Ukuqonda i-Bias Condom, Ukukhathala kwekhondomu kanye neGender Dynamics ye-HIV
Amakhondomu asebenza. Zihlala ziyigama elingundoqo lezocansi ezivikelekile futhi zifaka isandla esikhulu ekunciphiseni ukutheleleka kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngakho-ke, kungani amadoda angu-65% kuphela asebenzisa amakhondomu ngesisekelo esifanayo, ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwa yiCenters for Disease Control and Prevention? Futhi kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi abangaphezu kuka-20% abesilisa abangenayo i -HIV abalala nobulili namadoda (MSM) bazimisele ukuzibeka engozini ngokuzibandakanya ngokocansi?
Abesifazane abahambeli kangcono kulezi zibalo. Kwabesifazane abahlanganyela engozini enkulu, ocansini olungalondekile olungalondoloziwe , umbiko nje we-11% owake wasebenzisa ikhondomu. Okubi nakakhulu, abesifazane basencane kakhulu ukuba basebenzise amakhondomu (kubandakanya abesifazane-ama-doms ) kunabalingani babo besilisa abesilisa nabesifazane.
I-Blame Game
Ukungazi, ukunganaki nokungahloniphi kungase kube impendulo ejwayelekile yokuguqula i-knee-jerk, kodwa lokho kuyisinqumo esilula kakhulu kunalokho, empeleni, inkinga engokwinkimbinkimbi yengqondo.
Eqinisweni, kunezizathu eziningi zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu phakathi kwabantu abadala nabantu abasha . Zihlanganisa yonke into esivela ngayo endleleni esizizwa ngayo ngamakhondomu, lokho esikukholelwayo nge-HIV, ukuthi sixoxisana kanjani ngobulili ebuhlotsheni, kanjani ukuthi sivikelekile ukuthi sikholelwe ukuthi siphethe ukutheleleka, nokuthi ngabe siphila kahle ekusebenziseni ikhondomu .
Ukuhlakaza lezi zinkinga kungaba yinkambinkimbi, okwenziwe kabi kakhulu ngamasiko athile wokubakwa icala labo esibabona njengaba "vectors" (noma imithombo) yokutheleleka nge-HIV.
Esikhundleni sokuvula ingxoxo, sivame ukuyivala-ingozi yokuziphatha ingozi kulabo abangathanda ukuthula ngaphandle kokubhekana nokuhlekwa noma ukungahlonishwa umphakathi.
Esengozini Ngaphambi Kokuthi Siqale
Ulwazi nolwazi yizici ezimbili ezingathinta abantu besilisa kanye nabantu abasengozi kakhulu, kaningi ngamafomu ahlukene kakhulu.
Abagcini ngokuqondile ukuthi kungani senza izinqumo esizenzayo, kodwa futhi basiza ukuthi kungani ngezinye izikhathi sizibeka engozini ngokumelene nesahlulelo sethu esingcono.
Ulwazi alugcini nje ngokuqonda kwethu i-HIV njengesifo, kodwa inkolelo yethu ngokuqondene nokuthi singabhekana kanjani nokutheleleka njengabantu ngabanye. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ingozi ebonakalayo (ingxenye yalokho okuthiwa i-Health Belief Model).
Inengozi ebonakalayo ijwayele ukususelwa emicabangweni engalungile mayelana nokuthi ubani "osengozini enkulu" yokutheleleka, noma yiqembu noma ukuziphatha. Labo, ngokwesibonelo, abakholelwa ukuthi ubulili bomlomo obungavimbelwe phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane "buyingqayizivele kuphela" njengengozi njengoba ubulili obunqandekile obuvikelekile phakathi kwe-MSM engozini enkulu cishe kuzoba nezingxoxo zangaphambili mayelana namakhondomu. Okufanayo kusebenza ezingqondweni ezingalungile mayelana nobudala, ubuhlanga, imfundo kanye neholo.
Ingozi ebonakalayo ingahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwesinye isizwe kuya kwesinye. Nakuba ukuqiniseka ngezesayensi ye-HIV-kubandakanya ukukhula kwesikhathi sokuphila kanye nokuphumelela kokuqala kokuvezwa kwe-prophylaxis (i-PrEP) -kuqondana ngokujwayelekile kuya ekusetshenzisweni kokukhondomu okuphakeme phakathi kwabantu abesilisa nabesifazane, ukuqiniseka okunjalo kunomthelela omubi phakathi kwama-MSM amaningi, abakholelwa ukuthi imiphumela yesifo manje sekuncishisiwe kakhulu ngenxa yesayensi yezokwelapha eqhubekayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungathembeki mayelana nokwelashwa noma ukusebenza kahle kocansi oluphephile ngokuvamile kuhumusha ukusetshenziswa kokunciphisa ikhondomu. Ngokuvamile, lezi zimo zengqondo zikhungethwe ukungathembeki okuyisisekelo kweziphathimandla zempilo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini empofu lapho izinga lokutheleleka liphakeme futhi ukuntuleka kwengqalasizinda kuvimbela ukusabela komphakathi okuphumelelayo. Lezi zici zingaba nomthelela ekuboneni ukuthi i-HIV ibonakala ingenakugwenywa-noma ngisho nokugwema-kulabo abasengozini kakhulu.
Ama-Condom Bias
Ucwaningo olufanayo lwe-Emory University lwembula ukuthi cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zamadoda ahlolwe ngawo abika ukuthi alahlekelwe ukulungiswa ngemuva kokufaka ikhondomu.
