Imemori ihlanganisa izingxenye eziningi zobungani
Singaba yini ngaphandle kwezinkumbulo zethu? Uma ungazange ukhumbule ukuthi ukhonaphi, noma labo owakhathalelayo, ubungabe usaba nguwe manje? Kuthiwani uma ukhohlwa ukuthi uvame ukuphendula kanjani abanye, konke okufundile esikoleni noma ukuthi yini oye wafunda ukuyenza kuyo yonke impilo yakho?
Ikhono lethu lokukhumbula nokufunda liphakathi kwamakhono ayisisekelo nobuchopho obukhulu kakhulu.
Ukuthi ubuchopho abuvumelekile ukuba sizwe nakho konke okusizungezile, kusenza sikwazi ukuphinde sithole isipiliyoni sethu esidlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kwenza ngezindlela eziningana, usebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zememori.
Yayiyini into enhle kakhulu eyenzeka kuwe namuhla? Lesi yisibonelo sememori ye-autobiograal noma ye-episodic, uma sikhumbula into ethile kumongo, njengokukhumbula ikhofi yasekuseni. Ihlukaniswe imemori ye-eidetic, inkumbulo yamaqiniso ahlukaniswe nakho, njengolwazi lokuthi iParis liyinhloko-dolobha yaseFrance. Ikhono lakho lokufunda lokhu lisekelwe kwenye inhlobo yememori ebizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo yenqubo-uhlobo lwenkumbulo eyenza sikhumbule indlela yokwenza okuthile "njengokuthwele ibhayisikili."
Imemori ingahle ihlukaniswe ngokwengeziwe-isibonelo, ukusebenza komemori kukuvumela ukuba ubambe okuthile engqondweni imizuzwana embalwa ngesikhathi, bese ukhulula, njengenombolo yocingo okudingeka uyidilize ngokushesha futhi ungaphindeli. Imemori yesikhathi esifushane ihlala isikhathi eside, mhlawumbe ihora noma ngaphezulu, futhi inkumbulo yesikhathi eside ingadla isikhathi eside.
Izigaba zale nkumbulo zivame ukufiphaza okwenzekayo kodwa zinikeze uhlaka lokuqonda ukuthi ubuchopho bukhumbula kanjani.
Ukubunjwa kwamaHippocampal kanye neLimbic System
Ukudutshulwa okudumile okwakuneminyaka engu-1950 kuvuselele ulwazi oluningi mayelana nokubunjwa kwememori. U-HM wayengumuntu osemusha owayenezinkinga ezivela e-lobes yakhe yesikhashana eyaholela odokotela ukuba abasuse bobabili.
Umphumela waba into efana ne-movie ethi "Memento", lapho i-protagonist ikhumbula khona imizuzu embalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izinkumbulo ze-HM ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa kwahlala zingaguquki kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe, nakuba odokotela abasebenza nabo ngemuva kwengozi bavele bezethula ngamakhulu izikhathi.
I-lobes ye-medioral yesikhashana iqukethe i-hippocampus, isakhiwo sobuchopho nesigxobo esine-S esiphezulu esiphefumulela izifo ze-pathologists ezicabangelayo ukuyibiza ngemva kwesiGreki ngokuthi "ihhashi lolwandle." Ngaphakathi kwendwangu ye-hippocampus kukhona ama-neurons ahlukene aphezu komunye nomunye, esebenza ndawonye ukuqinisa izisekelo zezinkumbulo ezintsha.
Nakuba indima ye-hippocampus inkumbulo iyaziwa kahle, iyingxenye yenethiwekhi eqhubeka cishe cishe wonke ubuchopho. Zombili izinkumbulo ezindala kakhulu futhi ezincane kakhulu zingase zivele kahle ngaphandle kwe-hippocampus nezinhlaka eziseduze, njengoba kuboniswa ngamanye amakhono aHM agcinwe. Ngaphandle kwe-hippocampus nezakhiwo ezihlobene, noma kunjalo, izinkumbulo eziningi ezintsha azikwazi ukuhlala.
