Ukwamukelwa ngokubangela ukunciphisa okukhulu kwezifo eziyingozi ezifana nesimungumungwane kanye nesifo sofuba, imishanguzo iyamenyezelwa njengenye yempumelelo enkulu yomphakathi emiphakathini yomlando wanamuhla. Kodwa basebenza kanjani? Ukudubula okulula kungasivikela kanjani ekuguleni?
Ukugoma kuqeqeshwa amasosha omzimba wakho ukukhomba nokulwa nezifo ezithile. Kuyinto enjenge-prepping ibutho lakho ngaphambi kwempi iqala.
Ulungele amasosha akho futhi uwafundise ukuthi abone futhi athathe isitha ngaphambi kokuba abone insimu yempi. Kuzwakala kulula, kodwa empeleni kungumzamo onzima futhi odidiyelwe ngokuzivikela kwemvelo yomzimba.
I-Immune System
Ukuqonda ukuthi imishanguzo isebenza kanjani, kuyasiza ukuthatha isinyathelo emuva futhi ubuke isimiso somzimba womzimba womuntu . Uma izifo eziphilayo zifana namagciwane nama-bacteria angena ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, ahamba ekuhlaseleni. Ngakwesokunxele kungahlosiwe, bangakwazi ukuphindaphindela nokusabalalisa, ngokuvamile kuholela kithi ekuguleni.
Umzimba womuntu unemizila eminingana yokuzivikela ukusiza ukuvikela izifo nokulwa nezifo . Ezinye izingxenye zamasosha omzimba zivikela noma zihlasela noma yini engeke iyingxenye yomzimba womuntu, kanti ezinye zibhekiswe kakhulu. Isikhumba sethu, isibonelo, kuyindlela yokuqala yokuvikela emagciwane. Kuyinto, empeleni, izikhali zethu zomzimba, ezinikezelwe ukugcina amagciwane angangeni ngaphakathi.
Ukunqunywa noma ukubola kunganciphisa lezo zikhali, okuvumela abahlaseli ukuba bathole indlela, futhi ukuvuleka kwemvelo-njengamazinyo ethu noma umlomo-kungaba yizindlela, futhi. Amakhemikhali afana namathe emlonyeni noma amantongomane esiswini esiswini angahle aphule noma abulale amabhaktheriya, futhi imfiva yindlela yomzimba yokuguqula izinga lokushisa egumbini ngomzamo wokubulala noma ukukhubaza abahlaseli abaphila kuphela ezindaweni ezipholile.
Uma kwenzeka ukutheleleka, umzimba uqala nokwenza izinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe. Lawa maseli enza njengamasosha, aqondisa ukuhlaselwa kumhlaseli ngokufuna izinhloso ezithile ezibizwa ngokuthi ama- antigens .
Antigens
I-antigen iyisiqephu noma umkhiqizo weprotheni efana ne-pathogen etholakala ebusweni begciwane, isibonelo-ukuthi isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sibheka uma kwenzeka isifo. Amangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe namagciwane ahlasela ama-antigens akhethekile futhi agxilise, aqhubekele ukuhlaselwa ukuze athathe ama-microbes futhi azigcine zingande. Lapho impi inqobile, futhi ukutheleleka kususiwe, amangqamuzana omzimba wethu omzimba akhumbule ukuthi yini okufanele ayibheke uma kwenzeka exhumana ne-pathogen. Ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi i-antigens isistimu yesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba futhi iyasabela kuyisihluthulelo ekuthuthukiseni umuthi wokugoma ophumelelayo.
Ukugonywa
Imishanguzo isebenza okuningi njengokutheleleka kwendle. Eqinisweni, ekuvikelweni komzimbeni wethu, babheka ngokufanayo. Imishanguzo yenziwe ngama-antigens afana nokufana nama-antigens afana kakhulu atholakala kuma-pathogens zasendle. Uma lezi zinselo zokugoma zingena emzimbeni, zibeka uhlobo olufanayo lwama-alamu ekwenzeni uhlobo olufanayo lwamaseli amhlophe egazi namagciwane okudingeka afune futhi abulale umhlasela.
Umzimba ukhumbula ukuthi yini okufanele uyibheke, ngakho-ke ungahlanganisa ngokushesha uma kwenzeka ufika ngaphesheya komhlaseli. Ngokungafani nokutheleleka kwendle, noma kunjalo, imishanguzo ngeke izame ukukugula. Banikeza izinzuzo zokutheleleka-okungukuthi, ukuzivikela-kodwa ngenengozi encane kakhulu, futhi kungenxa yokuthi kwenziwa kanjani.
Izinhlobo Zemijovo
Konke sebenzisa ama-antigens ukusiza ukuvuselela ukuphendula komzimba, kepha akuwona wonke umgomo owenziwe ngendlela efanayo. Yiziphi i-antigens nokuthi zingaki ezihluka, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lokugoma nesifo ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuvikela.
