I-Autism elula ayiyona i-Diagnosis esemthethweni, kodwa inselele ehlukile
Ayikho into ehlongozwayo ngokuthi "i-autism enzima." Uma igama lisetshenzisiwe, ngakho-ke, kuyindlela nje yokuchaza izinga lomuntu lokusebenza kanye nesidingo. Ngezinye izikhathi i-autism ebizwa ngokuthi i-autism ephansi, i-autism yama-classic, i-autism "ye-Kanner" (ngemva komuntu obekade echaza i-autism njengesifo esiyingqayizivele), noma i-autism ejulile. Kulula nje, ichaza labo bantu abane-autistic abanezimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Izinselelo Zesivinini Esikhulu noma "Isiqu 3" Autism
Enye indlela yokuchaza i-autism enzima ukukhuluma ngezinga lokusekela elidingekayo kumuntu onokuxilongwa ukuze asebenze ngokuphepha. Ibhuku le-diagnostic yamanje (DSM-5) linikeza amazinga amathathu we-autism, ngokusekelwa okwengeziwe okudingekayo ezingeni ngalinye. Abantu abane-autism ezinzima ngokuvamile babhekwa ukuthi bane-"Level 3" ye- Autism Spectrum Disorder , okusho ukuthi badinga ukwesekwa okuningi. Akuyona into engavamile ukuba umuntu one-autism enzima afune ukusekelwa 24/7 nokuphathwa.
I-autism ekhululekile ingaba nzima kakhulu futhi inselele kunezinye izinhlobo ze-autism. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi (1) abantu abane-autism enesifo esinzima banemibuzo efana neyomunye umuntu e-spectrum, kodwa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu; futhi (2) abantu abane-autism ezinzima ngokuvamile babe nezimpawu ezinkulu ezingavamile ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kwe-autism. Lezi zinkinga ezimbili zingenza kube nzima ukuthi umuntu one-autism (noma umndeni wakhe onzima) asebenze kahle kuzilungiselelo ezijwayelekile kusukela esikoleni kuya esitolo kuze kudokotela.
Izinguqulo ezivelele zezimpawu ezivamile ze-Autistic Symptoms
Ukufanelekela ukuthola i-autism i-diagnos spectrum, umuntu kufanele abe nezimpawu ezibalulekile ngokwanele ukuze ahlasele impilo yansuku zonke. Wonke umuntu ozimele kufanele abe nenhlalo, ukuxhumana, nezinselele ezenza impilo ibe nzima kakhulu; ngisho okuthiwa "ukusebenza okuphezulu" i-autism kungaba inselele kakhulu.
Kodwa lezo zinselelo ziphakama ezingeni elihluke kakhulu kubantu abanesimo se-autism "esinzima". Ngokwesibonelo:
- Izinselele Zokukhuluma Nezilimi : Nakuba wonke umuntu one-disism spectrum disorder enenkinga enzima namakhono omphakathi nokuxhumana, abantu abane-autism enamandla kakhulu abakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokuphelele ulimi olukhulunywe . Kungase kubonakale kungabonakali abantu ababazungezile.
- Ukungasebenzi kahle. Abantu abaningi ku-autism spectrum banezinkinga zokuzizwa (zibucayi kakhulu noma azizweli ngokwanele ukukhanya, umsindo, ukuthinta, ukunambitha noma iphunga). Abantu abane-autism ezinzima bavame ukuzwela ngokweqile, ngokwezinga lokuthi ukuphuma ezixukwini, izibani ezikhanyayo noma imisindo enkulu ingaba yinto emangalisayo.