I-hippocampus ayisebenzisi yodwa, kodwa njengengxenye yenethiwekhi ye-neural, ifunde kahle abafundi bezokwelapha, okuthiwa isifunda sePapez . Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-hippocampus, imizimba yeminyama (izakhiwo ezimbili ezincane eduze kwe-brainstem), izingxenye ze-thalamus, ne- cingulate cortex .
Ezinye izingxenye zobuchopho, njenge-basal forebrain, zidlala indima enkumbulweni. I-basal forebrain ithumela i-acetylcholine ku-cortex ye-cerebral. Lezi zilinganiso zonakaliswe emithini ye-Alzheimer's-imithi efana ne- Aricept ngokukhulisa amazinga e-acetylcholine.
I-Cerebral Cortex
Nakuba i-hippocampus ne-limbic system ibalulekile ekubunjweni kwememori, lezo zinkumbulo zigcina zigcinwe kulo lonke i-cortex. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lonke ubuchopho buhileleke ngamasu okufunda nokukhumbula, kanye nokunakekelwa, konke okusemqoka ekufundeni nasekukhanda okuphumelelayo.
Inkumbulo yokusebenza iyinhlobo yememori ethinta ulwazi nje isikhathi eside ukuze uyisebenzise noma uyilondoloze ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Lokhu kuboniswe ukuthi kuncike kubakhansela abandakanya i-frontal ne-parietal lobes. Ukulimala kulezi zindawo kungaholela ekubuneni ukugcina into engqondweni engakapheli isikhathi eside ukuze uqale isigaba sokuqala sokukhanda, esaziwa ngokuthi i-encoding. Ukubhalisa kuhilela ukusebenza ne-hippocampus ukuhlela futhi ukhethe ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi okufanele lugcinwe ngokugcwele.
Ngaphezu kokufaka ikhodi, i-cortex ingabandakanyeka ngokudonsa izinkumbulo ngaphandle kwesitoreji kwinqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukubuyisa. Kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu abe nezinkinga ngokubuyisa imemori ngisho noma ukufaka ikhodi kwenziwe kahle. Isibonelo, iningi lethu liye labhekana nakho ukuhlukumezeka ukukhumbuza into nje ukuze ikwazi ukungena emqondweni wethu kamuva. Ngezinye izikhathi ulwazi olungalungile lungase lubuyiselwe, njengalokhu kuhlanganiswa , lapho kubonakala khona ukuthi omunye uqamba amanga mayelana nesikhathi esidlule, nakuba bekholelwa ngobuqotho imemori yamanga.
Izinkinga zeMemori
Izinkinga ezahlukene zememori zithinta izifunda ezahlukene zobuchopho. Isifo se-Alzheimer , isibonelo, silimaza ngokuyinhloko i-hippocampus, okwenza kube nzima ukudala izinkumbulo ezintsha kodwa akukho nkinga yokuqala ngezinkumbulo ezivele zigcinwe. Ukulimala kwangaphambili kokuhlukumezeka kwengqondo kungabangela ubunzima ngokukhumbula inkumbulo, okusho ukuthi kunzima ukugcina imininingwane engqondweni isikhathi eside ukuze ikhodiwe. Uma ukhunjulwa, noma kunjalo, ulwazi lungase luhlale, nakuba kunzima ukubuyiswa kungase kube khona.
Imithombo:
H Blumenfeld, i-Neuroanatomy ngokusebenzisa Izimo Zemitholampilo. I-Sunderland: Abakwa-Sinauer Associates Publishers 2002
MM Mesulam (2000): I-Neuroanatomy Yokuziphatha. Ku: Mesulam MM, umhleli. Izimiso Zokuzivocavoca Nezenzo Zokuziphatha. I-New York: Oxford, iphe 1-120.