Emuva ngawo-1990, abacwaningi baqala ukuqaphela ukuthi abantwana abane-autism babe nobuchopho obukhulu kunabo abangenalo isimo. Ngokuqondile, izifundo zokubuyela emuva ezilandela izingane ezineminyaka engu-2 ubudala ezineminyaka engu-4 ziye zabonisa ukuphakama kwekhanda elandayo nenani lobuchopho.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okubonwayo, kwakucatshangelwa ukuthi ukukhula kobuchopho kungase kusetshenziswe ngandlela-thile njenge-biomarker ekuqalisweni kokuqala kwe-autism ezinsaneni.
(I-biomarker iyinhlanganisela yamagama athi "biological" futhi "marker" futhi ibhekisela ezinkombweni noma izimpawu ezingalinganiswa ngezindlela ezinembile nezakhiwe kabusha.) Nokho, isikhathi sokukhulisa ubuchopho kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwalezi zenzakalo kanye nezinguquko zokuziphatha okujwayelekile kwe- autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ayengaziwa.
Ucwaningo olusha olwanyatheliswa emaphephandabeni i- Nature lubonisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kobuchopho okuholela ekukhuleni kobuchopho kuqala ezinyangeni ezingu-6 ubudala ezinganeni kamuva ezibonwa nge-autism. Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukucabanga kwangaphambili kokuxilonga (ie, imaging magnontic resonance noma i- MRI ) ezinganeni ezisengozini enkulu yokuthuthukisa i-autism kungasiza ukubikezela ukuxilongwa kwekusasa kwalesi simo.
I-Autism Spectrum Disorder ihlolwe
I-Autism i-spectrum disorder ibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zempawu zomtholampilo, amakhono, namazinga okukhubazeka. Nazi ezinye izici ezivamile ezibonisa ukuthi i-autism :
- Kunzima ukuxhumana nabanye
- Ukubunzima ukuxhumana nabanye
- Izithakazelo ezincane noma imisebenzi
- Ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe
- Izintshisekelo ezithandwayo
- Ukukhathazeka ngezinto noma izingxenye zezinto
- Ukungabi nokuzenzekelayo
- Ukukhubazeka emehlweni okubheka amehlo, ukubonakala kombuso, nokuma komzimba
- Ukuzwela okungavamile endaweni engapheli
- Kunzima ngokusebenza komphakathi, emsebenzini, nokuphila komuntu siqu
Lezi zimpawu ziqala ukubonakala ezineminyaka engu-2 ubudala-ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi, i-autism ayitholakali ngokuqinisekisiwe. Ngamanye amazwi, izingane eziphethwe ngokuthi zine-ASD emkhatsini weminyaka engu-2 no-3 ngokuvamile azibonakali zibe ne-ASD ngaphambi konyaka wokuqala wokuphila.
Abanye abantu abane-autism babhekana nokukhubazeka okuncane, okufana nalabo abane-Asperger syndrome abavame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "ukusebenza okuphezulu." Abanye abantu abane-autism bahlangabezana nokukhubazeka okukhulu. Amaphesenti angamashumi amabili noma ngaphezulu abantwana abane-autism baqhubeka bephila ngokuzimela nokuzimela. Izimpawu zokubikezela ezinengqondo zihlanganisa ikhono lokukhulumisana ngokusebenzisa inkulumo ezineminyaka emihlanu noma eyisithupha namakhono ajwayelekile angajwayelekile.
Nakuba kungekho ukwelashwa noma imithi ngokukhethekile ye-autism, ukwelashwa okuthile kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza nokunciphisa izimpawu. Ukwelashwa kudinga ukufakelwa okuvela ezinhlobonhlobo zezobuchwepheshe bezempilo futhi kugxile kumakhono omphakathi, olimini, futhi okuguquguqukayo (ukuzisiza).
Ama-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) alinganisela ukuthi enye yezingane ezingu-68 ikhonjwe nge-ASD, futhi lezi zimo zithinta abantu bazo zonke izinhlanga, ubuzwe, nezizinda zomphakathi. I-ASD cishe cishe izikhathi ezingu-4.5 kubafana kunamantombazane.
Kulezo zinsana ezisengozini enkulu noma labo abanezingane zakudala ezine-ASD, amathuba okuthuthukisa isimo sifinyelele kwenye eyodwa kwabahlanu.
