Funda ukuthi kungani i-CDC iyancoma, uma inikezwa, nokuningi
Imithi ingaba yinye yezinyathelo ezingcono zokuzivikela umzali ongathatha ukuze avikele usana, ingane, noma intsha eziguleni ezithathelwanayo. Imithi ethile yokugoma ingavimbela nezifo kubantu abadala. Imishanguzo isisiza ukuba sigweme imiphumela embi yempilo efana nobuhlungu, ukulala esibhedlela, ngisho nokufa. Kubalulekile ukuthi wonke umuntu athole igciwane njengoba kunconywa-hhayi kuphela impilo yabo kodwa impilo yabanye, futhi.
Ukugonywa kunconywa ngokusekelwe eminyakeni yobudala, ubulili, ngisho nalapho kuhamba khona. Ngaphambi kokuba sibheke kulokho okushiwo yilowo nalowo, ukubuka kabanzi kwezinzuzo zomuntu ngamunye kungasiza.
- Ukugoma kwe-Hepatitis B kuvimbela isifo sesibindi esidluliselwa ngegazi.
- Umgomo wokuvikela i-DTaP uvikela i-iphtheria, i-etanus, ne- p ertussis. I-Diphteria ihlanganisa umphimbo emgodini owuhlaza, okwenza kube nzima ukuphefumula. I-tetetus ingabangela ukuqina komfutho we-muscle futhi kuthiwa "i-lockjaw." I-Pertussis iyabamba ukukhwehlela.
- Umgomo wokuvikela i- Hib uvikela i- Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b, okungabangela ukuphefumula , i-meningitis, ne-epiglottitis (ukuvuvukala kwe-epiglottis).
- I-PCV13 ivikela izifo ze-pneumococcal. Ezinganeni ezincane, izifo ze-pneumococcal zingabangela i-pneumococcal meningitis. Kubantu asebekhulile, ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukuphefumula.
- Umgomo wokuvimbela u-poliovirus awuvikelekile ngokuvikela i- poliomyelitis, engabangela ukukhubazeka okungapheli.
- Umuthi wokugoma we-Rotavirus uvikela i-rotavirus, imbangela evamile kakhulu yokuhuda isisu.
- Umgomo wokuvikela i-MMR uvikela ama- m easles, m mps, ne- r ubella. Izimpukane nezinsimu zingabangela ukulimala kobuchopho. I-Rubella ingabangela ukukhubazeka okunzima kakhulu.
- Umuthi wokugoma we-Varicella uvikela ukukhukhuka kwezinkukhu, okuyinto nakuba ibhekene nabantu abaningi, kungabangela ukutholakala esibhedlela-ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezingane ezincane.
- Umgomo wokuvikela i-Hepatitis A uvikela isifo sobindi esiyingozi (okungukuthi, esifushane). I-Hepatitis A isakazwa yizinto zokudla namanzi ezingcolile futhi zijwayele ukudala izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, okuholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwezomnotho.
- Umuthi wokugoma we-Influenza uvimbela ukungena komkhuhlane.
- I-Tdap ivikela isetanus, i-iphtheria, ne- p ertussis. Kuyafana ne-booster DTaP.
- Imishanguzo ye-Meningococcal ivikela izifo zesifo se-meningococcal, okubangela ukuba i-meningitis nokutheleleka kwegazi.
- Umgomo womuntu we-papillomavirus uvikela amakhemikhali abangelwa i-papillomavirus yabantu. Okuphawulayo, i-papillomavirus yomuntu idala izidakamizwa zobulili . Lo mgomo uphakanyiswa kokubili abafana namantombazane.
- I-PPSV23 ivikela ukuphefumula kwe-pneumococcal pneumonia futhi ivame ukuphathwa kubantu asebekhulile.
- Umgomo wokuvikela umkhuhlane we- yellow fever uvikela isifo se-yellow fever, isifo esishisayo. Abahambi kanye nabantu abavela emazweni athile ashisayo kuphela abagonywe.
- Umuthi wokugoma we-Shingles unciphisa ingozi yokuba abantu abadala asebekhulile. Ama-shingles abangela ukuqhuma okubuhlungu kakhulu.
