Ukuxilongwa kwesifo somdlavuza webele kunzima kakhulu. Kodwa namhlanje, ngezinga lokusinda elingaphezulu kuka-98%, kunezizathu eziningi kunanini ngaphambili lokuba nethemba. Ngesinye isikhathi, umdlavuza webele usheshe utholakale lapho isisu sikhulu ngokwanele ukubona noma ukuzwa. Manje ingabonakala - futhi ilashwe - ngaphambili, ngokuvamile ngaphambi kokuba noma yiziphi izimpawu zivele zivele.
Intuthuko ebalulekile emdlalweni webele, ukuxilongwa kanye nokwelashwa kufaka:
- Amamography
- Ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlinzwa
- Umswakama
- I-Chemotherapy
- Izidakamizwa ezinciphisa i-estrogen
- Ukuhlolwa kofuzo
- Ukwelashwa kwamangqamuzana okuhlosiwe
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, ukuthuthuka kwezokwelapha kuye kwasiza ukuguqula ukuqonda kwethu komdlavuza.
Ukuthuthuka kwe-Cancer Diagnosis
Kusukela ngawo-1950, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-mammography kuthiwa ukukhulisa isilinganiso seminyaka emihlanu yokusinda umdlavuza webele wendawo (ongakaze usakaze kusuka kwendawo yawo yemvelaphi) kusuka ku-80% kuya ku-98%. I-Mammography manje iyindlela eyodwa yokuthola umdlavuza webele. Izindlela ezilandelayo zisetshenziswe eminyakeni edlule ukutholakala:
- I-Standard Mammography - Ngemuva kuka-1967, i-mammography ye-diagnostic yathola ukuthandwa nokufakwa kwemishini ikakhulukazi yebele ye-breast-ray. Ngaleso sikhathi, inhloso yokwenza i-mammography - okufana naleyo i-MRI namhlanje - kwakuwukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kwezimo eziphuthumayo ezazivele zikhonjwe. Ukuhlolwa kwamagciwane - manje kuneluleka kubo bonke abesifazane abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu - kwaqala ngawo-1980.
- I-Digital Mammography - I-Digm Mammography yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 futhi inikeza izithombe ezinemininingwane eminingi kanye nesitoreji esilula sokuqhathaniswa kwesikhathi esizayo, kodwa namanje ayitholakali ezindaweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kwamadolobha nezibhedlela ezinkulu zokufundisa. Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi i-digital mammography izuzisa ikakhulukazi abesifazane abangaphansi kuka-50 ababuye babe nezinkathi, futhi nalabo abanezicubu ezincelisayo zesifuba. Izicubu ezinamafutha amancani angenza okungafani kahle kwezimpawu ezinomzimba omncane. Kwabaningi besifazane, idijithali ayinembile kunokwakheka kwe-mammography evamile, kodwa cishe izikhathi ezine ezibizayo futhi okungencane okumele zihlanganiswe umshuwalense.
- I-Three-Dimensional Mammography - Ubuchwepheshe obusha obuvunyelwe yi-FDA ngo-2011, ukulandelana kwe-three-dimensional mammography kungase kuveze izithombe ezicacile ngamathemba okukhomba amaphilisi amaningi futhi unciphise inani lokuphindaphindiwe kwamakhemikhali ngesigamu.
- I-Ultrasound - Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, odokotela baqala ukusebenzisa i- ultrasound ukubona ukuthi i- cyst esitholile kakade yayinamandla noma i-liquid, okuyi-diagnosis eyasiza.
- I-MRI - Ngo-2007, i-American Cancer Society (ACS) yakhuthaza i- MRIs minyaka yonke yabesifazane besengozini enkulu yomdlavuza webele, kodwa inqubo iyabiza futhi iyatholakala kuphela emadolobheni amakhulu. Ayikho i-ultrasound noma i-MRI engayibona ukuthi i- microcalcifications , okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi isignali yokuqala yomdlavuza. Enye ingozi ukuthi i-MRI ayikwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuhlukanisa umdlavuza we-anomalies enobungozi (noncancerous), okwenza kube ne-biopsies eyengeziwe - inqubo esetshenziselwa ukususa isampula (ama) esithombeni esivela esithombeni esicatshangelwayo.
- Izivivinyo zeBrippinal Breasts kanye nokuzivocavoca - I-ACS yayikhuthaza izivivinyo zesikhumba zonyaka zonke zokwelashwa ngezidakamizwa nodokotela kanye nokuzihlola kwebele (BSEs), ngo-2015, bavuselela imihlahlandlela yokuthi bangasaphakamisi ukuhlolwa kwebele emtholampilo ukuhlolwa kwesifo somdlavuza webele abesifazane abasengozini enganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Ukwelashwa, ukukhwabanisa, kanye ne-Chemotherapy
Lezi zindlela ezilandelayo ezikwelapha ziye zasetshenziswa eminyakeni eminingi:
- Izindlela Zokuhlinza - Izisindo ezinkulu - ukususwa kwezinyosi, izifuba zesifuba kanye nezindwangu zengculaza - zenziwa ngezinye izikhathi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940 kwaletha ukuguqulwa kwe-radical mastectomy , evikela imisipha. Ngomnyaka we-1970, ukuhlinzwa okulinganiselwe okwenziwe kakhudlwana kwaqala ukusetshenziswa, kugxile ekususweni kwe-tumor kanye nesilinganiso esincane sezicubu ezizungezile-evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i- lumpectomy ." Ngo-1985, i-lumpectomy ehlanganiswe ne-radiation therapy yabonakala iphumelela njengendlela ye-mastectomy ngokwezinga lokusinda kodwa kwaholela ekutheni izinga eliphezulu lokuphindaphinda lendawo.
