Amanani ajwayelekile, ayenayo, futhi anciphisa ukuphefumula kubantu abadala nabantwana
Uma unemibono yokuphefumula, ungase uzibuze, "Kuyini izinga lokuphefumula evamile?" Masiqale ngokukhuluma ngohlobo olujwayelekile lokuphefumula kubantu abadala kanye nezingane, ukuthi ungalinganisa kanjani lelizinga, nokuthi kusho ukuthini uma isilinganiso asivamile.
Sibutsetelo
Izinga lokuphefumula lichazwa njengenombolo yokuphefumula umuntu othatha ngesikhathi semzuzu owodwa ngesikhathi ephumayo.
Ucwaningo lwamuva lubonisa ukuthi ukuqoshwa okunembile kwesilinganiso sokuphefumula kuqakathekile kakhulu ekubikezeleni izenzakalo zezokwelapha ezinkulu ; Ucwaningo lubonisa nokuthi izilinganiso zokuphefumula azikwenziwanga kaningi njengoba kufanele zibe khona, ngakho-ke kuhlanganisiwe "isibonakaliso esibalulekile esingekho."
Ukulinganisa Izinga Lokuphefumula
Izinga lokuphefumula lilinganiswa ngokubala inani lokuphefumula umuntu ethatha isikhathi somzuzu owodwa. Njengoba izici eziningi zingathinta imiphumela, ukuqonda ukuthi ukuthatha isilinganiso esinembile kubaluleke kangakanani.
Izinga kufanele lilinganiswe ngokuphumula, hhayi ngemuva kokuba othile ekhuphuke futhi ehambahamba. Ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuphefumula kwakho kubalwa kungenza imiphumela ingalungile, njengoba abantu bavame ukushintsha indlela abaphefumula ngayo uma beyazi ukuthi kuhlolwe. Abahlengikazi banamakhono ekunqobeni le nkinga ngokubala ngokubala ukuphefumula, ukubukela inani lezikhathi ezikhuphukayo kanye nokuwa kwesifuba-ngokuvamile lapho uzenza sengathi uthatha ukushisa kwakho.
Ngesikhathi uqopha izinga lokuphefumula, ezinye izinhlamvu eziningana zezinkinga zokuphefumula nazo zingaqaphela. Ingabe isiguli sakho noma othandekayo uyakhululekile? Ingabe imisipha entanyeni yayo iqine njengoba iphefumula? (Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha bathi lokhu " ukusetshenziswa kwemisipha yokufinyelela " ukuze uphefumule.) Ungabe uzwa noma yisiphi isondo noma ezinye imisindo yokuphefumula engavamile?
Ingabe ukuphefumula komuntu kubonakala kubonisa ubuhlungu noma ukukhathazeka (njengokungcolisa okungahambisani nobuhlungu obukhulu noma ukwesaba?)
Kuyini Ukulinganisa?
Inombolo yokuphefumula esiyithatha ngomzuzu kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi ubuchopho bethu bujwayele ukutshela imizimba yethu ukuthi iphefumule. Uma izinga le-oksijini egazini liphansi, noma okunye uma izinga le-carbon dioxide egazini liphakeme, umzimba wethu uyala ukuba uphefumule kaningi. Isibonelo, ukutheleleka okunamandla kukhulisa i-carbon dioxide ekhiqizwa emzimbeni, ngakho-ke ngisho noma kunezinga elivamile le-oksijini egazini, ubuchopho buyalela umzimba ukuthi uphefumule kaningi ukuze ususe i-carbon dioxide.
Kodwa kunezikhathi lapho lesi simiso singasebenzi kahle, njengalapho abantu bephathwa ngemithi yokwelapha. Lezi mithi empeleni zinciphisa impendulo yobuchopho ukuze zisayine egazini, ngakho-ke umuntu angase aphefumule kangako kunalokho adingekayo. Lokhu kungase kwenzeke nokulimala ikhanda noma isifo esilimazayo esikhungweni sokuphefumula ebuchosheni.
Amanani ajwayelekile okuphefumula ezingane
Izingane zinezinga lokuphefumula ngokushesha kunabantu abadala, futhi izinga "lokujwayelekile" lokuphefumula lingashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngobudala.