- Umuthi wokugoma we-cholera unikezwa abahamba ezindaweni ezibandayo. Ikholera ibangela isifo sohudo esiyingozi.
- Umuthi wokugoma we-encephalitis waseJapane uvikela ukuvikela i-encephalitis yaseJapane. Nakuba abantu abaningi abathintekile nge-encephalitis yaseJapane ababonanga izimpawu, i-encephalitis yaseJapane ingabangela ukutheleleka kobuchopho. Umgomo uyanconywa ukuba abahambi baye e-Asia yasemaphandleni.
- Umuthi wokugoma we-typhoid unikeza isivikelo ngokumelene ne-typhoid, abantu abayithola ngokudla ukudla nokungcola okungcolile. I-typhoid ibangela imfiva, ubuhlungu besisu, ubuthakathaka, nokuningi. Abahambi emazweni asathuthuka kufanele bacabangele ukugoma.
- Umuthi wokugoma wama-rabi uvikela ama-rabies. AmaRabi abulala iningi labantu abangatholi ukugonywa okusheshayo emva kokuvezwa. Abantu abalunywa yizilwane zasendle kufanele bathole ukugoma.
I-Hepatitis B Vaccine
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Izinsana
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kokuqala: Kungakapheli amahora angu-24 okuzalwa
Inani lamanani: 3
Isikhathi:
- Ekuzalweni
- Phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-1 no-2
- Phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-6 no-18
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa nowesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: I- Hepatitis B yisifo esibangela ukuvuvukala kwesibindi. Kungabangela i-cirrhosis, isimo lapho izicubu ezibomvu zifaka khona izicubu ezinempilo eziholela ekuhlulekeni kwesibindi nomdlavuza wesibindi.
I-virus ye-hepatitis B isakazwa ngegazi noma kwezinye izifo zomzimba. E-United States, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.25 banesandulela ngculaza (okungukuthi, isikhathi eside) ukutheleleka kwe-hepatitis B. Amaphesenti angamashumi amathathu nesithupha alaba bantu abanesandulela ngculaza ebuntwaneni. Kuze kube ngamaphesenti angama-25 abantu abathintekile njengoba izinsana zifa ngesifo sesibindi njengabantu abadala, yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvimbela ukutheleleka ngokugoma ngesikhathi sokuzalwa.
I-Diphtheria, i-Tetanus, i-Acellular Pertussis (DTaP) Umgomo
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Izinsana nezingane ezincane
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kuqala: izinyanga ezimbili
Inani lamanani: 5
Isikhathi:
- Ezinyangeni ezimbili
- Ezinyangeni ezingu-4
- Ezinyangeni ezingu-6
- Phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-15 no-18
- Phakathi kweminyaka engu-4 no-6
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa nowesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: I- Pertussis ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukukhwehlela." Isifo esithathelwanayo esibangela ukugula okukhwehlela okugcina amasonto amabili noma ngaphezulu futhi kungahambisana nokuhlanza. I-Pertussis iyingozi kakhulu phakathi kwezinsana futhi ingaholela ekuphefumulweni komphefumulo, ukulimala komqondo, ukugubha nokufa.
I-Pertussis yisifo esilawulwa kabi kakhulu esingavinjelwa ngomgomo wokugoma. Imvamisa ye-pertussis crescendos yonke iminyaka engu-3 kuya kweyesihlanu, futhi inani lamacala liye lavela kusukela ngawo-1980. Imishanguzo ye-DTaP iphumelela phakathi kwama-80 no-89 amaphesenti wesikhathi. Ngamanye amazwi, ngisho noma umuntu egonywa, kungenzeka ukuthi asenwe yi-pertussis.
Umgomo wokuvikela i-DTaP uvikela nokulwa ne-diphtheria ne-tetanus. I-Diphteria igubungela umphimbo emgodini obanzi futhi iholela ekukhubaleleni, ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo, nezinkinga zokuphefumula. I-tetetus ibangela ukuqina kwemisipha, ikakhulukazi kwekhanda nentamo, yingakho ibizwa ngokuthi "lockjaw." Lokhu kuqinisa imisipha kwenza kube nzima ukuvula umlomo, ukugwinya nokuphefumula. Ngisho nasesikhathini sokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwanamuhla, omunye wabantu abayishumi abathintekile nge-tetanus uyafa, kodwa ingozi iyanciphisa kakhulu uma uthola igciwane njengoba kunconywa. Izincomo zokukhuthaza ziphakanyiswa kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka engu-11 njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi.
