Okuthi Manje Sithatha Kanjani
A
Izinsuku zokuqala ze-captioning kuthelevishini zisho amazwibela avuliwe, ngamazwi aphrintiwe ngqo esibukweni. Vula amazwibela aqala nge-French Chef ku-PBS (1972). Ngokushesha kwalandelwa ezinye izinhlelo ezibandakanya:
- I-ABC World News Tonight echazwe ngegama
- Sondeza
- Once Upon Classic
Lezi zinhlelo zakuqala zachazwa yi-WGBH Center Caption Center. Kodwa-ke, kubikwa ukuthi ukuvota amagama okuvuliwe kwakungamukeli kahle umphakathi womphakathi futhi lokhu kwaholela ekuthuthukiseni amazwibela avaliwe.
Amagama-ncazo avaliwe asakazwa kumugqa wesi-21 wekhasi lokuvala elingenalutho, futhi azibonakali ngaphandle kokuthi kusetshenziswe ukuhlelwa kwe-decoding. (Ukusetshenziswa koMugqa 21 wamazwibela avaliwe kwavunywa ngo-1976 yi-Federal Communications Commission).
Ukuqala kwamazwibela avaliwe
Ngithole isaziso esincane ephephandabeni lendawo lwami ukuthi uhulumeni usungule i-National Captioning Institute engenzi-nzuzo engathengisa amakhodididi akhethekile ekuchazeni amagama okuvaliwe, futhi lokho okushiwo amazwi okuvaliwe kuzoqala ngo-1980. Kwasungulwa i-National Captioning Institute entsha ukuze igweme ukungqubuzana okungase kube khona kokuba ne-PBS ngokusebenzisa isikhungo se-WGBH-Caption, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezinhlamvu zamanye amanethiwekhi. Ngokushesha ngaqala ukugcina yonke imali yami ukuze ngiyi-decoder. Ngisakhumbula uhambo oluya eSears ukuze ngithathe i-decoder yami yokuqala, futhi injabulo yami ngo-March 1980 njengoba ngibheke uhlelo lwami lokuqala oluvaliwe, isiqephu sikaBarney Miller, esitokisini esincane somnyama nomhlophe.
Amazwibela wevivinywa avaliwe akhula, kodwa akwanele ukwanelisa izithulu. Inkinga yayiyi-classic inkukhu nesimo seqanda kuyilapho abasakazayo bengathandi ukufaka amazwibela ngaphezulu ngaphandle kokuthi abathengisi abaningi bezithengiswa futhi abantu abaningi abanokulahlekelwa kokuzwa abafuni ukuthenga amakhowudi kuze kutholakale izinhlelo eziningi ezichaziwe.
Eqinisweni, njengoba ngafunda kamuva, abaqashi abakhulu babethengwa ngabantu abazwayo, ikakhulukazi abantu abafunda isiNgisi njengolimi lwesibili, abathola ukuthi bangazuza kulokhu okushiwo amagama, kunabantu abayizithulu ngokwabo. Izici eziningana zigcinwe ukuthengiswa kwe-decoder low: izindleko, ukutholakala okulinganiselwe, futhi okungenani, ukwehluleka kwabantu abanzima ukuzwa ukulahlekelwa kwezindlebe ngokuba nomshini wokunamathisela ohlanganiswe nesethi yethelevishini.
Izombusazwe Zengcaphuno Evalelwe
Umlando wokuqala wamazwibelayo avaliwe nawo ugcwele izinkampani zezombusazwe. I-CBS ekuqaleni ayizange ibambe iqhaza ngoba i-CBS ifuna ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-teletext esikhundleni sencazelo ye-line 21. Lokhu kubangele ukuphikisana okusebenzayo ngokumelene ne-CBS ngumphakathi oyisithulu. Ngisakhumbula ngihlanganyela embhikisho owodwa njengomfundi we-NTID ekuqaleni kwama-80s, lapho amaqembu e-NTID abafundi behlehliselwa edolobheni laseRochester ukuze bajoyine embukisweni esiteshini se-CBS sendawo. Ngo-1984, i-CBS yanikezela futhi yavuma ukusakaza amazwibela kulayini 21 (futhi ucingo lwafa maduze).
I-Battle Captioning Battle
Ama-videotapes asekhaya avele ngamazwibela, kodwa ukukhetha kwakunzima kakhulu. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, abantu abayizithulu bafaka phakathi nami baqala ukuphikisa.
Ukuya kuvidiyo ye-Blockbuster kwakuyinkinga ekukhungathekeni. Ngazibandakanya nenhlangano eqalwe nguStuart Gopen no-Andrea Shettle, ukuze uthole amazwibela amaningi kumavidiyo we-videotapes ekhaya. Ngibambe inhlangano ethi "I-Caption Action." Ukunyakaza kwe-Caption Action kuphumelele ekutholeni amazwibela avaliwe kumavidiyo amaningi, kufaka phakathi uchungechunge lwe-Star Trek, nochungechunge oluthile lwevidiyo yeRiphabhulikhi yaseRepublic. I-Caption Action isebenze kanzima ukuthumela umlayezo ezinkampanini zevidiyo zasekhaya ukuthi nakuba amazwibela evidiyo yasekhaya azinikela ngokuzithandela, umphakathi oyisithulu ulindelwe futhi uzodinga amagamabela!
