Ngesikhathi sokuqala ngatshelwa ukuthi ngizobona i-anthrax, angizange ngiyiqaphele. Wayephethe uphawu engalweni yakhe eyayibumnyama kunesikhumba sakhe. Akuzange kuvelele ngempela.
Wayezobona udokotela ngesinye isizathu esasiyingozi nakakhulu. Uphawu alulimazanga. Amaphethelo awo aphakanyisiwe kancane. Okunye kwakhe, inkinga yezokwelapha engavumelani yayilokhu icindezela futhi isengozini yayo ngokushesha.
Kodwa wayazi ukuthi yini emnyama. Wathi leli gama. Kwasho amalahle noma amalahle ngolimi lwakhe. Ngangazi ukuthi leli gama lingamalahle noma amalahle avela kolunye ulimi, i-Greek Greek - Anthrax.
Lokhu kwakuyi-anthrax enqamukile. Kungabangela ukufa, kodwa amacala amaningi akwenzi. Uma ungaphathwa kabi, u-1 kwangu-5 angase afe. Ngokwelashwa kwama-antibiotic, ngaphansi kuka-1% abafa ngokubulawa kwe-anthrax.
Kunezinye izinhlobo ze-Anthrax, kuye ngokuthi ukuvezwa. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyingozi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-anthrax enomuthi iyona evame kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele; Amaphesenti angu-95% -99% alabo abathintekile nge-anthrax banesimo esinqunyiwe.
Amacala amaningi e-anthrax emhlabeni jikelele ahluke kakhulu kunaleso sifo esibikwe abezindaba. Kuyinto isifo abanye abalimi ababhekana nazo ngezinye izikhathi. Izinhlamvu ze-anthrax zingadla imvelo isikhathi eside.
Ukwesaba ukuthi i-anthrax ingasakazeka emoyeni njenge-aerosol (noma ithunyelwe ngeposi) ingasetshenziswa njengezikhali. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-bacteria aphumele ezihlokweni ezedlule.
Le ndaba ibanjwe ngezihloko ngo-2001 lapho izincwadi eziqukethe i-anthrax zitholwa ngeposi ngamaphephandaba kanye nama-senator 2 e-US, okuholela ekufeni kwabantu abangu-5 nokuthelela abanye abangu-17. Yenza nezinhloko lapho umthamo wezempi wase-US kungenzeka ukuthi uthumele amasampula aphilayo we-anthrax ezindaweni eziyi-100 e-US nakwamanye amazwe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 kwaze kwatholakala ngo-2015.
Ubani othola i-Anthrax?
Kodwa-ke, i-anthrax isifo esitholakala emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokulima ezivela eHaiti kuya eZimbabwe eSiberia. Itholakala ezindaweni zaseCentral naseNingizimu Melika, eCaribbean, e-Afrika, izingxenye ze-Asia, eningizimu neMpumalanga yeYurophu. Kulezi zindawo, ezinye izilwane, ikakhulukazi izilwane zasemapulazini ezinjengezinkomo, izimvu, izimbuzi, i-antelope, nezinyamazane zingakwazi ukutheleleka. I-anthrax impela ibhaktheriya engokwemvelo etholakala enhlabathini futhi ihlasela izilwane zasendle nalabo abaphakanyiswa ukudla. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukuxhumana nalezi zilwane noma imikhiqizo yezilwane kungaholela ekufweni kwabantu. Ukuphatha noma ukuhlambalaza izilwane kungabangela izifo ezincane; ukudlala emidlalweni eyenziwe ngamacimbi noma ngokunye ukuphatha izidumbu kungabangela ukutheleleka.
Labo abasengozini enkulu yizilwane zezilwane, ababheki, nabalimi, abaduni, abaqeqeshi bezobuchwepheshe, kanye nalabo abangaba yizempi noma abathumeli beposi lapho kwenzeka khona i-bioterrorism.
Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukutheleleka kungasetshenziswa, njenge-heroin yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-Anthrax infections?
Izifo ezehlukene zibangelwa yizinhlamvu ezifanayo ze-anthrax kodwa zixhomeke endleleni yokudlulisela.
Izinsikazi zingabanjwa ngokudla inyama evela esilwaneni esithathelelekile (noma ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu amanzi angcolile amabhaktheriya).
Imfuyo igonywa e-US ukugwema lokhu. Abanye bangase bagxume lokho abaphefumulayo, njengokungena emcimbini wokugubha ngenduku engcolile.
Kungabangela imbangela yomkhuhlane, ukubola, ukuvuvukala entanyeni, umkhuhlane, ubuhlungu ekugwinya, ukubhekana nobunzima, ukuhlukumeza kanye nokuhlanza ikakhulukazi ngegazi, isifo sohudo ngokuvamile ngegazi, ubuhlungu besisu, ukuvuvukala kwesisu nokukhwabanisa. Akuyona nje ukutheleleka kwesisu, kodwa kunalokho kungaba nokukhukhumeza kwentamo evelele futhi eyingozi.
Ukufa kungu-25-75%.
I-inhalation itholakala ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu eziphazamisayo emoyeni (i-aerosolized) njengezinto eziphazamisa izinhlamvu ezilwaneni noma emacimbini abo, njengokucubungula uboya, ukufihla, inyama, noma ngisho nasemcimbini wokugubha ngenduku engcolile.
Lona uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu futhi olubulalayo.
I-anthrax ye-inhalation ibangelwa umkhuhlane, ukukhubeka, ukuphefumula, ukudideka, ukukhwehlela, ukukhwehlela inhlanzi / ukuhlanza, ubuhlungu besisu, ikhanda lokukhwabanisa, ukugcoba ukujula, ukukhathala, izimbali zomzimba, kanye nesicathulo sekhanda.