I-Tetanus, i-Diphtheria, ne-Acellular Pertussis (i-Tdap)
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Izinsana
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuqala kokuphatha: Phakathi kweminyaka engu-11 no-12
Inani lamanani: 1 kanye ne-tetanus booster njalo eminyakeni eyishumi
Isikhathi: Phakathi kweminyaka engu-11 no-12; i-tetanus booster njalo eminyakeni eyishumi
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: I-Tdap iyi-vaccination yokuphefumula evikela nokulwa ne-tetanus, i-diphtheria, ne-pertussis. I-adolescents kuqala ithola umgomo phakathi kweminyaka engu-11 no-12 futhi ithola ama-TD boosters (i-tetanus ne-diphtheria kodwa hhayi i-pertussis) njalo eminyakeni eyishumi. Abesifazane kufanele bathole umgomo ngokukhulelwa konke ngoba abantwana bangengozini enkulu yokuphambana. Okuphawulayo, izingane zigonywa kuqala nge-diphtheria, i-acellular pertussis, ne-tetanus (umgomo wokuvikela i-DTaP) ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala.
I-Haemophilus influenzae hlobo b (Hib) Umgomo
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Izinsana
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kuqala: izinyanga ezimbili
Inani lamanani: 3 noma 4 (kuye ngokuthi kwenziwe kanjani umgomo wokugonywa kwe-Hib)
Isikhathi (uma ama-4 amanani):
- Izinyanga ezimbili
- Izinyanga ezingu-4
- Izinyanga ezingu-6
- Phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 no-15
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa nowesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: Umuthi wokugoma u-Hib unganikwa wedwa (Hib kuphela) noma uhlanganiswe neminye imithi. Umgomo wokuvikela i-Hib uvikela amabhaktheriya okuthiwa i- Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b (Hib). Inothi, nakuba umkhuhlane umelela i- "I" Ku-Hib, la mabhaktheriya awabangeli "umkhuhlane" wonyaka.
Ama-hib bacteria asakazwa emoyeni. Ukwelashwa ngamabhaktheriya e-HIb kungabangela ukuguqulwa kwamantombazane (ukutheleleka kohlobo lwamanzi kanye nobhebhe lobuchopho nomgogodla); i-epiglottitis (ukutheleleka kwe-epiglottis, i-flap of cartilage ehlanganisa i-windpipe ngenkathi igwinya); kanye ne-pneumonia (ukutheleleka kwamaphaphu).
Umuthi Wokugoma I-Pneumococcal Conjugate (PCV13)
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Izinsana
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kuqala: izinyanga ezimbili
Inani lamanani: 4
Isikhathi:
- Ezinyangeni ezimbili
- Ezinyangeni ezingu-4
- Ezinyangeni ezingu-6
- Phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 no-15
Isilinganiso esisodwa singanconywa kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 noma ngaphezulu.
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa nowesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: I- PCV13 ivikela izinhlobo ezingu-13 zamabhaktheriya e-pneumococcal. Izifo ze-pneumococcal zibangelwa i-pneumonia; ukutheleleka kwegazi (okungukuthi, i-bacterium); kanye ne-meningitis. I-pneumonia ye-pneumococcal ihlasela kakhulu abantu abadala.
Izingane ezingenalo i-unvaccinated zingathola i-pneumococcal meningitis, ebulala amaphesenti angama-10 ezingane ezithintekayo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ugonywe njengoba kunconywa. I-pneumococcal meningitis nayo ingabangela ubumpumputhe nokuzwa.
Nakuba noma ubani angathola izifo zepneumococcal, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili, abantu abaneminyaka engama-65 noma ngaphezulu, ababhemayo, futhi abantu abanezimo ezithile zempilo basengozini enkulu. Ngenxa yokuphikiswa, ama-antibiotics asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo ze-pneumococcal asebenzi kangcono kunalokho ayevame ukukwenza, yingakho ukugoma kubaluleke kakhulu.