Nakuba izinguquko ezithile ezingavamile zihlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwe-autism, izimo eziningi azikwazi ukulandelwa emuva ukuze zibone izici eziphathelene nezingozi zofuzo noma izinguquko ezithile. Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwaba nesithakazelo esisha kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni amathuluzi okuhlola okungewona ama-genetic ukukhanyisa i-ASD.
Umsebenzi Ongabonakala Wama-Early Brain Scans ku-ASD
Esicwaningweni soMvelo esichazwe ngenhla, abacwaningi basebenzisa i-MRI ukuskena ubuchopho bezinsana ezingama-106 ezisengozini yokuguqula ubuchopho. Lezi zinsana ezinobungozi obukhulu zinezingane zakudala ezinama-ASD.
Izinsana zahlungwa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, ezingu-12, nezinyanga ezingu-24. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi bahlola ubuchopho bezinsana ezingama-42 engozini encane ye-ASD.
Izinsana eziyishumi nanhlanu ezengozini enkulu zatholakala ukuthi zine-ASD eneminyaka emibili ubudala. Kulezi zingane, izinguquko zobuchopho zaqala ukubonisa phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-6 no-12 ubudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinguquko zalandelwa ubukhulu bobuchopho phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 no-24. Ngokuqondile, abacwaningi babonise ukuthi phakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kwezingu-12 ubudala, kwaba nokwanda kwe-cortic ezindaweni ze-coripital futhi, ngokwezinga elingaphansi, i-lobes yesikhashana nengaphambili. Ukukhula kwendawo yendawo ye-cortical kuyisilinganiso sobukhulu bezinsipho ngaphandle kwengqondo. Futhi lobe occipital ihilelekile ekwenzeni ulwazi lwezinzwa.
Lezi zinguquko ebusweni be-cortex zazixhunyaniswe nokukhuphuka kwengqondo esikhathini esizayo futhi ekugcineni ukulahlekelwa kwezenhlalo ezinganeni ezixilongwe nge-ASD eneminyaka emibili ubudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela yokukhushulwa komzimba ifana nokujwayelekile, noma ukuvinjelwa okungaphezulu, ukwanda kwendawo ebusweni ye-cortical kuboniswe ezinganeni ezingenayo i-autism.
Ngokusho kwabacwaningi:
"Amamodeli wokubikezela avela ekusebenziseni ukuziphatha okusekelwe ekuziphatheni ngesikhathi sokusana ayenganikezanga amandla okwanele okubikezela ukuba abe usizo emtholampilo. Sithole ukuthi i-algorithm ejulile yokusebenzisa ulwazi olusuka phezulu kusukela ku-MRI yobuchopho ezinyangeni ezingu-6 no-12 zabikezela ukuthi i-autism ixilongwa ngezinyanga ezingu-24 ezinganeni ezinengozini ephakeme yomndeni ye-autism. "
Ukusebenzisa i-algorithm ejulile yokufunda, abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi bangakwazi ukubikezela i-autism ezinganeni eziyisishiyagalombili ezingu-10 ezisengozini enkulu yalesi simo.
Imiphumela
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo-ukutadisha isifundo siyathandeka futhi ingase ishintshe umdlalo. Futhi, ngokusho kwabacwaningi:
"Lokhu kutholakala kungabangela ukutholakala kokuqala nokungenelela, ngenxa yokuthi le nkathi ingakafiki ukuhlanganiswa kwezici ze-ASD kanye neminyaka ejwayelekile yokuxilongwa. Ingxenye yokugcina yeminyaka yokuqala yokuqala yempilo yokuphila ibonakala nge-plastic neural plasticity ehlobene nesikhathi esilandelayo futhi yisikhathi lapho ukulahlekelwa kwezenhlalo ezihlobene ne-autism kungakabonakali kahle. Ukungenelela ngalesi sikhathi kungase kuphumelele kakhudlwana kunakuqala ekuthuthukisweni. "
Ngamanye amazwi, abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi i-algorithm yabo ingayenza indlela yokutholakala kwangaphambili nokungenelela kwangaphambili ezinganeni ezisengozini enkulu-ukungenelela okungafakazela ngokuphumelelayo ngoba ubuchopho besana buyakwazi ukuguquguquka futhi buguquke. Ukungenela kwangaphambili kungasiza ososayensi ukungenelela okungcono kokuhlola futhi babone ukuthi ukwelashwa kusebenza kakhulu kunaphambilini kunokwenzeka.
