Ukuphazamiseka kokumunuka (i-Dysosmia) ne-Whats Behind Them
Yiziphi izifo ezibucayi? Ziyini izimbangela ze-dysosmia (ukuphazamiseka ngomqondo wephunga) futhi kungani zenzeka? Kungani lokhu kubaluleke kangaka?
Kuyini u-Olfaction? - Ukubaluleka Kwemicabango Yethu Ngokwephunga
Kungaba nzima ukucabanga impilo ephila ngaphandle kokuzwa iphunga le-rose, noma ukunambitheka kwekhofi yasekuseni. Ukuqhaqhazeka, ukuzwa kwethu iphunga, kudlala indima ebalulekile cishe ekuphileni komuntu wonke.
Akukhona nje ukuthi ukwethuka kusisiza ukuthi sithole ama-perfume emoyeni osizungezile, kodwa kubalulekile ekusizeni ukuba sijabulele ama-flavour yokudla. Kungenzeka ukuthi uzwile ukuthi "ukunambitha" ikakhulukazi iphunga, futhi lokho kuyiqiniso ngokwezinga elikhulu. Umqondo owonakele we-olfaction uphazamisa kakhulu: injabulo yokudla nokuphuza ingase ilahleke, futhi ukucindezeleka kungaholela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezingozi ezihlobene nokulahlekelwa iphunga, kufaka phakathi ukungakwazi ukuthola igesi elivuzayo noma ukudla okuphazamisayo.
Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2.7 e-United States bane-disorder eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kungabonakali. Abanye abantu baye basikisela ukuthi cishe isigamu sabantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 sinomqondo owehla wephunga.
I-Anatomy ne-Physiology of Olfaction (The Feel of Smell)
Engxenyeni engenhla nengaphakathi yomphuzi, kunendawo encane yeselula okuthiwa i-mucosa olfactory. Le ndawo ifihla izinto eziningana zokuzivikela, njenge-immunoglobulins (ama-antibodies ahlanganisa indaba yangaphandle njengezincane zamagciwane), ukuze avimbele amagciwane ukuba angene ekhanda.
Kukhona nenani elikhulu lamaprotheni, okuthiwa ama-receptors, athatha amakhemikhali emvelweni, noma ama-odorants . I-receptor ngayinye icatshangwa ukuthi inesimo esikhethekile esifanelana nalezi ziphunga ezifana nekhiye ifanelana nokukhiya.
Ama-receptors ama-olfactory ahlala kumangqamuzana angama-6 kuya kweshumi ayizigidi zamangqamuzana omzimba we-chemoreceptor emgqonyeni ngamunye.
Izitholampilo ezintsha zakhiwa lapho umuntu esemdala-esinye sezibonelo ezimbalwa zendlela ubuchopho obungakha ngayo amangqamuzana amasha omzimba kuwo wonke ukuphila. Uma kunesidingo phakathi kwekhamera yemvelo kanye ne-receptor esitokisini esinamafutha, iseli lesisindo livutha isignali ngokuqondile ebuchosheni ku- bulb olfactory .
Ngenkathi isibhamu esiphezulu sivame ukubhekwa ngokuthi " isisindo sokuqala," akuyona inzwa, kodwa ingxenye yobuchopho ngokwayo. Izimpawu ezisakazwa kusuka ku-bulb olfactory ukuya ezingxenyeni ezikhethekile ze-cortex ye-cerebral ngisho ne-amygdala, engxenyeni yobuchopho obathintekayo nomzwelo. Kusukela ku-cortex eyinhloko, ama-signals adluliselwa kwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho, kuhlanganise ne-thalamus ne-hypothalamus.
