakho-ke noma ngabe i-STD ingabonakali izicubu zomzimba zofuzo, i-rectum noma i-throat, ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwamasosha omzimba esiteshini sokutheleleka kunikeza i-HIV ithuba elikhulu lokukhula, ikakhulukazi uma isifo sishiywa singaphathwa.
I-STD ikhulisa ukugxila kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ku-Fluids Fluids
Ngendlela efanayo nokuthi isifo sofuba singandisa ukwanda komuntu ku-HIV, i-STD ingakwandisa ingozi yomuntu yokudlulisela igciwane kwabanye. Ukuvuvukala, futhi, kuyimbangela eyinhloko, lapho amangqamuzana omzimba aqoqwa khona ngokushushumbisa kusayithi lokutheleleka kwendawo.
Uma lokhu kwenzeka, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuchithwa kwe-HIV" ingenzeka. Lokhu kuchazwa ngokuthi ukuvuselelwa ngokungazelelwe kwe-HIV engapheli, okuyize kube lokhu kuphumule emagodini efihlekile eselula . Ngenxa yalokhu kuchitha, i-HIV esanda kusetshenzwa inganda futhi iphinde ingene emzimbeni wesisu nangesilisa, ikhule ngezinombolo ezingaphezu kwalokho okwakungenzeka ngaphandle kwe-STD.
Ngokwe-meta-analysis ka-2008 evela eNyuvesi yaseKapa yeSikole Somphakathi kanye Nemithi Yomndeni, i-HIV echitha igciwane lesandulela ngculazi seliphindwe kabili ngenxa yesifo sokugonywa noma ukutheleleka kwe-chlamydial.
Okubi nakakhulu, kungenza lokho noma ngabe umuntu uphathwa nge-HIV noma cha.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi, lapho kukhona isifo socansi, umuntu olwa negciwane lesandulela ngculazi angaba negciwane elibonakalayo emicimbini yomzimba ngisho noma umthamo wegciwane egazini lakhe uphelelwa ngokuphelele.
Amanye ama-STD angabangela ukuthi i-HIV "ibuyiselwe"
Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zokwelashwa kwe- antiretroviral (ART) ukuvimbela ngokuphelele i-HIV kumazinga angatholakali. Ngokwenza kanjalo, umuntu onesandulela ngculaza akakwazi kakhulu ukuthelela abanye. Eqinisweni, ucwaningi oluningi lubonakala lubonisa ukuthi umuntu onesandulela ngculaza ungaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-90 okutheleleka kumlingani ozinikele, ongenayo igciwane lesandulela ngculazi uma e-ART esebenzayo.
Kodwa-ke, uma lowo muntu ebhekene nesiphakamiso segciwane lesandulela ngculazi (okungukuthi, ukubuyela ngokuzumayo kwemisebenzi ye-HIV), ingozi yokudlulisela ingakhuphuka ngokweqile.
Ngokusho kwabacwaningi abane-ANRS yeFrance (i-National Agency for AIDS kanye ne-Hepatitis Research), abantu abanesandulela ngculaza banengozi engaba ngu-200% enkulu yokuguqulwa kwamagciwane uma bephethwe yi-syphilis. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukutheleleka kwe-syphilis eyinhloko kubangela okungenani ukunyuka kwama-viral-viral load increase kumadoda anegciwane lesandulela ngculazi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amadoda e-ART eqhubekayo, eqeda ukucindezela, futhi kwenzeka kungakhathaliseki ubudala, ukuziphatha ngokocansi, noma isimo somzimba sokuzivikela (njengoba kulinganiswa isibalo se-CD4 ).
Lokhu kugcizelela isidingo esikhulu sokubhekwa kwe-syphilis emiphakathini eyingozi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi amadoda alala nobulili namadoda (MSM) abamba ama-83% ama-syphilis amacala emadodeni kanye no-30% wazo zonke izifo ezintsha ze-HIV e-US
Nakuba kungabonakali ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwamanye ama-STD kanye nengozi yokuguqulwa kwamagciwane, ingozi eqhubekayo yokudlulisela ihlala ephezulu kubantu abangaphenduliwe nge-HIV.
Imithombo:
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Chun, H .; Umbazi, R .; I-Macalino, G .; et al. "Indima Yezifo Ezidluliswa Ngesandulela Ngculaza ekuthuthukiseni i-HIV-1: Ukubuyekezwa Okuphelele Kwezincwadi." I-Journal yezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi. May 28, 2012; Vol 2013; I-athikili ye-ID 176459: 1-15.
UJarzebowski, W .; Caumes, E .; I-Dupin, N .; et al. "Umthelela wokutheleleka kokuqala kwe-syphilis emzimbeni wegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kanye nesilinganiso se-CD4 cells emadodeni anesifo sogciwane lesandulela ngculazi: imiphumela evela kuqembu le-FHDH-ANRS CO4." I-Archives of Medicine yangaphakathi. Septemba 10, 2012; 172 (16): 1237-1243. .