I-leukemia iqala emnothweni wamathambo , lapho kusetshenzwa khona amaseli amhlophe egazi futhi lapho onke amangqamuzana egazi ehlala khona. Cabanga ngomnkantsha wamathambo njengomshini womzimba wakho wokukhiqiza wonke amangqamuzana egazi-amangqamuzana abomvu, amaseli amhlophe namaplatelets awakha ama-clot.
Ukuze usebenzise isibonelo semfinini yemoto, ungase uqale ngegobolondo eyisisekelo noma uhlaka lwemoto elitholwa kancane kancane emgqeni womhlangano ukuze ekugcineni ube imoto entsha.
Uma abasebenzi abaphethe umsebenzi wokwenza imoto yezinto eziyisisekelo bahamba ngokweqile, kuye ngokuthi bekhiqize ngokweqile kangakanani, uzoba nemisakazo eminingi yemoto eyengeziwe, futhi lokhu kudla kungase kuphume nokukhiqizwa kwezimoto ezintsha eziqoqiwe ngokuphelele .
E-leukemia, kune-overproduction yamangqamuzana egazi amhlophe angavamile noma "anamathele" esiteji sokuqala sentuthuko-bavame ukufana namafolda akho okuyisisekelo ayengakaze ahlangane ngokugcwele emotweni entsha. Lawa maseli we-leukemia angeke akwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wamaseli omhlophe ahlanzekile avuthiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala kwabo emnothweni wamathambo kukwazi ukuxosha futhi kuvimbele amaseli avamile okwenza igazi ukuze ahlangane neziqu zabo zokukhiqiza. Kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwala maseli angavamile kanye nomphumela wokubamba izicubu ezivamile kubangela izibonakaliso nezimpawu ze-leukemia.
Izinhlobo ze-leukemia
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili, noma izigaba eziyinhloko, ze-leukemia ezibizwa ngokuthi i-leukemia ngokuvamile iziphatha kanjani emzimbeni-acute, futhi engapheli.
Kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezimbili, noma izigaba eziyinhloko, ze-leukemia ezisuselwa kulokho "yimuphi umgqa womugqa" emnothweni wethambo okhuluma ngawo: Ingabe uyakha iJaguar noma i-Lexus? Okushoyo, ingabe wenza iseli legazi elincane noma i-lymphoblastic blood cell?
Amagama ajwayelekile, ajwayelekile, ajwayelekile futhi asebenzisa izilonda noma amancane asetshenziswa futhi ahlanganiswe ukukunika izinhlobo ezine eziyisisekelo ze-leukemia :
- I-lymphoblastic leukemia ephelele (KONKE)
- I-acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- I-lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) engapheli
- I-myelogenous leukemia engapheli (CML)
Ngakho-ke, ungasho ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo ze-leukemia eliyingozi (ZONKE ne-AML) nezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo ze-leukemia ezingapheli (CLL ne-CML); noma, ungasho ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zama-leukemas lymphoid (Konke kanye ne-CLL) nezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zama-leukemias (memodi ne-CML). Ishicilelwe noma iyiphi indlela, uzobe ulungile.
Uhlolojikelele Lwezimpawu Nezibonakaliso
Ezimweni eziningi, izimpawu ezivela ku-leukemia zingase zibe zicashile kakhulu. Lokho kuthiwa, ezinye zezibonakaliso ezixwayisa ezenza iziguli ezine-leukemia zithole ukunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokushesha zihlanganisa: ubuthakathaka nokukhathala; imfiva engahlongozwayo kanye nezifo; ukulimaza okungavamile noma ukuphuma ngokweqile (izinsini eziphuzayo, izindawo ezibomvu ngaphansi kwesikhumba, i-nosebleeds); ukugcwala esiswini, ubuhlungu ezinqulwini noma ematheni; izimpawu ezibandakanya isimiso sezinzwa ezifana nokukhanda ikhanda, izinguquko ezibukwayo, isicanucanu / ukuhlanza; futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-lymph node ivuvukala.
I-leukemia ayitholakali ngokusekelwe ezimpawu, yedwa. Izimpawu eziningi zihamba, noma azicaci ngezifo, kuyilapho ezinye izimpawu zingase zibe izici eziningi zesifo esisodwa noma esinye.
