Ukusebenzisa i-Heroin kuye kwavuka e-US; Izifo zingase futhi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-heroin asekhuphuke e-US eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. I-Heroin yokudlula ukushona kwabantu abaningi yande cishe 4. Kufa abangaphezu kuka-8000 e-US kusuka kokudlula ngaphezulu ngonyaka. Amanani okuhlukumeza aphindaphindwe kabili phakathi kwabesifazane futhi avuke ama-50% phakathi kwamadoda e-US.
I-akhawunti yokutheleleka ingozi enkulu.
Ngaphandle kokufa ngokuqondile ngokweqile, ukusetshenziswa kwe-heroin kuhlotshaniswa nezifo okungenzeka-ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile - kuthinta abantu isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuba isidakamizwa sesisuse uhlelo.
Ukwelashwa kokulutha ngokweqile kunganciphisa ingozi yokudlula ngokweqile, kodwa ezinye izifo zingase zihlale kanti ezinye zidale izibazi zohlobo oluthile.
Iqiniso lokuthi i-heroin ivame ukujovwa ukuthi yisiphi isizathu esenza ukuthi izifo zisakaze. Abanye bangase baqale ngokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa zemithi ngaphambi kokuthuthela ekusebenziseni i-heroin engabizi kakhulu. Lokhu kuhamba kungase kube phakathi kwezidakamizwa ezingenayo injected kanye nomuthi okuwukuthi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa kuphela kuyingozi, yebo. Kufa abangu-44 e-US ngosuku ngenxa yokudlula izidakamizwa ezidakamizwa. Cishe ngo-10 ngosuku bafa ngenxa ye-heroin ngokweqile.
Kunezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko lapho i-heroin ingabangela khona lezi zifo
a) izinaliti ezabelwana kanye neminye imishini yokujova - okuholela ekutheleleni okusakazwa ngegazi
b) imijovo engeyona oyinyumba - eholele ekutheleleni kwamabhaktheriya esikhumbeni
c) i-heroin engcolisiwe - eholele ekutheleleni okungajwayelekile
Izifo Zisakazwa Ngensizakalo Ekwabelwene Ngayo
I-Hepatitis C
I-Hepatitis C igciwane elidala ukulimala kwesibindi. Kungenzeka ngesethulo esibucayi esithumela labo abathintekile esibhedlela, kodwa abaningi abanesandulela ngculaza banesifo esingenasifo abaqaphelayo kuze kube yilapho isibindi sesibindi sithuthukile. Kunezindlela ezintsha zokwelapha ezinikeza isithembiso esisha sokuphatha lesi sifo.
Lesi sifo sivame ukusabalalisa ngemishini yokujoza okwabelwana ngayo - njengezilinganiso ezibiwe. Kucatshangwa emhlabeni jikelele ukuthi cishe emhlabeni wonke amaphesenti angama-90 e-Hepatitis C ahlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, kodwa cishe ingxenye engama-54% amacala ase-US. Izifo ze-Hepatitis C nazo zikhuphuke eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Eminyakeni ye-2000 kuthuthukiswa izifo ezintsha eziyingozi, eziphawulekayo ngonyaka ngamunye e-US futhi kancane kancane ngaphansi kuka-30,000 kucatshangelwa ukuthuthukisa ukutheleleka unyaka ngamunye (njengoba amacala amaningi ethule futhi engabonakali lapho eqala khona). Kukhona amacala angaba ngu-2.7 million we-Hepatitis C engapheli e-US. Izifo eziningi zenzeka eminyakeni yama-1970 nangama-1980 futhi ziphikelela, njengoba nje kuphela ama-15-25% ahlanza igciwane futhi angenwa igciwane lesandulela ngculaza. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ku-1 kwabangu-3 abasebenzisi abasebenzisa izidakamizwa ezincane (ama-IDU) (abaneminyaka engu-18-30) abanesandulela ngculaza, kuyilapho ama-70-90% asebekhulile noma ama-IDU angaphambili aphethwe.