Umuthi Wokuvimbela I-Poliovirus
Iqembu lesikhathi samabanga aphansi: Izinsana nezingane ezincane
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kuqala: izinyanga ezimbili
Inani lamanani: 4
Isikhathi:
- Ezinyangeni ezimbili
- Ezinyangeni ezingu-4
- Phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-6 no-18
- Phakathi kweminyaka engu-4 no-6
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection e-US; ngomlomo (ngomlomo) etholakalayo emhlabeni jikelele (ongasetshenzisiwe e-US kusukela ngo-2000)
Ubulili: Owesilisa nowesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: Iningi labantu abanegciwane lesifo sofuba angekho izimpawu. Amaphesenti angaphansi kwe-2 abantu abhekana ne-poliomyelitis, noma ukutheleleka kwesistimu ye-central central, engabangela ukukhubazeka okungapheli.
Akuzange kube khona izimo ze-poliomyelitis e-United States amashumi eminyaka. Noma kunjalo, namanje kunconywa ukuthi zonke izingane zigonywe ngoba kunezifo eziphuthumayo kwamanye amazwe.
Umgomo we-Rotavirus
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Izinsana
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kuqala: izinyanga ezimbili
Inani lamanani: 2 noma 3 kuye ngokuthi wenze
Isikhathi (uma ama-3 amanani):
- Ezinyangeni ezimbili
- Ezinyangeni ezingu-4
- Ezinyangeni ezingu-6
Umzila wokuphatha: Ngomlomo
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Inothi elikhethekile: Imishanguzo ehlukene ye-rotavirus yasungulwa ngoba kwakusobala ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlanzeka nokuhlanzeka kungasiphuli lesi sifo. I-Rotavirus yiyona imbangela evamile kakhulu yokuhuda kwezinsana nezingane ezisemhlabeni wonke futhi kubangelwa amacala angama-2 no-3 wezigidi e-United States, ama-hospital hospital angu-60,000, naphakathi kokufa kuka-20 no-60.
Imithi yokugoma, i-Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
Iqembu lesikhathi samabanga aphansi: Izinsana nezingane ezincane
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kokuqala: izinyanga ezingu-12
Inani lamanani: 2
Isikhathi:
- Phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 no-15
- Phakathi kweminyaka engu-4 no-6
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Amanothi akhethekile: Umuthi wokugoma we-MMR umgomo ohlangene ovikela ukulwa nesimungumungwane, ama-mumps no-rubella.
Ama-measles ahlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nezinguquko zesikhumba (ama-Koplik amachashazi) nokushona. Liphinde kubangele ukucindezeleka, noma ukulimala kwengqondo. Amangqamuzana angabangela ukuvuvukala okubuhlungu kwamagundane we-salivary (parotid). Kungabangela ukuvuvukala kwama-pancreas nama-testicles kanye nokulimala komqondo nokufa. I-Rubella ibangela ukukhuliswa kwe-lymph nodes, ukuqhuma kwesikhumba, nobuhlungu obuhlangene. Kungabangela ukukhubazeka okunzima ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa.
Umthamo wokuqala we-MMR wokugoma uvikela amaphesenti angu-95 kuphela alabo abagonywe, yingakho kudingeka umthamo wesibili. Muva nje, kube nokuqubuka kwesimungulu phakathi kwabantu abangatholi ukugoma, kuhlanganise ne-Disneyland eyodwa.
I-Varicella Vaccine
Iqembu lesikhathi samabanga aphansi: Izinsana nezingane ezincane
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kokuqala: izinyanga ezingu-12
Inani lamanani: 2
Isikhathi:
- Phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 no-15
- Phakathi kweminyaka engu-4 no-6
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: I- Varicella-zoster virus ibangela inkukhu (futhi ukuvuselela kubangele ukukhukhula kubantu abadala). Ukutheleleka kunomthelela omkhulu. Amacala amahlanu ka-1000 e-varicella-zoster virus aholela esibhedlela.