Lapho kutholakala i-leukemia enamandla, ngokuvamile sekukhona inani elikhulu lamaseli e-leukemia akhula ngokushesha.
Izimpawu nezimpawu kungenzeka ukuthi zikhona ezinyangeni ezingaphansi kwezinyanga ezintathu noma ngisho nezinsuku ezimbalwa nje. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-leukemia engapheli ikhula kancane futhi ikhiqiza amaseli avame ukwenza imisebenzi evamile ekusebenzeni kwawo kunamaseli angapheli we-acute leukemia. Ngakho-ke, izimpawu ze-leukemia ezingapheli zingase zingekho ekuqaleni, noma zingathatha iminyaka ukuthuthukisa. Eqinisweni, izimo eziningi ze-leukemia ezingapheli zitholakala ngengozi ngesikhathi sokuhlola okuvamile.
Izimpawu Eziningi Ezivamile
Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu ze-leukemia azicacile futhi aziqondile. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu bavame ukuwachazela, bethi bazizwa sengathi behlela phansi okuthile noma bebelokhu bezwa ukugijimela phansi phansi.
Izimo ze-leukemia ezinzima futhi ezingapheli zingenza izibonakaliso ezahluke kakhulu, kodwa. Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu ze-leukemia (zombili ezinzima futhi ezingapheli, ezihlangene) zifaka okulandelayo:
- Ukuzwa Ubuthakathaka, Ukukhathele, noma Ukuvuthwa Ngokujwayelekile. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kubangelwa inani elinciphile lamaseli abomvu egazini noma i- anemia . Lokhu kuvimbela oksijeni okwanele okuthunyelwa ezicukheni nasezintanjeni zakho, okwenza umzimba wakho uzizwe udangele futhi ubuthakathaka.
- Izifo Ezivamile. Amaseli e-leukemia angeke akwazi ukusiza ngokwanele umzimba wakho ukulwa nokutheleleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-leukemia ingaxosha amanye amangqamuzana emnothweni wamathambo, ivimbele umzimba ukuthi ungaqiniseki ukutholakala ngokwanele kwamaseli amhlophe egazi. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abathintekayo yi-leukemia bajwayele ukuthuthukisa izifo. Izingosi ezivamile zokutheleleka zibandakanya umlomo nomphimbo, isikhumba, amaphaphu, i-urinary tract noma isambiso, noma indawo esungeze i-anus.
- Imizwa engaqondakali . Kwezinye izimo, amangqamuzana e-leukemia angabangela umzimba wakho ukuba ukhulule amakhemikhali akhuthaza ubuchopho bakho ukuba bukhulise izinga lokushisa komzimba wakho. Imifula nayo ingabangelwa ukutheleleka.
- Ukuqhuma okungavamile noma ukukhipha ngokweqile. Amangqamuzana e-leukemia abangela ukuqhuma emnothweni wethambo avimbela ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli abomvu egazi elimhlophe namaseplatelet. Ama-plateslet yizingcezu zamaseli ahlangana ndawonye futhi ayeke noma aphuze kancane lapho kulimala kwenzeka esikebheni segazi. Uma kunamaplatelet akwanele, okuthiwa i- thrombocytopenia , ukuphuma kwegazi kungenziwa ngendlela ye-nosebleeds, ukuphuma kwezinyuka ezinzima, izinsini eziphaphayo, izivunguvungu nezindawo ezibomvu ezincane ngaphansi kwesikhumba esibizwa ngokuthi i-petechiae.
- Ubuhlungu Bamafu Nezihlanganisi. Ubuhlungu be-bone kanye obuhlangene buvame kakhulu ezindaweni lapho kunomthamo omkhulu wamathambo, njenge-pelvis (izintambo) noma isifuba (sternum). Lokhu kubangelwa ukuqhuma komnkantsha ngamanani amaningi ngokweqile amangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe.
- I-Lymph Nodes Ekhulisiwe . Ngezinye izikhathi, amangqamuzana e-leukemia angakwazi ukuqoqa ema- lymph nodes futhi abangele ukuba avuvuke futhi abe nesineke.
- Ukukhathazeka Kwisisu. Amangqamuzana angcolile wegazi angakwazi futhi ukuqoqa esibindi nesipelingi esenza isisu sakho sivule futhi singakhathazeki. Lolu hlobo lokuvuvukala lunganciphisa nesifiso sakho, noma ukukwenza uzizwe ugcwele kusenesikhathi.
- Izikhwama Nezinye Izikhalazo Zezinzwa. Izinsophezelo nezinye izimpawu ze-neurologic ezifana nokuqothulwa, isizungu, ukuguqulwa okubukwayo kanye nokucabangela noma ukuhlanza kungase kwenzeke lapho amangqamuzana e-leukemia ehlasela uketshezi oluzungezile ubuchopho bakho nomgogodla, noma i-cerebrospinal fluid. Lolu hlobo lokubandakanyeka kwesimiso esiyisisekelo luvame kakhulu ku -leukemia e -lymphocytic (ALL) .
Izimpawu zezinhlobo ezithile ze-leukemia
- Izimpawu Ze-Acute Leukemia Ezinganeni : Thola kabanzi mayelana nezimpawu, ezingabandakanya i-anemia, ukulimaza noma ukuphuma, ukutheleleka okuvamile, amathambo noma ubuhlungu obuhlangene kanye nokuvuvukala kwe-lymph nodes.
- I-Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) enamandla : Lolu hlobo lwe-leukemia lunezimpawu ezithile ezibonisa ukuphuma kwegazi nokuqhaqhazela ngaphezu kwezibonakaliso ezingavamile ezingavamile.
- I-Lymphocytic Leukemia (YONKE) : Lolu hlobo lwe-leukemia luhlasela kakhulu izingane. Ngaphandle kwezibonakaliso ezingavamile ezingavamile, kungaba nezimpawu ze-neurological uma zingena emthonjeni we-cerebrospinal wobuchopho nomgogodla.
- I-Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) engapheli : Amaphesenti angama-40 ama-CML iziguli ayengenayo impawu nhlobo-itholakale ekuhloleni okujwayelekile noma ukuvakashela esinye isifo.
Ukuxilongwa nokuhlolwa
Odokotela basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola ukuze baxilonge amagciwane egazi , bahlele, futhi banqume impendulo yabo ezikwelapha ezihlukahlukene.
- Ungalindela ukuhlolwa kwegazi njengokubala kwegazi okuphelele kanye negazi le-peripheral smear.
- Ngokuvamile ezinye izivivinyo ezifana nokuhlolwa kwe- bone marrow ziyadingeka.
- Ukuxilongwa kokuqala kwe-leukemia kudinga isampula se-biopsy ezimweni eziningi. Lokhu kungase kube umongo we- bone smear kanye ne-biopsy. Kwezinye izimo, ikakhulukazi nge-CLL, isampuli yamathambo wesidumbu asidingeki ukuba ihlolwe, njengoba amangqamuzana angavamile atholakale kalula egazini, noma kungenziwa ngaphambi kokuqala ukwelashwa kwe-CLL. Ukuhlolwa okungeziwe kwamaseli kuvame ukuwenziwa ngokubika okuchazayo, kufaka phakathi ukubukeka okuncane kakhulu kodwa futhi nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwamakaki namagciwane athile.
- Ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-leukemia, umthamo wamagogasi ungabuye uhlolwe; kungase kube khona isibindi se-x-rays, ama-PET / CT kanye nezinye izivivinyo.
Izwi elivela
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zimpawu nezimpawu nazo zingabangelwa ezinye eziningi, izimo ezingezona umdlavuza. Uma ukhathazekile nganoma yiziphi izimpawu ozizwayo, kufanele ufune usizo njalo kumhlinzeki wezempilo oqeqeshiwe.
I-leukemia ayikwazi ukutholakala futhi ihlolwe ngokugcwele ngokusekelwe kwezibonakaliso nezimpawu kuphela. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuhlolwa nezinqubo okumelwe zigcwaliswe ukuqinisekisa isixazululo esicatshangelwayo se-leukemia.
Imithombo:
> Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, et al. Ukubuyekezwa kuka-2016 ku-World Health Organisation ngezigaba ze-myeloid ne-acute leukemia. Igazi . 2016 Meyi 19; 127 (20): 2391-405.
> Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, Harris NL, et al. Ukubuyekezwa kowezi-2016 kweHlelo Lwezwe LezeMpilo leNhlangano ye-Lymphoid neoplasms. Igazi . 2016 Meyi 19; 127 (20): 2375-90.