- Izinselelo Zengqondo. Abantu abaningi abane-autism banama-IQ aphezulu. Abanye banama-IQ at noma cishe angu-75 - okunqunywe kulokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuphuza kwengqondo. Ngokuvamile, noma kunjalo, abantu abane-autism enamandla banamaphesenti aphansi kakhulu, ngisho nalapho bevivinywa besebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlola okungekho amazwi. Kubalulekile ukwazi, noma kunjalo, ukuthi ukubukeka kungakhohlisa: abanye abantu abane-autism enamandla baye bafunda ukuxhumana ngokusebenzisa isignali, amabhodi esipelingi noma amanye amathuluzi. Abanye balabo bantu baveza kahle, futhi bakwenza kucacile ukuthi okungenani abanye abantu abane-autism enamandla banamandla kunokuba babonakale.
- Izithako eziphindaphindiwe. Iningi labantu ku-autism spectrum banokuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe nokuziphatha okuzivuselelayo . Abantu abasebenza ngokuphakeme bangaphambanisa izandla zabo, idwala noma bafake iminwe yabo. Ngokuvamile, bangakwazi ukulawula lezi ziphatho isikhathi esithile uma kunesidingo. Abantu abane-autism ezinzima cishe banokuziphatha okuningi okunjalo, futhi lezo ziphathekayo zingaba yiziqhwaga ezingenakulawulwa (ukugwedla okunonya, umnyango wokugwedla, ukukhala, njll).
- Izimpawu zomzimba. Abantu abane-autism enamandla bangase babe nezimpawu zomzimba ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi zivela nge-autism encane kakhulu. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukulala, ukuphuza, futhi, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, izinkinga zomzimba. Ngenxa yobunzima babo ekukhulumisaneni, izinkinga ezinjalo zingadluliselwa noma zingatholakali. Umphumela wokugula okungasetshenziswanga ngokomzimba kungaba yizindaba eziphathekayo ezibangelwa ubuhlungu ngokomzimba.
Izinselele ezingavamile ezithinta abantu abane-Autism enamandla
Ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, ukuziphatha okuphambene nokubonakala ngokweqile kwe-autism ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukukhungatheka, ukuzwa ngokweqile, noma ubuhlungu emzimbeni. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu abane-autism abanzima banenkinga enzima ukukhuluma ngezidingo zabo ngamazwi, bangase bathole ukukhuluma ekuziphatheni okungabesabisa abanakekeli babo nabanye. Uma ukuziphatha kungakwazi ukubhekwa noma ukuphathwa, kungaba yingozi; Ezimweni eziningi kuba nzima ukuthi abazali noma abantakwethu bahlale ngokuphepha nezingane ezincane kakhulu noma abadala.
- Ukuzilimaza. Nakuba ukuzilimaza kungenzeka phakathi kwabantu abanezimo ezinamandla ze-autism, ukuziphatha okufana nokukhanda ikhanda kanye ne-pica (ukudla okungewona ukudla) kuvame kakhulu kubantu abane-autism enamandla.
- Izithintelo ezihlukumezayo neze-Social-Social. Ukuhlukumezeka akuyona into engavamile ku-autism, kodwa ngokuqinisekile akusizwanga, ikakhulukazi kubantu abane-autism eyingozi (noma phakathi kwabantu abane-autism nezinye izinto ezifana nokukhathazeka okukhulu). Abantu abane-autism enamandla bangase baphume ngokushaya, ukukhala noma ukukhahlela. Bangase babe nezindlela zokuziphatha ezifana ne-fecal smearing, ukungena emnyango, njll ezidinga impendulo esheshayo nangempumelelo.
- Ukuhlambalaza no-Eloping. "Eloping" (ukugijima ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile futhi akukho ndawo ethile) kubuye kuvame phakathi kwabantu abane-autism enzima. Ngokungafani nabantu abaphezulu abasebenza, abantu abane-autism abanamandla abanalo amathuluzi okuxhumana nabaphenduli bokuqala. Lokhu kungakwandisa amathuba okuba lowo muntu uzovulwa esimweni esiyingozi. Kwezinye izimo, amathuluzi akhethiweko, ama-alamu, namathuluzi wokuhlonza kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komuntu one-autism enzima.