Izigaba ezivamile zokuphefumula zezingane ezineminyaka ehlukene zihlanganisa:
- Usana olusha: 30-60 iphefumula ngomzuzu
- Insana (izinyanga ezi-1 kuya kwezi-12): ukuphefumula okungama-30-60 ngomzuzu
- Umfana (iminyaka engu-1-2): 24-40 ukuphefumula ngomzuzu
- Isikole esincane (iminyaka engu-3-5): 22-34 ukuphefumula ngomzuzu
- Ingane efunda esikoleni (iminyaka engu-6-12): 18-30 ukuphefumula ngomzuzu
- Intsha (iminyaka engu-13-17): 12-16 ukuphefumula ngomzuzu
Ukuphefumula okuqhubekayo ezinganeni
Izinsana ngokuvamile zinezinga lokuphefumula ngokushesha kunabantwana asebekhulile, futhi zingabonisa nento ebizwa ngokuthi ukuphefumula ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuphefumula ngezikhathi ezithile izinga lokuphefumula kwengane lingashintsha kakhulu; angase abe nezinkathi lapho ephefumula khona kunalokho evamile elandelwa ukuphefumula okumbalwa kakhulu kunokujwayelekile.
Ukubaluleka kokuphefumula ngezikhathi ngukuthi-kuyilapho kungesabisa njengomzali-ngokuvamile kuvamile ngaphandle kokuba ingane yakho inezinye izimpawu ezibonisa isimo sengqondo esibalulekile.
Amazinga avamile okuphefumula kubantu abadala
Njengabantwana, izinga lokuphefumula kumele lilinganiselwe lapho umuntu ephumula futhi engakaze enze umsebenzi onamandla. Ngokuvamile, amazinga okuphefumula ahamba ngokushesha kunabesifazane kunamadoda.
Isilinganiso sokuphefumula kumuntu omdala onempilo siphakathi kokuphefumula okungu-12 no-18 ngomzuzu.
Ukuphefumula Kwesikhathi Esivamile Kubantu Abadala
Ngokungafani nokuphefumula ngezikhathi ezinganeni, olunye uhlobo lokuphefumula ngezikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi ukuphefumula kwe- Cheyne-Stokes kungatholakala kubantu abadala futhi akuvamile. Kungase kubangelwe ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo, ukuphefumula kwe-carbon monoxide, izinga eliphansi le-sodium egazini (hyponatremia), ukuphakama okuphakeme, noma ekugcineni kokufa.
Amanani angaphelele okuphefumula
Kokubili izinga lokunyuka lokunciphisa nokunciphisa lingase libe uphawu lokuthi kukhona into emzimbeni. Izinga elingavamile lihlelekile kakhulu, okusho ukuthi kunezimbangela eziningi zombili okusheshayo nokuhamba kancane. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi izigaba ezivamile zabantu abaphumule. Amazinga okuphefumula avame ukukhuphuka ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca.
Isilinganiso sokuphefumula
Kuyini izinga eliphezulu lokuphefumula? Kubantu abadala, ukunqunywa ngokuvamile kubhekwa izinga lokuphefumula okungaphezu kuka-20 ngomzuzu, ngesilinganiso sokuphefumula okungaphezu kwengu-24 ngomzuzu okubonisa isimo esibi kakhulu (uma kuhlobene nesimo somzimba kunesimo sengqondo njengokwesaba ukuhlaselwa).
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, isilinganiso sokuphefumula sibonakaliso esibalulekile esibaluleke kakhulu. Ucwaningo olulodwa lwathola ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokuphefumula laliyisinqumo esihle kunazo zonke kubantu abazinzile ngokungazinzile kunezinga lezinhliziyo noma umfutho wegazi.
Kunezimbangela eziningi zezinga elikhuphukile, ezinye ezihlobene namaphaphu kanye nezinye ezingekho. Ezinye zezimbangela ezivamile zihlanganisa:
- I-Fever - Izinga eliphakeme lokuphefumula ngomkhuhlane ngumzamo womzimba wokulahlekelwa ukushisa ngokuphefumula ngokushesha. Lokhu kubalulekile kokubili ngoba izinga lokuphefumula ngokushesha lingabonakalisa ukutheleleka okubi kakhulu, futhi ngoba imfiva idinga ukucatshangelwa ekuchazeni izinga lokuphefumula. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izinga lokuphefumula landa kwabantwana ngokulinganiselwa kwamaphesenti amahlanu kuya kwayisikhombisa ngomzuzu ngezinga eliphakeme lezinga eliphezulu le-Celsius ekushiseni komzimba. Ezinganeni ezincane (ezingaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala) lokhu akulona njalo ukuthi kunjalo, futhi izingane zingenayo izinga lokuphefumula ngokuphendula umkhuhlane kanye nokunye. Uma benesisindo sokuphefumula, ngokuvamile kuvame ukuphakama ngamaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye kuya kweshumi nesishiyagalombili ngomzuzu ngezinga eliphezulu le-Celsius ekushiseni.