I-hepatitis B
I-hepatitis B iyigciwane elingavumelani ne-hepatitis C, kodwa futhi lidluliselwa ngokuhlanganyela izinaliti futhi kubangele ukulimala kwesibindi. Ukutheleleka kwesifo se-Hepatitis B (HBV) kuma-IDU kubikwa ukuthi kunamaphesenti angu-20 e-United States ngo-2010
I-HIV
I-HIV ingasakazwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene - ngokusebenzisa ubulili, ukuzalwa, ukumpontshelwa igazi, kanye nezinaliti ezabelwana kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenza.
Emhlabeni wonke, kucatshangwa ngamaphesenti angama-30 okutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ngaphandle kwe-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara.
Ngokufanayo, i-HTLV kanye ne-Malaria, lapho ikhona khona, ingasakazeka nge-IVDU.
Izifo Zisakaza Ngokuntuleka Kwamacebo Oyinyumba
Kunezifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo ngoba izinaliti, nakuba zingabelwe, zisetshenziselwa ngaphandle kwezinqubo eziyinyumba. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinaliti kudinga ukujwayela kanye nezinqubo zokugwema ukusakazeka kwezifo, njengoba ochwepheshe bezempilo befunda. Baphonsa isikhumba esivame ukumbozwa amabhaktheriya, ukuthatha ama-bacteria ngaphansi kwesikhumba futhi mhlawumbe angene egazini.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi isikhumba sethu sigcwele amabhaktheriya evamile, njengengxenye ye- microbiome yethu.
MRSA
Enye yebhaktheriya evamile yasakazeka ngale ndlela yiStaph Aureus, kuhlanganise ne- MRSA (okuyinto ifomu elimelana nezidakamizwa likaStaph Aureus). Kunezinye izifo ezibangelwa amabhaktheriya-afana ne-Group A streptococci (i-GAS eboshelwe eziningana zezifo ) - lokho kungaholela ezifweni ezingenayo. Kodwa-ke, umlandu oyinhloko yi-MRSA (futhi ngezinga elithile uMSSA, iStaph Aureus elingenamelana nama-antibiotic abalulekile ukuthi i-MRSA ikhona).
Izifo ezibangelwa yizibhaktheriya zingasakazeka ngesikhumba, lapho izinaliti zisakaza amabhaktheriya ngaphansi kwesikhumba, zidala izifo, ezifana nezifo zesikhumba, njenge- cellulitis , noma amapokhethi amancane, njengezinwele (noma amathumba), noma amaphakethe amakhulu njengama-abscesses. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-cellulitis zingaba mnene, kanti ezinye zingaholela ezifweni ezithambile nezifo ze-muscle nakwezinye izifo ezinzima ezifana ne- fasciitis necrotizing . Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ze-IV kungathumela umuthi, ngakho-ke amabhaktheriya, ngqo egazini. Lokhu kungabangela ukutheleleka egazini, okuholela ekuguleni kwe- sepsis nokugula okukhulu kuye ngokuthi amabhaktheriya. Ama-bacteria angakwazi ukusabalala kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba zegazi nezitshalo ezihlanganisa amagagasi enhliziyo (endocarditis), amathambo (i-osteomyelitis), amalunga (i- septic arthritis ), kanye nama-abscesses ngaphakathi, njengesibindi. Lezi zifo zingabangela ukulimala kwansuku zonke, njengokulimala kwe-valve yenhliziyo okungabangela ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo noma ukulimala okuhlala njalo nokubuhlungu kwamathambo namalunga.
Ukwelashwa kwe-MRSA - kanye nezifo eziningi ezimbi, njenge-endocarditis, ukuthi kubangela, ngokuvamile kudinga ukwelashwa kwe-IV okwesikhathi eside. Lokhu kungaba yingozi ikakhulukazi kulabo abadakwa izidakamizwa ezine.