Iningi labantu abahlala esibhedlela liphakathi kweminyaka eyodwa nesine ubudala, yingakho ukugonywa kwabantwana kubalulekile. Ngaphezu kokutheleleka kwesikhumba, i-varicella-zoster virus ingase ibangele ne-pneumonia.
Umuthi wokugoma we-Varicella-zoster unganikezwa nabantu emva kokuvezwa kwegciwane ukunciphisa ukutheleleka. Inothi, ukuphathwa kwendawo yonke yokugoma kwe-varicella kuholela ekunciphiseni izindleko ezihambisanayo. Ngokuqondile, kuwo wonke ama-$ 1 asetshenziselwe ukugoma, i-$ 5 igcinwa.
I-Hepatitis A Vaccine
Iqembu lesikhathi samabanga aphansi: Izinsana nezingane ezincane
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kokuqala: izinyanga ezingu-12
Inani lamanani: 2
Isikhathi: Nge-CDC, "Qalisa uchungechunge lwe-HepA lwe-2-dose ezinyangeni ezingu-12 kuya kweziyi-23; hlukanisa ukulinganisa oku-2 ezinyangeni ezingu-6 kuya kwezingu-18."
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: I- Hepatitis A ibangela ukugula okunzima (okungukuthi, isikhathi esifushane). Idluliselwa ngokudla namanzi angcolile. Ukuhlanzeka okungcolile nokuhlanzeka kokungcola kwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka kwe-hepatitis A.
Nakuba kungavamile ukubulala, ukutheleleka nge-hepatitis A kungabangela izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, okuyisisongo esikhulu empilweni yomphakathi, futhi umuntu onesifo angakwazi ukuphuthelwa amasonto omsebenzi noma wesikole, okuholela ekulahlekelweni komnotho omkhulu emphakathini. Inothi, i-hepatitis A ingamelana nezindlela ezijwayelekile zokudla-ukukhiqiza, okwenza kube i-pathogen enamandla. E-Shanghai ngo-1988, abantu abangu-300 000 bagula ngesifo sofuba esibhedlela i-Hepatitis A ngesikhathi sesifo.
Umkhuhlane wegciwane
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Izinsana, izingane ezincane, intsha, abadala nabantu abadala asebekhulile
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kokuqala: izinyanga ezingu-6
Inani lamanani: 1 noma 2 (kuye ngokuthi ubudala)
Isikhathi: Phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-6 neminyaka engu-9, 1 noma 2 amanani; emva kweminyaka engu-9, ngonyaka
Umzila wokuphatha: Ukungena ngaphakathi noma ukungena kwe-intranasal (kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lomgomo)
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: Umuthi wokugoma we-influenza uvimbela ukungena komkhuhlane wonyaka. Kwabaningi, umkhuhlane wezinkathi kuyisicefe. Kodwa kwabanye, umkhuhlane ubulala.
Ngokusho kwe-CDC: "Ukutheleleka kwengculaza kungathinta abantu ngendlela ehlukile, kodwa izigidi zabantu zithola umkhuhlane njalo ngonyaka, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abhedlele futhi izinkulungwane noma amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abafa ngenxa yezifo ezihlobene nogciwane njalo ngonyaka. Ngisho nabantu abanempilo bangagula kakhulu ngenxa yempuphu futhi bayisakaze kwabanye. "Kubalulekile ukuba ugonywe, hhayi nje wena, kodwa ukuze kuzuze abantu abaningi abengozi, njengalaba asebekhulile noma labo abanezinhlelo zokuvikela amagciwane, futhi .
Imithi ye-Meningococcal
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Izinsana
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuqala kokuphatha: iminyaka engu-11 kuya kwengu-12 (ekuqaleni kwezingane ezisengozini enkulu)
Inani lamanani: Ngokuvamile 2 (booster at 16) kodwa ingahluka
Isikhathi:
- Phakathi kweminyaka engu-11 no-12
- Eminyakeni engu-16 (i-booster)
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: Imishanguzo ye-Meningococcal ivikela ukuvimbela izifo ze-meningococcal ezibangelwa yi- Neisseria meningitides . Lezi zingqimba zenza i-meningitis (ukutheleleka kwendwangu yobuchopho nomgogodla) kanye nokutheleleka kwegazi (ibacteremia noma septicemia). Lezi zinambuzane zisakazwa yizicabha zokuphefumula noma izifo zomzimba (ie spit).