Ukuphazamiseka kokuphazamiseka
Kukhona amagama amaningana asetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkinga zephunga. Lokhu kufaka:
- Dysomia - Ukuphazamiseka ngomqondo wokuhogela. I-Dysosmia ivuliwe ibe yizinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zenkinga yokuhogela. I-Parosmia ibhekisela ekuguqulweni kokubona kwephunga. I-Phantosmia, ngokuphambene, ibhekisela embonweni wephunga elingekho. Nge-parosmia, futhi iphunga lingase lizwe iphuka kunalokho okwenzeke esikhathini esedlule, noma manje usungathola iphutha elimnandi okwakusithokozile ngaphambilini. Nge-phantosmia, ungase, ngokwesibonelo, uzwe iphunga lomlilo lapho kungekho khona umlilo we-campfire.
- I-Hyposmia - Ihlehlile ikhono lokuzwa iphunga
- Anosmia - Ukungakwazi ukuhogela iphunga
Izimbangela ze-Dysomia (Ukuphazamiseka Ngokweqhinga Lokumunuka)
Kunezici ezihlukahlukene nezimo ezingabangela i-dysosmia.
Izimbangela ezivame ukwedlula zonke izifo zesisu nezisono: ngokugqoka ama-nasal ama-nasal nokuvutha izicubu ezithola ama-molecule ama-olfactory, ukutheleleka kwegciwane kanye nemithonya yemithwalo yemvelo kunomthelela kumqondo wethu wephunga cishe cishe wonke umuntu oye wabhekwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Izimo ezihlobene nose, ezifana nama- polyp nasal , ukuphambuka kwe-septal , kanye nokuhlinzwa nokulimala ekhaleni (njenge-rhinoplasty) kungaphazamisa umuzwa wokunuka.
Ezinye izimbangela ezibandakanya zihlanganisa:
- I-Head Trauma - Ukulimala okubuhlungu kwengqondo kungaphazamisa ukonakala ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene: iphunga lingalimala, noma izintambo zomzimba ezithumela ulwazi kusuka ekhaleni kuya ebuchosheni zingadliwa noma ziphazamiseke ngesikhathi kulimala ikhanda. I-trauma ingaphazamisa ngokuqondile i-bulb olfactory ethola ama-molecule esiwahogelayo.
- Izicubu zesibindi - Bobabili izicubu ezinobuchopho ezinobungozi , ikakhulukazi lezo ezibandakanya i-bulb olfactory noma i-lobes temporal, zingase zihlobanise noshintsho ngomqondo wephunga. Kwezinye izimo, ukulahlekelwa umuzwa wokuhogela kungase kube uphawu lokuqala lwesifo esibi esibuhlungu noma esibucayi.
- Ubuthi emvelweni - Imikhiqizo yotshwala nomusi kunciphisa umqondo wokuhogela. Amakhomikhali afana ne-ammonia, i-sulfuric acid, kanye ne-formaldehyde nayo inganciphisa ukuncipha.
- Imithi - Ezinye imithi, ikakhulukazi emakilasini ambalwa wemithi elawula ukucindezeleka kwegazi ingaphazamisa umuzwa wokuthi iphunga. Izibonelo zifaka i-Procardia (i-nifedipine), iVasotec (i-enalapril), ne-Norvasc (i-amlodipine).
- Imisebe yomsindo nentamo yomdlavuza
Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo - Amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-90 abantu abane- Alzheimer's disease abanenkinga yokuphosa, futhi i-dysosmia ivame kakhulu esifweni sikaParkinson .
Isifo sikashukela - Njengomonakalo wezinzwa ongaholela ekutheni i-neuropathy yangasese ne-retinopathy isifo sikashukela, ukulimala kwezibindi ezihilelekile ekungeneni kungase kwenzeke futhi.
Ukuntuleka kwe-Vitamin - Ukuntuleka kwe-zinc noma ukuntuleka kwe-thiamine okuholela ku- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome kuhlobene nokulahlekelwa umuzwa wokuhogela.