- I-Live, I-Vactenated Attempted : Le mishanguzo isebenzisa igciwane eliphelele, eliphila buye "lishintshwa," noma libuthakathaka, ngendlela eyenza kube yinto engenabungozi kubantu abanamasosha omzimba anempilo. Ngenxa yokuthi ibukhoma, ingaba iphinda iphinde iphinde isakaze kuwo wonke umzimba njengengculazi yasendle. Kuyinto esondelene kakhulu nokutheleleka kwemvelo, ngakho-ke iphumelela kakhulu ekugqugquzeleni ukuphendula komzimba omzimba. Lokhu kuthiwa, abantu abanamasosha omzimba obuthakathaka-njengabamukeli bokudlulisa noma labo abaphathwa ukwelashwa- akufanele bathole lezi zinhlobo zemishanguzo ngoba nakuba bebuthakathaka, umzimba ngeke ukwazi ukulwa nawo. Izibonelo zibandakanya i-MMR (isishukela, imifino, nerubella) kanye nemigomo ye-varicella (noma "inkukhupox").
- I-Vaccines engasebenzi Ngokufanayo nokuphila imithi yokugoma, imishanguzo engasebenziyo isebenzisa igciwane lonke, kuphela abaphila. Awusebenziswanga-noma "abulawe" -kulabhu. Ngenxa yokuthi abakwazi ukuphindaphinda futhi basakaze kuwo wonke umzimba, ama-dose amaningi avame ukudingwa ukuze athole uhlobo olufanayo lokuvikelwa olwenziwe yimigomo ephilayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ama-booster doses adingekayo ukuze kugcinwe igciwane. Izibonelo zifaka umgomo wokugoma ipholi kanye nezinqubo eziningi zokugoma komkhuhlane.
- Izikhumba ze-Subunit : Izigulane ze-Subunit zisebenzisa kuphela ama-antigens, njengengxenye yegciwane noma kancane amaprotheni, ukuze kutholakale impendulo yamagciwane. Ngenxa yokuthi abasebenzisi igciwane lonke noma amabhaktheriya, imiphumela emibi ayifani njengemivamisa ebukhoma noma engasebenzi, kodwa kuvame ukudingwa ukuze kuphumelele. Izibonelo zifaka i-pertussis (noma "ukukhwehlela okukhwehlelayo") ingxenye yemigomo ye-DTaP neTdap .
- Imithi Yokugoma I-conjugate: Le migomo yenzelwe ukuvikela ngokumelene neqembu lama-bacteria anesimo sokumboza okufana noshukela nxazonke. Ngesikhathi sokutheleleka kwendle, lolu cwangu lufihla ama-antigens kumzimba wethu wokuzivikela, ngakho-ke imithi yokugoma ihlanganisa ama-antigens kumbatho ukuze izivikeli zomzimba zikwazi ukuthi zibheke futhi zingcono ekufuneni nasekubhubhiseni amabhaktheriya uma kwenzeka ukutheleleka. Izibonelo zibandakanya umuthi wokugoma we-meningococcal conjugate, ongasiza ukuvikela emelene ne-bacterium engabangela i- meningitis .
- I-Toxoid Vaccines: Ngezinye izikhathi akusona ibhethri noma igciwane okudingayo ukuvikelwa ngokumelene nalo, kodwa kunalokho isifo esiyi-pathogen esenza ngaphakathi kwenyama. Lezi zinhlobo zemigomo zisebenzisa uhlobo olubuthakathaka lwe-toxin-olubizwa ngokuthi i-toxoid-ukusiza umzimba ukuthi ufunde ukuqaphela nokulwa nalezi zithumba ngaphambi kokuba kungabangela ukulimala. Izibonelo zibandakanya ingxenye ye-tetanus yemigomo ye- DTaP ne-Tdap .
Izindlela Zokuletha
Imishanguzo yenzelwe ukuphathwa ngezindlela eziqondile kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu nokunciphisa ingozi. Iminye imithi, isibonelo, ihloselwe ukujova emisipha nge-degree-degree angama-90, kanti amanye kufanele anikezwe ngezinga elingama-45 degrees emathanjeni amafutha phakathi kwesisipha esikhumbeni. Kubantu abadala, lokho kungasho ukuthatha isibhamu esandleni, kanti abantwana bavame ukuthola imishanguzo emisipha yabo. Ezinye imithi ayifuni ukujova nhlobo; esikhundleni salokho, kufanele kuhanjiswe ngekhala noma ngomlomo, njalo njalo.
Kanjani, nini, futhi kuphi lapho umgomo uhlinzekwa khona kunqunywa ucwaningo olunzulu, isipiliyoni, kanye nezingozi zemfundiso. Umgomo wokulwa nesifo sohudo, njenge-rotavirus, unganikwa ngomlomo, isibonelo, ukuze ukwazi ukulinganisa ngokutheleleka ukutheleleka kwemvelo. Imishanguzo enikezwa ngokungalungile ingaholela ekusebenziseni okuncane noma ngaphezulu ukuthi kubangele imiphumela emibi engadingekile.
Kufanele kuphawulwe, Nokho, ukuthi akukho muthi owenziwe nge-intravenously-okungukuthi, ngqo egazini.