- Ukwehla kwamanzi - Ukuphelelwa amanzi ngokweqile kungabangela ukuphefumula okusheshayo.
- I-asthma - Ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwe-asthma, izinga lokuphefumula livame ukwanda. Ngisho nokunyuka okuncane ekutheni izinga lokuphefumula kungaba isibonakaliso sokuwohloka, futhi izinga lokuphefumula kufanele lihlolwe eduze uma kunjalo.
- I-COPD - Isifo se-Chronic obstructive pulmonary isisusa esivamile sezinga lokuphefumula okusheshayo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanomlando wokubhema.
- I-Hyperventilation - Abantu bangaphefumula ngokushesha ngokuphendula ukucindezeleka, ubuhlungu, intukuthelo noma ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa kwesifo.
- Lung Izimo - Izimo ezifana nomdlavuza wamaphaphu , i- pulmary emboli (i-blood clots emilenzeni eya emaphashini), nezinye izifo zamaphaphu zivame ukuphakamisa izinga lokuphefumula.
- Izifo - Izifo ezijwayelekile futhi ezingavamile ezinjengomkhuhlane, isibhamu, nesifo sofuba kungabangela ukuphefumula okusheshayo.
- Ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa , izimbangela ezivamile zomsindo wokuphefumula okusheshayo zihlanganisa i- tachypnea yesikhashana yengane esanda kuzalwa (i-TTN) -isimo esimnene-kanye nezimo ezingathí sina, ezifana nesifo sokuphefumula.
- I-Acidosis - Ukwanda kwe-acidity yegazi kubangelwa ukwanda kwe-carbon dioxide, ngakho-ke izinga lokuphefumula. Lokhu kungenzeka uma umuntu enesimo esibangelwa i-metabolic acidosis efana nesifo sikashukela (i- ketoacidosis yesifo sikashukela ).
- Overdoses - Efana nokudlula i-aspirin noma i-amphetamines.
- Izimo zenhliziyo - Isilinganiso esiphakeme sokuphefumula sitholakala ocwaningweni olulodwa ukuze kube ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo yabantu kubantu abanezibhedlela ezinesimo senhliziyo.
Ezinganeni, izimbangela ezivame ukwandisa izinga lokuphefumula zihlanganisa umkhuhlane noma ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi. Izimo ezifana ne- bronchiolitis ne- pneumonia ziyizimbangela ezivamile. Izingane zingaba nezimbangela zokuphefumula okusheshayo okufana nabantu abadala, njenge-acidosis (ngesifo sikashukela) nesifo se-asthma.
Ukunciphisa izinga lokuphefumula
Izinga lokuphefumula elincishisiwe, elichazwe njengezinga elingaphansi kwezingu-12 ngamanye, noma ngaphansi kokuphefumula okuyisishiyagalombili ngomzuzu ngabanye, nakho kungaba uphawu lokukhathazeka. (Qaphela, ezinganeni ukunciphisa izinga lokuphefumula lingase liphakeme ngokulingana nabantu abadala, futhi kufanele lihunyushwe ngokususelwa kumanani ajwayelekile abhalwe ngenhla.) Ezinye izimbangela zokunciphisa izinga zihlanganisa:
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa - Ezinye izidakamizwa ezinjengezinambuzane-kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisetshenziselwa izinjongo zezokwelapha noma ngokungemthetho-zinganciphisa ukuphefumula.
- Utshwala - Ukusebenzisa utshwala kunganciphisa izinga lokuphefumula.
- I-Metabolic - Izinga lokuphefumula lingancipha ukuze kulinganiswe imiphumela yezinqubo ezingavamile emzimbeni emzimbeni.
- I-apnea yokulala - Nge- apnea yokulala , abantu bavame ukuba neziqephu ze-apnea nokunciphisa izinga lokuphefumula elihlanganiswe neziqephu zokuphakama okuphakeme.
- Imibono yobuchopho - Ukulimala ebuchosheni, njengemivimbo kanye nokulimala kwekhanda kuvame ukwehlisa izinga lokuphefumula.
I-Dyspnea: Inzwa Yokuphefumula Kwe-Breath
Kubalulekile ukwenza inothi elisheshayo ukuthi izinga lokuphefumula lihlukile ekuzweleni kokuzwa ukuphefumula okuncane. Ngezinye izikhathi izinga lokuphefumula lingathinta noma ngabe umuntu uzizwa kanjani dyspneic, noma ukuphefumula okuncane, kodwa ezinye izikhathi kungenzeka. Omunye angase abe nomuzwa wokuphefumula ngesilinganiso sokuphefumula okusheshayo, futhi angeke abe nomuzwa wokuphefumula ngesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu sokuphefumula.