Kwalabo abanesandulela ngculazi, ukwelapha ngokushesha ngama-antibiotic kuyadingeka ukuvimbela imiphumela emibi. Abanye abasha abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-16 no-23 bangaphinde bathole ukugoma ngophawu lwesibili lwegciwane lomuthi olubizwa nge-serogroup B meningococcal vaccine. I-Serogroup B yokugoma i-meningococcal iphinde isetshenziselwe izingane ezineminyaka engu-10 nangaphezulu ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kanye nalabo abane-immunodeficiency.
Umuthi wokugoma we-papillomavirus (HPV)
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Izinsana
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kokuqala: iminyaka engu-11 kuya ku-12
Inani lamanani: 2
Isikhathi: Zombili izilinganiso ezinikezwe phakathi kweminyaka engu-11 no-12 ezinyangeni ezingu-6 kuya kwezi-12 ngaphandle
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: I-papillomavirus yomuntu ibangela izidakamizwa zobulili. Umgomo wokuvikela i-HPV uvimbela ukwelashwa okubangelwa i-papillomavirus yomuntu. Iningi labantu abanegciwane le-HPV alikho izimpawu. Kodwa-ke, i-HPV ingabangela izinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane, kuhlanganise nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho, umdlavuza we-penile, umdlavuza wesibeletho nomdlavuza womphimbo. Nakuba ukugoma kwe-HPV kwakunconywa kuphela kumantombazane, manje kunconywa kubo bobabili abafana namantombazane.
Umuthi wokugoma we-Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23)
Iqembu lesikhathi samabanga aphansi: Ama- Elderly
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuqala kokuphatha: iminyaka engama-65 (incane kumaqembu athile aphezulu)
Inani lamanani: Ngokuvamile elilodwa
Isikhathi: Umthamo owodwa onconyiwe kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 noma ngaphezulu.
Umzila wemijovo: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: I- PPSV23 ivikela izinhlobo ezingu-23 zamabhaktheriya e-pneumococcal. Kuvame ukuphathwa kubantu abadala abadala abangaphezu kuka-65 abasengozini enkulu ye-pneumonia ye-pneumococcal. Eminye amaqembu aphezulu abungozi abancane nawo angagonywa, njengabantu abadala kunama-2 abane-immunodeficiency nezinye izinkinga zempilo yesikhathi eside kanye nalabo bantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-19 abane-asthma noma ababhemayo.
I-Shingles Vaccine
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Abantu asebekhulile
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo
Ubudala bokuphatha kokuqala: iminyaka engama-65 (incane kumaqembu aphezulu kakhulu)
Inani lamanani: Omunye
Isikhathi: Umthamo owodwa owenziwe ngemuva kuka-65
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: Umgomo wokuvikela isilonda uvikela amasondo, okuholela esimweni esibuhlungu kakhulu esibizwa nge-neuralgia ye-post-herpetic. Ngokusobala, umgomo wokugcoba ama-shingles unciphisa ingozi yokuthuthukisa ama-shingles ngamaphesenti angu-51 kanye ne-neuralgia ye-post-herpetic engamaphesenti angu-67.
Nge-shingles, ubuhlungu buba khona endaweni efanayo ne-rash (okungukuthi, eduze kwama-dermatomes). Ama-shingles abangelwa ukuvuselelwa kwegciwane elifanayo njenge-inkukhupox: i-varicella-zoster virus. Njengoba abantu bekhulile, ingozi yabo yokukhula kwezibungu iyanda. Abantu abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-40 abavame ukuthuthukisa i-neuralgia ye-post-herpetic.
I-Cholera Vaccine
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Abantu abadala
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Cha, kuphela kubantu abahamba ezindaweni ezibandayo lapho ikhamera idluliselwa khona.
Ubudala bokuqala kokuphatha: Phakathi kweminyaka engu-18 no-64.