Izinhlangano ezingalungile nezimo zengqondo mayelana namakhondomu, owaziwa ngokuthi i-condoms, sekuyisikhathi eside uthulisa umlayezo ovikelekile wobulili. Zibonisa kokubili izithiyo zangempela ezibonakalayo ezingavimbela abantu ukuthi bangasebenzisi amakhondomu, ngisho nalapho ingozi yokudluliselwa eyaziwa. Ngenxa yalokho, abaningi banquma "ukuhweba" phakathi kwengozi engaba khona kanye "nemiphumela" ehlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa kondomu.
Izibonelo zifaka:
- Ukuntuleka kocansi
- Ukunambitheka okungajabulisayo nokunuka
- Ukunciphisa injabulo yobulili kubo bobabili besilisa nabesifazane
- Ukulahlekelwa kokulungiswa
- Ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu kungabonakala njengesimemezelo sokungathembeki noma ukungathembeki
- Ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu kungabonakala njengesibonakaliso sokuziphatha kabi ngokobulili
- Ukwesaba ukubonakala ngokuthi "ingozi enkulu," noma njengengxenye yabantu abathintekayo (isib. MSM, abasebenzisi abasebenzisa izidakamizwa)
Ukukhathala kwekhondomu
Ngokuphambene, ukukhathala kwekhondomu (eyaziwa nangokuthi "ukukhathala ukuvimbela") igama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukukhathazeka okujwayelekile okuvezwa yilabo abakhathele ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu. Lokhu kubonisa ukwehlisa ukusebenza kwemilayezo yokuvimbela, futhi kuvame ukuhambisana namazinga okudluliswa kwamazinga emiphakathini ye-MSM (nakuba ithinta ngokuqondile wonke amaqembu omphakathi).
Ukuqwashisa okuqhubekayo mayelana nezinzuzo ze- antiretroviral therapy kuye kwaholela abaningi ukuba bafune izindlela zokukhishwa ngamakhondomu. Okuyinhloko phakathi kwalokhu kuyinkinga yokwelashwa njenge-Prevention (TasP) , isimiso umuntu onesandulela ngculazi angasakwazi kakhulu ukudlulisela i-HIV uma umthamo wegciwane ingatholakali.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe yiTerrence Higgins Trust eLondon lubonisa ukuthi, yeqembu elilodwa le-MSM ene-HIV, abaphenduli behluleka ukucabangela ukungena kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza maqondana nengozi yokudlulisela lapho benza izinqumo zocansi. Omunye wabika ukuthi ukusetshenziselwa ikhondomu okukhethiwe kwakuvame ukususelwa esimweni esithathwa njengegciwane lesandulela ngculaza somlingani wesondo, kunokuba uthole ingxoxo enolwazi nge-sterostatus, therapy noma umthamo wegciwane.
Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukukhathala kwekhondomu kunomthelela ekutheni umuntu usebenzisa ulwazi lwe-anecdotal ukuze enze noma aqinisekise inkolelo yakhe, ngokuphambene nokwenza ukhetho olunolwazi kuzoba nolwazi olugcwele, olungakhethi.
Amasu ayenzekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa kwekhondom
- Uma ungazi isimo sakho se-HIV futhi usebenza ngokocansi, uhlolwe namuhla. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukwazi isimo somuntu ngokuvamile kwandisa umqondo wemfanelo.
- Esikhundleni sokubhekana ne-HIV ngokwemibandela jikelele, thola ulwazi ngolimi olucacile kwi-HIV ethize kubesifazane, ama-Afrika aseMelika, i-MSM, njll. Lokhu kungatholakala esiteshini sempilo yabesifazane besiseduze, isikhungo se-LGBT noma umtholampilo womphakathi.
- Ukungenelela kwezemfundo ngokocansi (kuhlanganise nemiyalelo yokusetshenziswa kahle kwamakhondomu nokugwema amaphutha avamile ) kuye kwaboniswa ukunqoba izithiyo eziningi ezibonwayo zokusebenzisa ikhondomu. Esinye isifundo, ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu kwanda kusuka ku-29% ukuya ku-71% eqenjini elisengozini, amadoda angqingili emva kokungenelela kwezemfundo eyodwa.
- Ungazibali ikhondomu yabesifazane ehlelwe ukuthi i-Planned Parenthood iyakwazi "ukuthuthukisa ukudlala ngocansi (kusukela) indandatho yangaphandle ingashukumisa i-clitoris ngesikhathi sokulala komzimba." Ama-condoms abesilisa abanikeza nokulawula okusebenzayo kwabesifazane abangase bangakwazi ukuxoxa ngocansi oluvikelekile.
- Ngokubanzi, ukunciphisa izinombolo zobambisene nabo ocansini ngokubambisana nokusebenzisa ikhondomu ephakeme. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okuhlangana kwabantu abangaziwa engaziwa ngenkathi kukhuthaza ingxoxo enkulu mayelana nempilo yezocansi nokuvimbela i-HIV.
- Okokugcina, ukuqasha oxhumana nabo ngokocansi ku-intanethi kuvame ukwenza umkhuba we- serosorting (usebenzisa ulwazi oluku-intanethi ukwenza izinqumo noma izicabango mayelana nesimo se-HIV somuntu). Esikhundleni sokuthembela kolwazi lwephrofayela, thatha ithuba lokuxoxa nge-HIV kanye nezinye izindaba zezempilo ngaphambi kokuhlangana.
Imithombo:
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I-Suzan-Monti, J .; Preau, M .; UBlanche, J .; et al. "Umthwalo wokwelashwa kwe-HIV nokunakekelwa phakathi kwe-MSM enomlingani oqinile we-HIV osondelene ne-HIV." Izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi. Agasti 2011; 87 (5): 396-398.
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Higgins, A .; UHoffman, uS .; kanye noDworkin, S. "Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, amadoda angama-Heterosexual, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane kwi-HIV / AIDS." I-American Journal of Health Public. Mashi 2010; 100 (3): 435-445.