I-Terminology yezokwelapha
Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha basebenzisa amagama amaningi ukuze bachaze izinga elingavamile lokuphefumula. Ezinye zazo zihlanganisa:
- I-Bradypnea - i-Bradypnea yigama lezokwelapha elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuphefumula okungajwayelekile kancane.
- I-Tachypnea - I- Tachypnea yigama lezokwelapha elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinga eliphezulu lokuphefumula. Lelizinga lokuphefumula elivame ukuvame ukujula, elibhekene ne-hyperpnea elingasheshe lijule.
- I-Dyspnea - i-Dyspnea ibhekisela ekuzweleni kokuphefumula , futhi ingenzeka ngezinga eliphakeme eliphakeme, elivamile noma elinciphise ukuphefumula.
- I-Hyperpnea - I-hyperpnea ibhekisela ekuphefumuleni okungavamile futhi ebonakala isebenza. Kungenzeka noma ngaphandle kokuphefumula ngokushesha.
- I-apnea - i-Apnea isho ukuthi "akukho moya" futhi libhekisela ekungabikho kokuphefumula.
Nini Ukubiza Udokotela Wakho
Ngokuqinisekile, isilinganiso sokuphefumula esingavamile siyisizathu sokuxhumana nodokotela wakho, ikakhulukazi uma unesimo esinjengesifo se-asthma noma isifo senhliziyo, njengoba izinga lokuphefumula lenyuka kuphela lingabonakalisa isibonakaliso sokuxwayisa okufanele silandelwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha kufanele baqaphele lokhu okuphawulekayo okungekho emthethweni. Ucwaningo olulodwa lwathola ukuthi ukulinganisa izinga lokuphefumula phakathi nesikhathi sokukhishwa ekamelweni eliphuthumayo kwakungumqondo obaluleke kakhulu wokulimala ngemva kokukhishwa.
Izwi elivela
Ngenkathi abantu abaningi becabanga kuqala nge-pulse noma ukucindezelwa kwegazi, sifunda ukuthi ukulinganisa izinga lokuphefumula kubaluleke kakhulu uma kungenjalo i-moreso. Ngokuqinisekile, izinga lokuphefumula lingathonywa uma wazi ukuthi izinga lokuphefumula lilinganiselwe, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba abahlinzeki bezempilo babe nolwazi ngokulinganisa lelizinga. Kokubili izinga lokunyuka lokunciphisa nokuncipha kungase kube isibonakaliso sokuxwayisa kwezimo zezokwelapha eziphansi futhi kufanele zilalelwe.
Kubalulekile ukuphinde ugcizelele umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazinga avamile okuphefumula abantu abadala nezingane. Labo abanakekela izingane kufanele bazijwayele ngalezi zigaba, futhi qaphela lapho ukuphefumula kushesha kakhulu noma kuphuza.
> Imithombo:
> Flenady, T., Dwyer, T., noJ. Applegarth. Ukulinganisa Amanani Okuphefumula Ukubala: Kanjalo Kufanele! . I-Australas Emergency Nursing Journal . 2017 Jan 7. (Epub ngaphambi kokuphrinta).
> Kliegman, uRobert M., uBonita Stanton, uSt Geme III uJoseph W., uNine Felice. Schor, uRichard E. Behrman, noWaldo E. Nelson. UNelson Bookbook of Pediatrics. I-20th Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2015. Phrinta.
> Mochizuki, K., Shintani, R., Mori, K. et al. Ukubaluleka Kwezinga Lokuphefumula Lokubikezela Ukuchithwa Kwemitholampilo Ngemva Kokukhishwa Kwemisebenzi Ephuthumayo: Isifundo Esisodwa-Isikhungo Sokulawulwa Kwamacala. Imithi Eyingozi Nezokwelapha . 2017. 4 (2): 172-178.
> O'Leary, F., Haven, A., Lockie, F., no J. Peat. Ukuchaza ama-Ranges Normal kanye nezinhlawulo zezinhliziyo nezinhliziyo zokuphefumula ezinganeni nasezinganeni: Isifundo Esithintekayo Esigabeni Sabantu Abagulayo Esihambelweni Sezempilo Esikhungweni Sezimo Eziphuthumayo E-Australia. Ukugcinwa Kwezinkinga Ezinganeni . 2015. 100 (8): 733-7.
> Parkes R. Isibalo sokuphefumula: isibonakaliso esibalulekile esikhohliwe. Umhlengikazi Ophuthumayo . 2011. 19 (2): 12-7.