Inani lamanani: Omunye
Isikhathi: izinsuku ezingu-10 ngaphambi kokuhamba
Umzila wokuphatha: Ngomlomo
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: Ikholera yisifo esibangelwa amagciwane e- Vibrio cholera . Ikholera ibangela isifo sohudo esingaba namandla okugijima i-gamut kusuka emnene kuya ekusongeni ukuphila. Ukutheleleka okukhulu kwekholera kubangela ukuhuda, ukuhlanza nokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi. Kulabo abanesandulela ngculaza, kuyadingeka ukwelashwa okusheshayo ngama-antibiotics kanye namanzi ahlanzekile. Umuthi wokugoma wekholera wavunywa kuqala yi-FDA ngo-2016.
I-encephalitis yaseJapan
Iqembu lokuqala (ama) ubudala: Izinsana, izingane, intsha, abadala nabantu asebekhulile
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Cha, kuphela ngabantu abahamba ukuhlala inyanga eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ezindaweni lapho i-encephalitis yaseJapane isakazeka (okungukuthi, e-Asia yasemaphandleni).
Ubudala bokuphatha kuqala: izinyanga ezimbili
Inani lamanani: 2
Isikhathi: Amanani amabili ahlukanisa izinsuku ezingu-28 ngaphandle kwesilinganiso sokugcina anika isonto elilodwa ngaphambi kokuhamba
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: Iningi labantu abathintekile nge-enchephalitis yaseJapane akuthuthukisi izimpawu. Uma isibonakaliso, ukutheleleka kungavela emnene (ie, ikhanda lomkhuhlane kanye nomkhuhlane) kube sína (okungukuthi, ukutheleleka kobuchopho noma i-encephalitis). Encephalitis yaseJapane isakazwa yizinyosi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukutheleleka ngegciwane le-encephalitis yaseJapane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungalimaza ingane engakazalwa.
Umgomo Wokuphuza Nge-Yellow Fever
Iqembu elidala lokuqala (ama): Izinsana, izingane ezincane, intsha, abadala nabantu abadala asebekhulile
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Yebo, kodwa emazweni athile kuphela.
Ubudala bokugoma kokuqala: izinyanga ezingu-9
Inani lamanani: 1
Isikhathi: Umthamo owodwa onikezwe ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-9 noma ngaphezulu
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: Ukugonywa kwe-yellow fever (ukugonywa kwe-17D) kunconywa kubantu abahlala ezindaweni lapho kutholakala khona umkhuhlane ophuzi noma abantu abaya ezindaweni ezinjalo. I-yellow fever isakazwa yizinyoyi eNingizimu Afrika yase-Sahara naseNingizimu Melika. Ukwelashwa nge-yellow fever kungabangela imfiva, ama-acry aches, i-jaundice, nokuningi. (Kubizwa ngokuthi i-yellow fever ngoba i-jaundice ibangela ukuphuziza kwesikhumba, amehlo, kanye namagqabunga e-mucus.) Amaphesenti amancane abantu abane-yellow fever abakha izimpawu ezinzima futhi bafe. Uma uhamba, thatha isilondolozi bese ugonywa.
Isifo Somkhuhlane
Iqembu lesikhathi samabanga aphansi: Izingane, intsha, abadala nabantu abadala
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Cha, kuphela kubahambi abaya emazweni lapho isifo se-typhoid sisakazeka khona (okungukuthi, iAsia, i-Afrika, iLatin America, ne-Eastern Europe).
Ubudala bokugoma kokuqala: iminyaka emibili ngomjovo; Iminyaka eyisithupha yokugoma ngomlomo
Inani lamanani: Kuxhomeke kuhlobo lomuthi wokugoma. Ukujula okunikezwe okungenani okungenani amasonto amabili ngaphambi kokuhamba nokukhuphula njalo eminyakeni emibili kulabo abahlala engozini yokutheleleka kwe-typhoid. Umuthi wokugoma omlomo wanikezwa izikhathi ezingu-4 kanye ne-booster njalo eminyakeni emihlanu kulabo abahlala engozini yokutheleleka kwe-typhoid.