Ukugqama okukodwa kwe-Caption Action yilapho ngikhokhela ukubeka ukukhishwa kwezindaba kumasevisi wezintambo, futhi kuthathwe yi-Variety.
Mhlawumbe umzuzu othakazelisayo kakhulu engangiwuthola ngawo lapho ngithola incwadi evela ku-executive executive eRiphabhulikhi Yasekhaya yeRiphabhulikhi engitshela ukuthi bazoqala ukushicilela amagama. Sekuyisikhathi eside bephikisana ne-captioning kuze kube yilapho ngithatha isinyathelo sokubhala ngasekupheleni kukaSpanky McFarland udumo lwe-Little Rascals. UMnu. McFarland uxhumane neRephabhuliki, kanti konke okunye kwakumlando . (Uma u-Spanky McFarland engakwenzi kanjalo, isinyathelo sami esilandelayo bekuyobe ukulandelela phansi futhi uxhumane noJackie Cooper).
Ngemuva kokuphumelela neRiphabhuliki, umphakathi wesithulu wangincenga ukuba ngithathe amavidiyo we-Star Trek. Ukuze uthole amavidiyo we-Star Trek, ngibhalise ukusekelwa komphakathi we-Star Trek fan, ukubhalela kubaholi bamaqembu we-fans, ukuthumela kuma-board imiyalezo ye-intanethi, njll.
Umthetho Wezinhlamvu Zikahulumeni Ukulwa
Ngasekupheleni kuka-80s, ukukhula kwethebula lithelevishini kwakusho ukuthi inani elikhulu lezinhlelo azifinyeleleki kubantu abayizithulu futhi abanzima ukuzwa . Okokugcina, uhulumeni waqaphela isidingo somthetho ukusheshisa izinto futhi wanikezwa ukuthi zonke izikrini zethelevishini ziyi-intshi ezingu-13 noma ngaphezulu zikhiphe izigaba zokuvota ezichaziwe ezivaliwe. Lo mthetho wawungumthetho we-Television Decoder Circuitry Act ka-1990. Ekugcineni, sizokhululeka kulabo abashicileli futhi inkinga yenkukhu neqanda izoxazululwa.
Ukuthola lo mthetho kudlulile kwakungeyona nje i-cakewalk, kodwa ivaliwe. Kukhona ukuphikiswa okuvela enhlanganweni ethile ethize. Ngifake ikhophi yombhalo wangempela weCapitol Hill ngummeli walolu hlangano. Umngane nami ngibhala incwadi yokubhubhisa lo mmeli wobufakazi futhi ngiyifeksile enhlanganweni. Into esilandelayo esazi, ummeleli wayengasasebenzi kulowo mhlangano.
Imithelevishini equkethe izakhiwo ezidingekayo yathengiswa ngo-1993, hhayi umzuzwana ngokushesha - cishe inani elilodwa lamakhomithi angu-400,000 lalisithengisiwe ngo-1992. Lokhu kwanda kwamathelevishini okuchazwa ngamagama-ncazo kwakungenakwanele ukukhiqiza ukwanda okukhulu kokutholakala kwamagama-ncazo. Esinye isizathu sasiwukuthi amazwibela ayenamsebenzi wokuzithandela, owavame ukubangela ukuthi iziteshi zomsakazo ziwubukele njengento eyayizotholakala ngemithombo engaphandle kunokumane nje uyiphathe njengezinye izindleko zebhizinisi. Ephendula, iCongress ngo-1996 yadlulisa uMthetho wezokuThuthukiswa kowezi-1996, owamisa amazwibela avaliwe kuthelevishini. Lesi senzo sisize ukukhulisa ukukhula okusheshayo embonini yemibhalo yokuvota. Nakuba akuzona zonke izinto ezithelevishini ezitholakala emagama, sifike indlela ende kusukela emahoreni angu-15 okuqala ngeviki yokuhlelwa kwenkulumo ngo-1980.
Ukukhula kombono we-captioning kubonakala kwiwebhusayithi engiye ngaqala ngo-1995, iWebhu ye-Captioning Web. Ngenkathi ekuqaleni i-website enenjongo yonke, sekuyiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokuthola izinsizakalo zokubamba amagama, nokuthola imisebenzi embonini yegama lokubhaliwe.
Ikusasa lamazwibela
Iyini ikusasa? Kusukela manje, ukucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kwezwi kuyaqhubeka futhi ngolunye usuku, kungase kuthathe isikhundla sokubhaliwe njengoba sikwazi namhlanje. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, imboni yegama-ncazo iyaqhubeka nokwandisa ukuze ihlangabezane nesidingo esivezwa ngumthetho.