- I-radiation - Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, odokotela basebenzisa imisebe yokuqala ukuze bahlehlise izicubu zomdlavuza.
- I-Chemotherapy - Yethulwa ema-1940, i-chemotherapy inganciphisa usayizi we-tumor ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa, igweme ukuphindaphindiwe ngemva kwalokho iphinde iphathe umdlavuza oye wakha kabusha , okungukuthi, usakazeka ngaphesheya kwendawo yokuqala. Yize iveza imiphumela emibi, kufaka phakathi ukucwenga, ukukhathala kanye ne-bone umthamo we-poisonous, i-chemotherapy ayinzima kakhulu namhlanje kunaneminyaka edlule.
Ukuphumelela Kwemithi
Lezi ndlela ezilandelayo ezihlukahlukene zokwelapha ziye zasebenziswa:
- Amakhemikhali e-selective Estrogen Receptor (ama-SERM) - ama-SERM, njenge- Nolvadex (tamoxifen) , alwa namagciwane angadinga i-estrogen ukuze akhule ngokunciphisa ikhono le-estrogen ukungena esitokisini somdlavuza. Ebesifazane abengozi kakhulu, i-tamoxifen itholwe ukunciphisa ukuphindaphinda nokuthuthukiswa komdlavuza webele we-invasive ngo-50% uma kuthathwa isikhathi seminyaka emihlanu. I-Tamoxifen ibangela ingozi yomdlavuza wesibeletho ongewona obulalayo; ingozi, noma kunjalo, incane kakhulu. I-Evista (raloxifene) , isisindo esifanayo, nakuba esiningi kakhulu esisebenzayo, asizange sitholakale sibe nengozi yomdlavuza we-uterine. Akubhekwa njengengxenye esikhundleni se-tamoxifen futhi kuhloswe kuphela kulabo abanomdlavuza wesifuba we-estrogen.
- I-Aromatase Inhibitors - Kwabesifazane abakwa-post-menopausal, i- aromatase inhibitors - iglasi lemithi efaka i- Arimidex (i-anastrozole) , i- Aromasin (i-exemestane) ne- Femara (i-letrozole) - umsebenzi ngokunciphisa i-estrogen etholakala kumaseli omdlavuza futhi itholakala ukuthi iyasebenza kakhulu kune-tamoxifen kwabesifazane abangama-postmenopausal futhi abanomdlavuza wesifuba we-estrogen.
- Imithi yokwelashwa ehlosiwe - i- Herceptin (i-trastuzumab) iyindlela yokwelashwa ehlosiwe ehambisana ngokuqondile nesimo esithile somdlavuza webele onamaprotheni amaningi HER2 / neu ngaphezulu. Ibulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza, kodwa izicubu ezincane kakhulu ezinempilo. I-Herceptin ihlangene nokuchotshozwa kwe-chemotherapy ngokuphindaphindiwe komdlavuza webele we- HER2 / neu-positive ngo-50%.
Ukuvivinya nokuvivinya kweGenesis
Namuhla, siyazi ukuthi ukudla okunempilo , ukuvivinya umzimba njalo , ukugcina isisindo phansi nokugwema utshwala kungasiza bonke abesifazane ukuba banciphise ingozi yomdlavuza webele.
Kwabesifazane abathile, ukukhetha okuphila kungase kungeneli. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990, isayensi iqinisekisile ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile (izinguquko) ezakhiweni ze- BRCA1 ne- BRCA2 zibangela ukukhuphuka kwengozi engama-80% yomdlavuza webele. Abanye besifazane abathola ukuthi basengozini enkulu bathatha isinyathelo esikhulu sokususa amabele abo - futhi ngezinye izikhathi ama-ovari awo, futhi - ekuhambeni ukugwema lesi sifo.
Ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ziyisiqephu esilandelayo. Amasu esizayo angase afaka ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukuze ukhethe ukwelashwa ngeziguli kanye namasu okulungisa noma ukushintsha izakhi zofuzo eziyingozi ngaphambi komdlavuza webele. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi olwengeziwe lwezokwelapha olukhulayo lungashiya abesifazane besabe bekhungathekile njengoba bebhekene nezinqumo zokwelapha ezisebenzayo.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi awodwa. Namuhla, abasindile umdlavuza wamabele bangamandla amakhulu emphakathini wethu, ngenxa yezinombolo zabo ezikhulayo nokubonakala ngezigameko ezifana nomjaho we-National Susan G. Komen Foundation (ngonyaka) weCure. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu okusekela umdlavuza webele , imiphakathi e-intanethi, nezinye izinyathelo zinikeza i-anchor kwabesifazane abathintekayo abanesifo.
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