Isikhathi (umuthi wokugoma ngomlomo): I- capsule ithathwe njalo ngosuku ngesonto, ngesilinganiso sokugcina esithathwe okungenani isonto elilodwa ngaphambi kokuhamba
Umzila wokuphatha: Ngomlomo (umlomo wokugoma we-typhoid ophilayo); umjovo (umuthi wokugoma ongasebenzi)
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: Umuthi wokugoma we-typhoid usiza ukuvimbela ukutheleleka okubangelwa yi-bacteria okuthiwa i- Salmonella Typhi . Izimpawu zokutheleleka kwe-typhoid zibandakanya umkhuhlane omkhulu, ubuthakathaka, ukukhathala, ukukhanda ikhanda, ukulahlekelwa isifiso, izinhlungu zesisu, nokuphuza okuncane kakhulu.
Abantu bathola i-typhoid ngokudla ukudla nokumanzi okungcolile. Ukwelashwa akuvamile kubantu base-United States, eCanada, eNtshonalanga Yurophu nakwamanye amazwe asezimboni. Okuphawulayo, umuthi wokugoma we-typhoid uyasiza lapho uhamba, kodwa akuzona amaphesenti angu-100 avikela ukutheleleka; Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqaphele ukugwema ukudla nokungcola okungcolile.
Imishanguzo yamaRabi
Iqembu lesikhathi samabanga aphansi: Kuncike eminyakeni yobudala.
Kunconyelwe wonke umuntu: Cha, kuphela kulabo abatholakale ku-rabies (ngokuvamile ngokulunywa kwezilwane zasendle) noma kubantu abasengozini enkulu yokuchayeka, njengezilwane zezilwane, abaphathi bezilwane kanye nabasebenzi be-laboratory. Abahambi baya ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwe-United States lapho izidakamizwa zivame futhi zizokwehliselwa izilwane kufanele zibheke nokugoma.
Ubudala bokugoma kokuqala: Kuncike eminyakeni yobudala.
Inani lamanani: 4 kulabo abavezwayo futhi abazange bavezwe ngaphambili. Okuphawulayo, labo abasengozini enkulu bangaphathwa njalo. I-Rabies Immune Globulin, enye isibhamu, ilawulwa ngesikhathi esisodwa njengomuthi wokuqala wokugoma i-rabies.
Isikhathi (sokuchayeka kwesikhathi sokuqala):
- Ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka
- Usuku lwesithathu
- Usuku lwesikhombisa
- Usuku lweshumi nane
Umzila wokuphatha: Injection
Ubulili: Owesilisa noma owesifazane
Amanothi akhethekile: AmaRabi yisifo esibi kakhulu segciwane. Kungathatha amasonto noma izinyanga ukuze izimpawu ze-rabies zivele, kodwa uma zenza, ama-rabies cishe njalo aholela emiphumeleni emibi. Noma ubani oye wavezwa (ngokujwayelekile ngesilwane sasendle) kufanele agonywe ngokushesha.
Ekuqaleni, ama-rabies angabangela ukushisa, ukukhathala, ubuhlungu, ikhanda, nokucasula. Lezi zimpawu zokuqala zilandelwa ukucubungula, ukuhluleka, ukukhubazeka nokufa. Nakuba ama-rabies engavamile e-United States, atholakala ngokwengeziwe kwamanye amazwe. Amabhati angumthombo ovame kakhulu wokutheleleka kwe-rabies e-United States. Phakathi kuka-16 000 no-39,000 baseMelika bagonywa unyaka ngamunye njengendlela yokuqapha.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Isiphakamiso Sokunconywa Kwabadala Ku-2017: Ngokweminyaka.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Amashejuli Wokugoma: Ithenda lezingane nentsha.
> Parashar UD, i-Glass RI. I-Viral Gastroenteritis. Ku: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Izimiso zikaHarrison ze-Internal Medicine, 19e eNew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Izitatimende Zokwaziswa Ngezifo: I-Pneumococcal Polysaccharide VIS.
> I-World Health Organization. I-yellow fever.
> Zimmerman R, Middleton DB. Isahluko 7. Imishanguzo Yomntwana Ejwayelekile. Ku: South-Paul JE, Matheny SC, Lewis EL. ama-eds. Ukuqaphela Kokuqala Nokuphathwa Kwemithi Yomndeni, 3e eNew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011.