I-asthma eyenziwa yi-irritant (noma i-IIA okwesikhashana) wuhlobo lwe-asthma yomsebenzi elibangelwa ukuvezwa kwegesi, imfucumfucu, izimpukane noma izinhlayiya ezingenayo. Isimo esifanayo sisifo esibucayi se-airway disysitive syndrome (noma ama-RADS amfushane).
Lezi zifo zibhekwa njenge-asthma yokusebenza ngenxa yokuthi okuningi kokuchazwa kwezidakamizwa eziholela ku-RADS nase-IIA kwenzeka endaweni yokusebenzela.
Kodwa-ke, ukuvezwa kokubangela ukucasula kungenzeka emakhaya noma ezindaweni zomphakathi, futhi; Ngakho-ke, i-RADS ne-IIA ayisoloko ihlobene nomsebenzi.
I-RADS ne-IIA zaqale zaziwa njengezifo ezihluke ngo-1985, kanti izinkinga eziphathelene nokuxilongwa kwazo ziye zaheha impikiswano ethile. Ukusungula uxhumano olucacile phakathi kokuchayeka komuntu emangalisweni omzimba futhi izimpawu zomuntu wezifo ze-asthma akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukwengeza, ukuhlukanisa i-RADS ne-IIA evela kwezinye izinhlobo ze-asthma kungaba nzima.
Umehluko Phakathi kwe-RADS ne-IIA
Ngokuvamile, ama-RADS atholakala uma umuntu (ngaphandle kwesifo se-asthma esandulele ngaphambili) eqala izimpawu ze-asthma ngemuva kokuvezwa okungazelelwe (okuvame ukubhekana nengozi) kanye nokubonakala okuphawulekayo kokumangalisa. Ngemuva kokuchayeka kokuqala, umuntu onama-RADS unezimpawu zokuphefumula ezenzeka ngokushesha (kungakapheli amahora angu-24).
I-RADS ikholelwa ukuthi ibangelwa umthelela oqondile oqondile emangqamuzaneni afaka umoya womoya.
Ukucasuka kubangela ukuphendula okuvuvukala okungafani nokuphendula okweqile ekuvezeni okuphindaphindiwe-indlela eya kubantu abaningi abane-asthma.
Impikiswano mayelana nokuxilongwa kwe-IIA noma i-RADS ephansi-dose ikhona endleleni ehlongozwayo yesifo. Umbuzo uhlala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungabangela ukulimala okuqondile kumaseli kusuka ekuvezeni kwezinga eliphansi elide, ngaphandle kokukhipha ingxenye.
Iphaneli lobuchwepheshe elise-UK, elihlangene ngo-2006, lathola igama elithi "i-asthma ekhungathekisayo" kunokuba i-RADS, kanti ngenkathi iphakamisa igama elithi "isisindo esincane esicasulayo esiphuthumayo" esikhundleni se-dose ephansi i-RADS-lapha yaqhubeka ukungavumelani ukuthi ngabe le nhlangano ikhona yini.
Ukuvuvukala Ngenxa Yomsindo We-Airway
Lapho abantu behlushwa inani elikhulu le-irritant, ama-tissue ahambisana nemikhumbi yawo yomoya awonakele. Umonakalo ufana nokushisa, ngokulahlekelwa kwamangqamuzana aphezulu kanye nezindawo ezincane zokugaya nokuvuvukala ngaphansi komhlaba.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukusabela okwehlukile kuhlukile ngoba kuhilela impendulo yomzimba womzimba. Ukuhamba kwemimoya yabantu abanesifo esingapheli sephaphu ngenxa ye-RADS kuyodla futhi kubonise ukufaka ama-deposit fibrous, futhi ama-tissue e-airway ahluleka kakhulu.
Ukuxilongwa Nokunakekelwa
Kunezinqubo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuqaphela i-RADS ne-IIA
- Ukucindezeleka kwe-Airway nge-wheyzing, ukukhwehlela, nokuphefumula okwenzeka ngemva kokuvezwa kokumangalisa (njenge-chlorine, ama-cleaning agent noma umusi). Ku-RADS, lokhu kwenzeka ngemuva nje kokuvezwa okukhulu; e-IIA, lokhu kwenzeka emva kokuncane okuncane, ukuvezwa okuningi.
- Ayikho umlando wezikhalazo zangaphambi kwe-asthma.
- Izimpawu ziqhubeka ngaphandle kokuchayeka kokuqala.
Ngama-RADS, abantu abaningi bachaza ukuzwa okuvuthayo okusheshayo ekhaleni nasemphinjeni ngesikhathi sokuchayeka, lapho izimpawu zomoya zihamba ngokushesha noma ngemva kwamahora.
Uma umuntu esevele ekwazi ukuvezwa kwezinga eliphakeme kumuntu ocasulayo, futhi akekho umlando wangaphambilini wezikhalazo zamaphaphu, izimpawu zivele kalula ngokubonakala kwazo. Kodwa-ke, lapho umuntu esevele ekwazi ukuyeka isikhathi eside noma okuningi, kunzima kakhulu ukufakazela ukuthi lezi zimpawu ziyisizathu esiqondile sokwethukuthelisa.
Uma udokotela esho i-RADS noma i-IIA, uzoqhuba umlando ophelele nokuhlolwa ngokomzimba. Udokotela angase acele ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi yamapulmoni ukuze anqume ukuthi noma ngabe amaphaphu ashintshiwe kanjani.
Ngokuvamile, umuntu onama-RADS uzobonisa ukuthuthukiswa okuncane emacinini ngemva kokusebenzisa imithi ethile ye-asthma (ama-bronchodilators afana ne-albuterol) kunabantu abane-asthma.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvezwa, ama-steroid ngomlomo anqunywe ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala emgwaqweni. I-steroid engenayo ifakwe uma izimpawu ziqhubeka.
Kuningi Kangakanani?
Akucaci ukuthi ukuvuthwa kwama-irritants kuvame ukudala i-RADS ne-IIA. Izifundo zabasebenzi abathintekayo ekuchazeni amakhemikhali amakhulu-njenge-chlorine, i-acetic acid noma ukuvuza kwe-mustard-baye babonisa ukuthi u-11% kuya ku-57% walabo bantu abavezwayo bakhiwe ama-RADS. Kwesinye isifundo sabashayeli bezimlilo abaye bavela emanzini eWorld Trade Center ngoSepthemba 11, 16% bathola ukuthi bane-RADS 1 ngonyaka kamuva. Esinye isifundo sabo bonke abasebenzi abane-asthma yokusebenza emazweni angu-4 bathola ukuthi ama-RADS amele amacala angu-14% azo zonke izimo eziphathelene nomsebenzi we-asthma.
Izisebenzi eziningi zibeka abantu engozini enkulu yokuzivelela okungahambi kahle okungabangela i-RADS ne-IIA. Ama-irritants ahlale ekhonjiswe njengento ethintekayo ekuthuthukiseni lezi zifo afaka ama-acids ahlukahlukene, ama-bleaching agent, ama-agent okuhlanza, i-chlorine gas, ukukhipha i-dizeli, i-formaldehyde, i-sulfur dioxide, kanye ne-isocyanate, evame ukusetshenziselwa ama-plastiki nama-adhesive.
Noma ubani osebenza ngezinto eziyingozi kufanele aziwe ngezingozi. Iziphathimandla ze-Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) ukuthi abaqashi kumele babe nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezifaka imishini yokuvikelwa, imfundo, kanye nemiyalelo ngalokho okufanele kwenziwe uma kukhona ukuvezwa kwengozi. Uma usola ukuthi umqashi wakho akahambisani nalezi ziqondiso, xhumana nehhovisi lakho le-OSHA lendawo.
Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yezokwelapha engaphazamisa imisebenzi ejwayelekile, kungaba nemiphumela yomphakathi kanye nezezimali ze-RADS ne-IIA kanye. Odokotela nabacwaningi baqhubeka befuna izindlela ezicacile zokuxilonga lezi zimo ngenxa yobungcweti nobuchwepheshe obungasinika iziguli ezithintekayo. Kubantu abavezwayo nabalimele emsebenzini, ukuxilongwa okunembile kuyadingeka ukuthola ukuthola isinxephezelo kanye nezinzuzo.
Okuqukethwe okuhlelwe nguNaveed Saleh, MD, MS, ngo-2/11/2014.
Imithombo:
I-Banauch, GI, Dhala, A., Alleyne, D., Alva, R., Santhyadka, G., Krasko, A., Weiden, M., Kelly, KJ, no-Prezant, DJ "Bronchial Hyperreactivity kanye nezinye Ukulimala Kwangaphakathi Kwangaphakathi Emisebenzini Yokusindisa / Ukubuyisela Ngemva Kokuthi I-World Trade Center Ihluke. " Umuthi Wokunakekelwa Okubalulekile (2005) 33 (1) I-Suppl: S102-S106. 18 Meyi 2007 (abstract)
Bardana, EJ "I-Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome (i-RADS): Izinkombandlela Zokuthola Ukuxilongwa Nezokwelapha kanye Ne-Insight Kungenzeka Ukuhlaziya." Ama-Annal ofergy, i-Asthma, ne-Immunology (1999) 83 (6): 583-586. 18 Meyi 2007 (abstract)
Bhérer, L., Cushman, R., Courteau, JP, Quevillon, M., Cote, G., Bourbeau, J., L'Archeveque, J., Cartier, A., naseMala, JL "Ucwaningo lwaBasebenzi bezokwakha Ukuphinda Kuvezwe KuClorine Ngesikhathi Esiyizinyanga ezintathu kuya kweziyisithupha Ngesikhumbuzo: II. Ukulandelwa kwabasebenzi abathintekayo nge-Questionnaire, i-Spirometry, nokuHlola kokuphendula kweBronchial 18 kuya ku-24 Inyanga Ngemuva kokuthi ukuvezwa kuphelile. " Imisebenzi Yezemisebenzi Nezemvelo (1994) 51: 225-228. 18 Meyi 2007 (abstract)
I-Brooks, SM, Weiss, MA, no-Bernstein, IL "I-Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome (i-RADS): Okuqhubekayo I-Asthma Syndrome Ngemuva kokuvezwa okuphezulu kwezinga eliphezulu." I-Chest (1985): 88: 376-384. 18 Meyi 2007 (abstract)
Brooks, SM, Hammad, Y., Richards, I., Giovinco-Barbas, J., noJenkins, K. "I-Spectrum ye-Irritant-I-asthma ekhishwayo: Ukusekela okungazelelwe futhi okungenakwenzeka ngokungazelelwe kanye nendima yokungezwani komzimba." I-Chest (1998) 113: 42-49. 18 Meyi 2007 (abstract)
UFrancis HC, uPrys-Picard CO, Fishwick D, Stenton C, Burge PS, Bradshaw LM, Ayres JG, Campbell SM, Niven RM. Ukuchaza nokuphenya nge-asthma yomsebenzi: indlela yokuvumelana. I-Occup Environ Med. 2007 Jun; 64 (6): 361-5.
Gautrin, D., Boulet, LP, Boutet, M., Dugas, M., Bhéré, L., L'Archeveque, J., Laviolette, M., Cote, J., naseMala, JL "Ingabe i-Reactive Airways ingasebenzi I-Syndrome i-Variant of Occupational Asthma? " I-Journal of Insectriology and Immunology Clinic (1994): 93 (1): 12-22. 18 Meyi 2007
Henneberger, PK, Derk, SJ, Davis, L., Tumpowsky, C., Reilly, MJ, Rosenman, KD, Schill, DP, Valiante, D., Flattery, J., Harrison, R., Reinisch, F., I-Filios, i-MS, no-Tift, B. "Ukusebenza Okuhlobene Ne-Airways Ukukhubazeka Kwama-Syndrome Amacala kusuka ku-Surveillance ku-Amakhethi ase-US akhethiwe." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2003) 45 (4): 360-368. 18 Meyi 2007 (abstract)
Kern, DG. "Ukuqubuka kwe-Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome Ngemuva kokuchitha kwe-Glacial Acetic Acid." Ukubuyekezwa kweMelika yezifo zokuphefumula (1991) 144 (5): 1058-1064. 18 Meyi 2007 (abstract)