Ukuhlolwa kwegciwane
Naphezu kwezindaba zokugoma esingazibona emithonjeni yezokuxhumana noma izinkondlo esingase sizizwe kubangane, imishanguzo ivikeleke kakhulu futhi iphumelele ekuvikeleni izifo. Kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthuthukiswa, kunezidingo eziningi zokuhlolwa komuthi wokugoma kumele zidlule ngaphambi kokuba zenzele ehhovisi likadokotela noma ekhemisi lendawo. Ngaphambi kokuba ilayisensi yi-Food and Drug Administration e-United States, abakhiqizi kumele baqinisekise ukuthi umgomo usebenza kahle futhi uphephile kubantu. Lokhu kuvame ukuthatha iminyaka futhi kusho ukuhlolwa kokuqala ezinkulungwaneni zamavolontiya. Ngisho nangemva kokuba umgomo uvunyelwe, uyaqhubeka nokuqapha ukuphepha nokusebenza ngabacwaningi.
Ngemuva kokuba umgomo uvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni, ucwaningo luphinde lubuyekezwe yiKomidi Elulekayo Emisebenzini Yokugoma-i-voluntary panel yezempilo yomphakathi kanye nochwepheshe bezokwelapha-ukuthola ukuthi kufanelekile ukutusa ukuba umgomo uhlinzekwe. Lezi zincomo zibuyekezwa njalo ngonyaka futhi zicatshangelwe ngemininingwane eminingi, kufaka phakathi ukuthi umuthi wokugoma uphephile futhi usebenza kanjani. Uma kunoma yikuphi izinzuzo zomuthi wokugoma ziqhamuka izingozi, iphaneli iyancoma incomo yayo, futhi umgomo uvame ukukhishwa emakethe. Siyabonga ukuthi lokhu akuvamile.
Le nqubo ibukhali kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuthi ngokungafani nemithi eminingi, imishanguzo ayilungiselelwe ukuphatha umuntu osevele egula. Zenzelwe ukuvikela impilo yakho ngokuvimbela izifo kuqala. Ngenxa yalokho, imishanguzo ibanjelwa izinga eliphakeme lokuphepha kuneminye imikhiqizo yezokwelapha emakethe, kufaka phakathi izithako zokudla okunomsoco.
Umkhuhlane we-Herd
Ukugoma kungase kube umsebenzi ngamunye, kodwa izinzuzo zayo-futhi ekugcineni, impumelelo yayo-iyomphakathi. Lapho abantu abaningi begonywa emphakathini onikeziwe, abantu abambalwa abangakwazi ukutheleleka futhi ngenxa yalokho basakaza izifo. Amagciwane amaningi adinga ukuthi abantu basinde. Kodwa uma abantu abanele emphakathini begonywa, lawo magciwane awanakho ukuhamba, futhi ngenxa yalokho, bafa. Yile ndlela thina, njengezinhlobo zezilwane, sichitha isikhukhumba- hhayi ngokuthola abantu abangashadile abagonywe, kodwa ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imiphakathi yayiyi-vaccination.
Abanye abantu abazi-noma abakwazi ukudala impendulo yomzimba ngisho nangemva kokuba bathole umgomo. Abanye bancane kakhulu noma abagula kakhulu ukuba bangenwe igciwane kuqala. Laba bantu abakwazi ukuzivikela ezifweni ezithile, kodwa lokho akusho ukugoma angeke kubasize ukuzivikela. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ongagonywa ngokuphepha uthola igciwane, umphakathi ungakha uhlobo lokuvimbela izifo ezigcina abantu abasengozini phakathi kwabo bephephile.
Ukunciphisa Ukulimaza
Ngisho noma umuntu egonywa, akusho ukuthi zivikelekile noma zivikelwe ngokugcwele uma kwenzeka ukuqubuka. Nakuba abanye beza kakhulu, akuwona wonke amagciwane asebenza kahle ngamaphesenti angu-100. Kungenxa yokuthi imithi ayiyona isayizi eyodwa ifaka konke.
Ukugonywa kusiza ukuguqula umzimba ngamaseli ahlanzekile wegazi namagciwane, kepha akuqinisekisi ukuthi impilo yonke ingasetshenziswa. Lezi zivikelo zingaphelela noma zingasebenzi kangcono isikhathi esingeziwe ngaphezu kosizo lwezinsizakalo ze-booster. Nokho, izindaba ezinhle yilokho ngoba amasosha asevele esendaweni, uma ugula ngesifo ogonywe ngaso, ukugula kwakho kungenzeka kube mfushane futhi kube nzima kunalokho uma ungakaze ugonywe nhlobo.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. I-Epidemiology nokuvimbela izifo ezivimbela ukugoma . Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, ama-eds. 13th ed. I-Washington DC Public Health Foundation, 2015.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Ukuhlolwa kwegciwane kanye nenqubo yokugunyazwa.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Ukuqonda ukuthi imishanguzo isebenza kanjani .
> Umlando Wezinsana. Umkhuhlane we-Herd. I-College of Physicians of Philadelphia.
> Vaccines.gov. Izinhlobo zemithi yokugoma. UMnyango WezeMpilo waseMelika kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu.