Izimpawu zabantu ekupheleni okuphezulu kwe-Autism Spectrum
Ayikho i-diagnosis esemthethweni ebizwa ngokuthi "i-autism emnene." Kodwa kunabantu abaningi babo bonke ubudala abaye batshele omunye umuntu (udokotela, ochwepheshe, noma umngane onenhloso efanele) ukuthi bane-autism emnene. Yini ngempela abantu lapho beyisebenzisa leli gama?
Umlando We-Confusing we-Autism ophansi noma ophezulu osebenzayo
Emuva ngo-1980, "autismle autism" ichazwe, kuzo zonke izimo, njengesifo esibucayi nokukhubaza.
Akekho ozoxilongwa nge-autism kulindeleke ukuthi uphumelele esikoleni, enze abangane noma abambe umsebenzi. Ngo-1994 isifo esisha, i-Asperger's Syndrome, senezelwe kubhukwana lokuxilonga. Abantu abane-Asperger's Syndrome, ngenkathi becatshangwa njenge-autistic, bangaba abantu abaqhakazile, abakhulume, nabanobuchule.
Ngo-2013, indlela yokuxilonga yashintshwa futhi. I-Asperger's Syndrome yanyamalala, futhi, esikhundleni sayo, le ncwadi ibandakanya ukuxilongwa okulodwa kubantu bonke abane-autism: i- autism spectrum disorder . Abantu abane-disism spectrum disorder bangakwazi noma bangabi nezinkinga zokulibazisa okukhulu, izinselele zokucubungula izinzwa, ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile, noma ezinye izimpawu. Ngenkathi bonke abantu abane-disism spectrum disorder benenkinga yokuxhumana nabantu, lezi zinkinga zivela eziqhingini (abantu abangenamazwi abanokuziphatha okuhlukumezayo) kuya ngobumnene (izinkinga zokufunda, ukukhuluma ngamazwi, ulimi lomzimba, njll).
Nakuba i-autism spectrum disorder entsha ihlanganisa "amazinga okusekela," umqondo wokuchaza abanye ngokuthi unayo "i-autism level 1" ayizange ibambe ngempela-ikakhulukazi ngoba akekho owazi ngempela ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini. Abantu abaningi baye baqhubeka ukusebenzisa igama elithi "Asperger syndrome," kodwa ngisho leli gama alisho neze into efana nokusebenza okuphezulu noma i-autism enobumnene.
Yiziphi Izimpawu Nezibonakaliso Ze-Autism Ebucayi?
Abantu abane-disism spectrum disorder kumele babe nezimpawu ezithile ukuze bakwazi ukuthola ukutholakala. Ngisho nabantu abane-autism emnene, ngakho-ke, banezinselelo ezibalulekile zentuthuko nezinzwa ezithintekayo ukuze zithole indlela yokusebenza nemisebenzi ejwayelekile.
Nakuba lezi zimpawu kumele zibe khona ngaphambi kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu, ngokuvamile kuvame ukuthi izimpawu ezinzima zingabonakali kuze kube yilapho ingane ikhulile (ikakhulukazi yamantombazane). Uma izimpawu zivela okokuqala ngemuva kokuba ingane ineminyaka emithathu ubudala, ngeke ikwazi ukuthola ukuxilongwa kwe-autism. Kodwa-ke, bangathola ukuthi banesifo esibi kakhulu sezokuxhumana nabantu.
Uma ingane i-autistic ngempela, izimpawu zakhe zizofaka:
- Izinkinga ngezokuxhumana kwangemuva nangaphandle okungase kuhlanganise nobunzima ngengxoxo, ulimi lomzimba, ukuxhumana kwamehlo, kanye / noma izinkulumo zobuso.
- Kunzima ekuthuthukiseni nasekugcineni ubudlelwane, ngokuvamile ngenxa yobunzima bokudlala, ukwenza abangane, noma ukwabelana ngezinto ezithandwayo.