Ukwelashwa kwe-Autism Ekhulu
Azikho zokwelashwa eziphilisa i-autism enzima njenge-disorder. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo eziningi zokhetho lwezokwelapha nezingekho kwezokwelapha ekubhekiseni izimpawu ezithile ze-autism ezinzima. Eminye yalezi zinto akuyona into engcono kakhulu kunengqondo ejwayelekile.
- Hlola izinkinga zomzimba nokubekezelelana kokudla. Bambalwa abantu abane-autism enamandla abanamandla okuchaza izimo zomzimba noma izinkinga. Ngakho-ke, kuwumqondo omuhle ukuqala ngokuhlola ukuthi ngabe ingane ene-autism enamandla inezimpawu zomzimba ezingase zibe nzima ukuziphatha kwezinkinga. Akuvamile, isibonelo, ukuthola ukuthi ukuziphatha kwengane ebonakalayo enobudlova empeleni kuyimpendulo ebuhlungu obukhulu bomzimba - ubuhlungu obungaphathwa ngokusebenzisa izinguquko zokudla. Lapho ubuhlungu buphelile, umuntu uthola kulula kakhulu ukuphumula, ukubandakanya, ukufunda nokuziphatha ngendlela efanele.
- Fundisa amakhono okuxhumana. Izingane eziningi ezine-autism ezinzima azizona izisho. Ngisho noma befunda ukusebenzisa ulimi olukhulunywe, abanye bakunzima ukubuza noma ukuphendula imibuzo, futhi bangase baphinde baphumele ngaphandle kokubanika incazelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaningi balabo bantu abafanayo abakwazi ukukhuluma bayakwazi ukuxhumana ngokusebenzisa uphawu, amakhadi wesithombe, amabhodi okukhuluma okudijithali, namakhibhodi. Ukuxhumana, yiqiniso, kuyisihluthulelo kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuzibandakanya nokufunda.
- Nikeza indawo ehlelekile kakhulu, ephansi yokucindezeleka. Kubantu abathile abane-autism enamandla kakhulu, isimiso esivamile kakhulu kanye nezibani eziphansi, ambalwa omsindo, ukudla okulindeleke, kanye nokusekela imisebenzi yansuku zonke kungaba usizo kakhulu.
- Imithi engeyona yezokwelapha. Ingane ene-autism eqinile ivame ukuphendula kahle ku- Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), uhlobo lwezokwelapha zokuziphatha okuvame ukuhlinzekwa mahhala ngezinhlelo zesikole kanye nezinhlelo zokungenela kuqala. Ukwelashwa okubalulekile kungasiza, njengoba i-autism enzima ivame ukuza nezinselelo ezinkulu. Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha eziwusizo zihlanganisa inkulumo, ukwelashwa komsebenzi , ukwelashwa ngokomzimba futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, ukudlala ukwelapha .
- Imithi. Ukwelashwa kwe-autism eningi ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa imithi yokukhathazeka nezindaba ezihlobene. Imithi ephikisana ne-psychotic nayo ingasebenza, njengoba ingakwazi ukulwa nokucindezeleka. Kubalulekile ukuqapha ngokucophelela impendulo yengane yezidakamizwa, njengoba - kwezinye izimo - imiphumela emibi noma ukusebenzisana kungabangela izinkinga eziningi njengoba zixazulula.
> Imithombo:
D oyle, uCarolyn, et al.Pharmacologic zokwelapha izimpawu zokuziphatha ezihambisana nokuphazamiseka kwe-autism spectrum kuyo yonke impilo. I-Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2012 Sep; 14 (3): 263-279.
> Ghaeli, Padideh et al. "Imiphumela Ye-Risperidone Ngezimpawu Ezijwayelekile Ze-Autistic Disorder Esuselwe Ekubuntwaneni Kwe-Autism Rating Scale: I-Open Label Study." I- Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 36.1 (2014): 66-70. PMC . Iwebhu. 29 Meyi 2016.