Labo abafa ngalo ngokuvamile banamanzi asemzimbeni emaphashini abo, ukuvuvukala ebuchosheni babo, kanye nokuvuvukala enhliziyweni yabo (i-pericardial effusion) kanye nesisu (ascites). Abanye bane-rash (petechial). Ama-lymph nodes (mediastinal) kanye ne-pengu ingaba nezicubu ezifile kanye nokuphuma kwegazi.
Ukufa kungu-80%. Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, ukucutshungulwa kubhekwa ukuthi kufinyelela ku-100%.
I-cutaneous itholakala uma i-spores ihlala esikhumbeni bese ingena ngaphakathi. Kubangela amabhulasha amancane, mhlawumbe amahloni, cishe ahlanganiswe ndawonye. Kungase kube nesilonda esingenabuhlungu esinesizinda esimnyama, nokuvuvukala emaphethelweni, ngokuvamile ekhanda, entanyeni, ezandleni noma ezandleni.
Umjovo ungatholakala ekufakeni izinto zokungcolisa i-anthrax, njenge-heroin . Kufana ne-anthrax encane kodwa isifo singasakazeka ngokushesha futhi ngaleyo ndlela sibe yingozi kakhulu.
Iyiphi uhlobo lama-bacteria?
Kubangelwa amagciwane anesigamu okuthiwa i-Bacillus anthracis. Yini engavamile ukuthi ihlasela ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu. Lezi zinhlamvu zingadla isikhathi eside, ngisho neminyaka eyishumi, enhlabathini noma esilwaneni sokufihla futhi zithelele ngokungalindelekile. Izifo zingasakazeka uma ngabe i-anthrax engaziwa yayiseduze.
Kuphathwa kanjani?
Ama-antibiotic athile asetshenzisiwe. Kungaphezu kweyodwa kungakhethwa ngenxa yokukhathazeka okungaba khona kokumelana.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-antibiotic ezingasetshenziswa nge-CDC. Ukwelashwa kungase kube nevofloxacin, moxifloxacin, noma i-ciprofloxacin. I-Carbapenems ingasetshenziswa njengama-antibiotic anciphisa, ngokuqinisekile, ukukhiqizwa kwe-spore njenge-linezolid noma i-clindamycin. I-chloramphenicol ingasebenza futhi. Ngezinye izikhathi i-Doxycycline isetshenziswa.
Abanye bazodinga ukuzwa nokuvuthwa kwemimoya ukuze bakwazi ukuphefumula ngosizo lomshini. Abaningi bayodinga usizo oluvela emithinini ukuze kugcinwe ukucindezeleka kwegazi.
I-CDC inconywa yi-CDC kulabo abagulayo kakhulu (ukushaqeka ukugxeka okucindezelayo), umlando wokusetshenziswa kwe-steroid, ukuvuvukala ikakhulukazi kwekhanda noma intamo, i-meningitis.
Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukugula?
I-anthrax noma i-injection i-anthrax ingenzeka masinyane ngosuku olulodwa ngemuva kokuvezwa. I-inhalation anthrax ingathatha izinsuku ezingu-7 noma ngaphezulu, kodwa zingapheli izinsuku ezingu-60.
Kuthiwani uma uvezwe?
Kukhona ama-antibiotics - prophylaxis - ongayithatha uma kwenzeka ngaphansi kokuqondiswa komhlinzeki wezempilo wakho ukunciphisa ithuba lokugula. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-Ciprofloxacin, i-levofloxacin, ne-doxycycline, okuyi-FDA evunyelwe, nezinye izilwa-antibiotics, njenge-moxifloxacin; i-amoxicillin, i-penicillin clindamycin. Lawa ma-antibiotic avame ukunikezwa izinsuku ezingu-60 nge-3 shots yomuthi wokugoma.
Ngakho-ke, kukhona umgomo?
Kukhona umgomo kodwa awutholakali umphakathi jikelele. Itholakala kumaqembu athile atholakala engozini - ezempi, ezokulwa nezilwane, abasebenzi abathile bezilwane. I-Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) noma i-BioThraxTM ayinayo i-Anthrax futhi ayikwazi ukubangela i-anthrax. Lo mgomo kucatshangwa ukuthi uvikela ngokungafaki nokutheleleka okuncane kodwa kukhona idatha elinganiselwe. Yavunywe yi-FDA yokugonywa kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokuba ivezwe futhi ilayisensi kusukela ngo-1970.
Imfuyo igonywa e-US.
Ngingayithola yini kumuntu ogulayo?
Cishe cha. Iziguli ze-anthrax azidingi izinyathelo zokuqapha ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi isiguli. Izibhedlela akudingeki ukuba zihlukanise iziguli ezithintekayo. Abahlinzeki bezempilo kumele basebenzise izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zokuqapha .
Kunobungozi obuncane kakhulu ukuthi umuntu onesihluku esiphundu, mhlawumbe isisindo esithathelwanayo, angathinta omunye umuntu. Ngokuvamile, ungathinti noma iziphi izilonda. Ngakho ungathinti i-anthrax enomuthi ngezandla zakho.
Ihlolwe kanjani?
Ama-label okukhethekile e-US angasiza. Ukuhlolwa kwelabhu, uma kuthathwa ngaphambi kwemithi elwa namagciwane, kungabonisa amabhaktheriya avela esampula ye-sputum, ukukhishwa kwe-lumbar, ukudweba kwegazi, isampula lesihlungi sesikhumba. Ama-antibodies egazini nawo angahlolwa. Isikhwama se-X-Ray noma Cat singabonisa "ukuvulwa komzimba" okungasiza ukuxilonga i-anthrax ye-inhalation.