Umqondo wokuphunga nawo uvame ukunciphisa kokubili ukuguga ngokwemvelo , nasezifo ezinokukhubazeka ezinjenge- dementia . Ngenkathi i-bulb endala engabonakali kubantu abadala isine-ne-ne-meth neurons engaba ngu-60,000, kokubili inani le-metral neurons kanye nobukhulu be-nuclei yabo liyehla kakhulu ngokukhula.
Kulaba bantu abangaphezu kwayisihlanu abanenkinga yezifo, imbangela "idiopathic," okusho ukuthi akukho mbuzo othize otholayo.
Ukuxilongwa kwezifo ezihlukumezayo
Ukuxilongwa kwezifo ezibucayi ngokuvamile kuqala ngomlando ngokucophelela nokuhlolwa ngokomzimba. Ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba kungabheka ubufakazi bokutheleleka ngegciwane noma ama-polyp nasal. Umlando oqaphile ungase ubonise ukutholakala okunezingozi ezinobuthi.
Uhlolo olubizwa ngokuthi yi-University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test lungenziwa uma uhlola ukuthi i-hyperosmia noma i-anosmia ikhona ngempela. Njengoba kunezimbangela eziningi ezibangelwa ukuphazamiseka kobuchopho ezibangelwa izimbangela zokudla okunempilo, nokuningi, ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kuzoxhomeka ezinkambweni eziningi.
Ukwelashwa Nokubhekana Nokulahlekelwa Kwesimo Sokuphunga
Ayikho imithi ekhethekile engakwazi ukuguqula ushintsho ngomqondo wephunga. Ngezinye izikhathi, i-dysomia ixazulula ngokwayo ngesikhathi. Abacwaningi bahlolisise ukusetshenziswa kwe-vitamin A kanye ne-supplementation ye-dose ephakeme, kodwa njengamanje, lokhu akubonakali kusebenza. Ukuqeqeshwa okusemthethweni okwamanje kuhlolwa futhi kubonakala sengathi kuyathembisa ezikoleni zakuqala.
Ngakho-ke ukubhekana nomgomo oyinhloko wokwelapha. Kulabo abangenakho ukuzwa iphunga, izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifana nokuqinisekisa ukuthi une-alamu yomlilo zibalulekile. Ukweluleka kokudla okunempilo kungasiza ngoba ezinye zokudla nezinongo ezivame ukugqugquzela ama-receptors (ama-trioreinal and alfactory chemoreceptors.)
Ngezansi Ukukhathazeka Nokukhathazeka Okuthinta Ukuzwa Kwethu Nge-Smell
Ukubaluleka komqondo wephunga nokunambitheka ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe ngaphansi komphakathi wansuku zonke. Ngenkathi i-nerf olfactory ibhalwe inombolo ye-nerve craneal, ekhombisa ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenyuka, ngokuvamile umqondo wokuhogela awuvami ukuhlolwa (ngisho nangama-neurologists.) Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi uhlelo olunezinhlamvu kubantu lube lukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, iphunga kokubili kusisiza ukuba sijabulele ukuphila, futhi kusivikele ezinobuthi emvelweni.
Imithombo
- Kasper, uDennis L .., u-Anthony S. Fauci noStephen L. Hauser. Izimiso zikaHarrison zeMithi yangaphakathi. I-New York: Imfundo ye-Mc Graw-Hill, 2015. Phrinta.
- Pekala, K., uCandra, R., noJer Turner. Ukuphumelela kokuQinisekisa okuHlangayo kwabeziguli abane-Olfactory Loss: Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-Meta-Analysis. Iforamu Yomhlaba Wonke Yokungezwani Negazi kanye ne-Rhinology . 2016. 6 (3): 299-307.
- Wongrakpanich, S., Petchlorlian, A., no-A. Rosenzweig. Ama-Sensorineural Organs Ukukhubazeka Nokunciphisa Ukuqonda: Isihloko Esibukeziwe. Ukuguga nokugula . 2016. 7 (6): 763-769.