Njengamanje, aziwa ukuthi ukungenelela kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kungaphuthukisa imiphumela yesikhathi eside emitholampilo kuziguli ezine-autism. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningi basekela umbono wokuthi ukungenelela okuqala kunikezela ukwelashwa naphezu kokuntuleka kocwaningo emkhakheni.
Ngokuphawulekayo, imiphumela evela ku-Parent Autism Communication Trial (i-PACT) -ukucwaninga okukhulu nokude kakhulu kokungenelela kwe-autism kuze kube manje-ukusekelwa okufundisa abazali abanezingane nge-autism ukuthi kungcono kanjani ukuxhumana nezingane zabo kunikeza izinzuzo ezingadluliselwa iminyaka.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela zokuqeqesha zazigxile kubazali bezingane abane-autism eyinhloko ephakathi kweminyaka emibili nengu-4 hhayi abantwana ngokwabo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yalezi zingenelelo zancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi zazingabaza kakhulu. Esikhundleni sokunciphisa ukukhathazeka, ukungenelela kwe-PACT kunciphise ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe nokuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isifundo sokuhlola-ubuchopho sihlola izingane ezisengozini enkulu yokuthuthukisa i-ASD hhayi inani elikhulu labantwana abane-ASD abangenazo izingane zakudala ezinesimo. Noma kunjalo, lo msebenzi unikeza ubufakazi bokuthi kungasetshenziswa kanjani kamuva kwabanye abasengozini ye-ASD. Nokho, ukuze isetshenziswe kubantu abaningi, noma kunjalo, ukuthuthukisa "ishadi lokukhula lobuchopho" elinokusebenza okubanzi kufanele kufezeke-into ecacile kude.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuba lezi zitholakale zibe nokusebenza komtholampilo, kudingeke kwenziwe izifundo eziningi zokulandelela ukusekela lezi zinsho. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlolisise nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi i-algorithm yocwaningo lwamanje ihlanganiswe nezinye izinhlobo zokuqagela, kuhlanganise nokuziphatha, electrophysiology, i-genetics yamangqamuzana, nezinye izindlela zokucabanga, njenge-MRI ebuchopho obusebenzayo. Inothi, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, asikacaci ushintsho lwezakhi zofuzo olubhekene namacala amaningi e-autism. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwezici zofuzo kuhlale kuyindawo esebenzayo yokucwaninga nesithakazelo kwabaningi.
Okokugcina, ukungezwani kwe-MRI scanners kanye nezindlela zokukhipha idatha-kungenza ukuphindaphinda kwalokhu okutholakele kunzima. Ngamanye amazwi, ama-scanner e-MRI ahlukile futhi lokhu kungezwani kungenza kube nzima ukuphinda wenze izinguquko ezicashile, kodwa eziphawulekayo, ezibonwe esifundweni samanje.
> Imithombo
> Callaway, E. Brain uhlola izindawo zokuqala ze-autism ezinganeni ezisengozini enkulu. Imvelo: Izindaba namazwana. 2/15/2017.
> Hazlett, HC et al. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho ekuqaleni kwezinsana ezisengozini enkulu ye-autism spectrum disorder. Imvelo. 2017; 542: 348-351.
> Leidford, H. Ukufundwa kwe-Autism ukuthola ukungenelela kwangaphambili kunemiphumela ehlala njalo. Imvelo: Izindaba namazwana. 10/25/2016.
> Pickles, A et al. Ukwelashwa komphakathi okukhulunywe ngabazali nge-autism (i-PACT): ukulandelelwa isikhathi eside kwesilingo esilawulwa ngokungahleliwe. 2016; 388 (10059): 2501-2509.
> Volkmar FR. Isahluko 34. I-Autism kanye Nezifo Eziphuthumayo Zokuthuthukiswa. Ku: Ebert MH, Loosen PT, Nurcombe B, Leckman JF. ama-eds. UKUQALA NOKUPHILWA KWESIKHATHI: Ukuphathwa kwengqondo, 2e eNew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008.