Izifo Ezibangelwa Izidakamizwa Ezidakamizwa Ezisetshenziswa
Izidakamizwa ezijojelwe azivamisi 'zihlanzekile' kodwa ngokuvamile zixutshwe nezinye izinto. Ukuze imithi esetshenziswa ezibhedlela, noma yiziphi izidakamizwa ezijojelwe ezigulini zidinga ukuba izithako ziqinisekiswe ngokucophelela ukuthi ziyinyumba. Kodwa-ke, ngokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, izinto ezixutshwe nezidakamizwa zingafaka ezinye izinyunyana ezincane ezingakwazi ukuthelela labo abafaka izidakamizwa.
Lezi zifo zingenziwa ngenxa yebhaktheriya engavamile engabonakali esikhumbeni. Eziningi zalezi zifo zibangelwa yizinhlamvu ezingahlala isikhathi eside.
Abanye bangase baxube izidakamizwa ngamanzi okupompi, okungekho oyinyumba, okuholela ekutheleleni kwezifo ezincane emathonjeni (njengePseudomonas). Ukwakhiwa kwekoloni okungavamile kungase kwenzeke, ikakhulukazi ekugcineni, okuholela ekutheleleni okungaqondakali egazini, le-non-toxinogenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
I-Botulism
I-Botulism isifo esingajwayelekile esingabhubhane kodwa singabonakali manje ngenxa yezinyathelo zokuphepha ekudleni ukudla nokulungiselela. I-clostridium botulinum spores ingcolisa i-heroin, ikakhulukazi "i-heroin yama-black black". Ingasakazeka ngesikhumba esiphambukayo noma ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezi-IV okuholela ekutheleleni kwezilonda kumasayithi okujola. Kungabangela ubuthakathaka, izinkophe ezinamahloni, umbono obonakalayo, nobunzima bokukhuluma nokugwinya. Ngoba kungukutheleleka okungajwayelekile futhi labo abasebenzisa izidakamizwa ze-IV bangase bayeke ukufuna ukunakekelwa, ukuxilongwa kungase kubambezeleke. Kodwa-ke, ngoba izinhlamvu zingcolisa amabhasi we-heroin ngaphambi kokusatshalaliswa kungaholela ezimweni eziningi ekugqaseni phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa i-heroin efanayo.
I-Tetanus
Ama-tetanus spores angangcolisa umjovo we-heroin - noma ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa noma ngesikhathi sokujola. I-Clostridium tetani itholakale ngokwemvelo emvelweni njengokungcola noma imishini ebomvu. E-US, amacala angu-15% we-tetanus ayenzeka ngonyaka ngamunye kubantu abafaka izidakamizwa, njenge-heroin. E-UK, ukukhuphuka okungazelelwe kwe-tetanus kwenzeke, kuhlotshaniswa nesilingo se-heroin kubantu abangu-25 ngo-2003-2004.
I-tetanus igweme kakhulu ngokugoma kokugoma kwe-tetanus (ama-shots ama-5) nokukhuphula yonke iminyaka engu-10 noma i-booster ephindaphinda uma kuvezwa (ukulimala kakhulu) futhi akukho nhlobo yokukhulelwa iminyaka emihlanu.
I-Anthrax
Nakuba i- anthrax ivame ukuletha isithombe se-bioterrorism, izinhlamvu ezibangela i-anthrax zingatholakala ngokwemvelo kwezinye izindawo. Kwakukhona ngempela amacala angu-82 e-Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) eScotland ngo-2009-2010 phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa i-heroin. Iningi lalinesifo sofuba kodwa ezinye zaba nezifo ezinzima.
Amanye ama-spores izifo ezibangelwa izinhlamvu nazo zabikwa - i-Bacillus cereus (isihlobo sika-Bacillus anthracis) noClostridum sordellii (isihlobo sikaClostridium botulinum neClostridium tetani)
Abanye bangase bakwazi ukuthuthukisa ezinye izifo, njengeSifo sofuba, ngenxa yezimo zokuphila ezinzima futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-TB ingasakazeka kalula lapho kukhona okungaphezulu kokunciphisa umzimba, njenge-HIV noma ukungondleki.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nokusiza ekubhekaneni nokuhlukunyezwa kwe-heroin, i-CDC itusa ukubiza ngokuthi: 1-800-662-HELP noma ufune ulwazi oluvela kwi- National Institute for Drug Abuse.