- Ukuthanda ukuphinda izenzo ezifanayo, imisebenzi, ukunyakaza, noma amagama ngokuphindaphindiwe, ngisho noma kungekho isizathu esicacile sokwenza kanjalo (ukufaka amathoyizi ngokuphindaphindiwe isibonelo esiyisibonelo);
- Izithakazelo ezivinjelwe ezivame ukuqina kakhulu (isibonelo esicacile yi-autistic ingane ezinikele ngokuphelele emdlalweni wevidiyo mayelana nokuthi uyazi konke okumele azi);
- I-Hyper- noma i-hyporeactivity ekufakweni kwe-sensory (noma ayiboni noma ayizwele kakhulu umsindo, ukukhanya, iphunga, ubuhlungu, ukuthinta, njll)
Abantu Basho Ukuthini Lapho Bathi 'I-Autism Emnene'?
Ngakho-ke, uthini, uthisha, noma umzali uthini uma bethi ingane yabo (noma ingane yakho) ine-autism "enomusa"? Njengoba kungekho ncazelo esemthethweni yegama elithi "autism elincane," wonke umuntu owenzayo unombono ohlukile ohlukile walokho okushoyo.
- Ngezinye izikhathi leli gama lisetshenziswe lapho umuntu ecacile nge-autistic, kodwa futhi unezilimi ezikhulunywe kakhulu namanye amakhono. Isibonelo, "Joey ukhazimule kakhulu futhi wenza kahle ekilasini, kodwa ngoba une-autism enobumnene unenkinga enzima yokwenza abangane."
- Leli gama lingasetshenziselwa ukuphinda lichaze ingane ukuthi izinselele zithinteka kanjani, kodwa ngubani okhuluma amagama ambalwa nje. Isibonelo: "Ngiyathokoza kakhulu ukubona ingane yakho isebenzisa ukuzandla komzimba ukucela ijusi; ingase iqhume nge-autism enobumnene."
- Leli gama lingasetshenziswa futhi ukusiza ukuchaza izinqumo zokwelashwa. Isibonelo: "Ingane yakho ine-autism emnene, ngakho-ke ingase ibe ngcono nge-play therapy kunokuthi ukwelashwa okujulile kokuziphatha."
Ukwenza izinto zibe nzima nakakhulu, umuntu onokuthi "u-autism omncane" angase abe namakhono okuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe namakhono okufunda, kodwa wephuzile kakhulu amakhono omphakathi , izinkinga ezibucayi , kanye / noma ubunzima obunzima ngamakhono enhlangano. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu onokuthi "obumnene" i-autism angathola isikole somphakathi noma izilungiselelo zomsebenzi kunzima kakhulu kunomuntu onenkinga enkulu yelimi kodwa izinkinga ezimbalwa zokuzizwa noma zenhlalo.
Isibonelo, cabanga ukuthi umuntu ophakeme kakhulu wezifundo, okhulunywa ngezilimi owenza izimpendulo egumbini lokufundela futhi ehlukana ngomsindo wokuhlanza umshini wokukhanyisa noma ukukhanya kwebhulethi ye-fluorescent. Qhathanisa nomuntu onjalo kumuntu onenkinga ebalulekile ngezifundiswa kodwa anezinkinga ezimbalwa ngezwi noma ukukhanya, futhi akanakho inkinga ngokulandela imithetho. Yimuphi umuntu onayo "izimpawu ezinzima"? Impendulo yiqiniso ukuthi ukuthi kuxhomeke ekulungiseleleni nesimo.
I-Criteria yokuhlola iyakusiza kanjani ukuchaza i-Autism elula?
I-DSM-5 criteria yokuxilonga inikeza usizo olwengeziwe kulowo mbuzo ngoba luhlanganisa " amazinga asebenzayo " amathathu okuchaza ubukhulu be-autism. Abantu "abanobubele" i-autistic ngokuvamile babhekwa njengezinga 1, okusho ukuthi badinga ukwesekwa okuncane kakhulu ukuze baphile impilo evamile.
Kodwa-ke, lokho kudukisa ngoba abantu abaningi abane-autism "abumnene" bangadinga ukwesekwa okuningi kuye ngokuthi isimo. Isibonelo, umuntu one-autism "omnene" angase abe namakhono amazwi amakhulu kepha akanakho ikhono lokufunda ulimi lomunye umuntu noma imizwelo . Ngenxa yalokho, iningi labantu abane-autism "elincane" lizifaka enkingeni ngobulili obuhlukile, ngomsebenzi noma esikoleni, noma ngisho nasemaphoyiseni.
Ingabe Kukhona Ukwelashwa Kwe-Autism Emnene?
Njenganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-autism, ukwelashwa okufanele kufaka:
- i-behavioral therapy (isebenzisa imivuzo yokufundisa ukuziphatha okulindelekile noma okuthandayo)
- ukudlala noma ukwelashwa kwentuthuko (isebenzisa imisebenzi esekelwe ekudlaleni ukwakha amakhono angokomzwelo nokuxhumana)
- izidakamizwa zokwelashwa (kunezidakamizwa eziphatha izimpawu ezifana nokukhathazeka nokukhathazeka kwemizwelo okungase kuhlotshaniswe ne-autism emnene)
- imithi yokwelashwa (nge-autism ekhudlwana, ukwelashwa kwenkulumo kuvame ukuhlobene namakhono okuxoxa, ulimi lomzimba, njll)
- ukwelapha emsebenzini (ngokuvamile okuwusizo ezindabeni ezithinta izinzwa)
- ukwelashwa ngokomzimba (izingane eziningi ezine-autism zinezwi elincane eliphansi lomzimba noma zithinta umzimba)
Ezinye izingane ezine-autism nazo zingase zithole usizo lwezokwelapha ezivela ezinkingeni ezihambisanayo ezifana nokuqothulwa, izinkinga zomzimba, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, nezinkinga ezinjengokuphazamiseka okucindezelayo. Lezi zinkinga aziyona ingxenye ye-autism ngayinye, kepha zivame kakhulu phakathi kwezingane ezizimele.
Izwi elivela
Okubalulekile ukuthi igama elithi "autism elincane" alisebenzisi ngokukhethekile, nakuba livamile. Okuyiqiniso ukuthi izimpawu "ezinomusa" zingaholela ezinkingeni ezinzima ezindaweni zokuxhumana nabantu, ubudlelwane, umsebenzi, nokuzimela. Zingase zihlotshaniswe nezinselele ezinkulu ezingokomzwelo: Abantu abaningi abane-autism "abumnene" nabo banenkinga yokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukuphazamiseka okucindezelayo, nezinye izifo zengqondo.
Ukuze uqonde ngempela izinselele ze-autism, gwema ukukhiqiza ngokusekelwe esikhathini esithi "i-autism emnene." Kunalokho, cela imibuzo eqondile, ethize mayelana nezinselele zomlomo, ezenhlalo, izinzwa, nezokuziphatha . Bese ubuza mayelana namandla, amakhono, kanye nezithakazelo zomuntu.
Imithombo:
> Faras H, i-Al Ateeqi N, iTidmarsh L. I-Autism i-spectrum disorders. U-Ann Saudi Med. 2010 Jul-Aug; 30 (4): 295-300. doi: 10.4103 / 0256-4947.65261.
> H azen, EP et al. Izimpawu ezibonakalayo ezinkingeni ze-autism spectrum. I-Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014 Mar-Apr; 22 (2): 112-24.
> Imvubelo, Judy. "Ukwelashwa kwezimpawu zokukhathazeka ebusheni nge-high-functional autism spectrum disorders: Ukucabangela ukuthuthukiswa kwabazali". Ucwaningo lweBongo . 2011. 1380: 255-63.