AmaMelika awazange abone ama-virus amaningi ajwayelekile e-Afrika nase-Asia, kodwa amaMelika aneminyamane nezinye izici. Lezi zivame ukufana noma izinyosi ezifanayo ezitholakala emhlabeni jikelele; njengoba nje ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kusakazwa amagciwane, futhi kwandlela umiyane. Njengalokhu, uma igciwane elisha lihlala, uma likwazi ukusabalala kwenye yezinyosi (noma ezinye izici) ezitholakala emazweni aseMelika, zisakazeka ngokushesha.
Ehlobo emva kwehlobo, kube khona amagciwane amasha emazweni aseMelika athwalwa omiyane, futhi njengoba ushintsho lwezulu ludala izindawo eziningi zokumiyane, imikhaza kanye nezinye izici, lezi zifo zingasakazeka.
Siyazi ukuthi igciwane elilandelayo liyoba yini? Impendulo elula cha, asikho. Futhi ngaphambi kokuba kube nelinye igciwane elisisimangazayo, kungaba kuhle ukwazi okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngama-virus amaningi angase asakazeke, njengoZika, Chikungunya, nezinhlobo ezahlukene zeDengue esizibonayo eminyakeni yamuva kule AmaMelika. Njengoba sibheka ngaphezulu, sithola okuningi, futhi. Ukuxilongwa okungcono kusisiza ukuba sibone izimbangela zemfiva, izinsizwa, kanye nokuhlukumeza okwakungakaze sikubonele kuphela ngokuziqhenya.
Kukhona namagciwane esiqala ukuwaqaphela njengoba aqala ukusakazeka ngokuqhubekayo. Elinye lala ma-virusi, elibonakala lincane kodwa lingabamba izinkathazo, yi-virus ye-Usutu.
Uhlobo Luni Lwe-Virus Ingabe Usutu?
I-flavivirus. Lokhu kufana nezinye ezinye amagciwane ezisakazwa yizinyosi. Ihlobene kakhulu ne- Encephalitis yaseJapane ne-Murray Valley Encephalitis. Ezinye izihlobo ezikude kakhulu zihlanganisa amanye amagciwane esiwaziyo, njenge- Dengue , i-Powassan, i- West Nile , ne- Zika , yonke i-flaviviruses eseye yafika emaphethelweni ethu.
Uphi u-Usutu otholakale khona manje?
Isifo se-Usutu sitholakala okokuqala eNingizimu Afrika ngo-1959. Satholakala emanzini futhi sabizwa umfula oseduze (owaziwa nangokuthi uMfula iMaphuuto owela eNingizimu Afrika, eSwaziland naseMozambique). Kubekho ukugula okuphawulwe ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nale gciwane.
Igciwane liye lafunyanwa kwezinye izingxenye ze-Afrika: Burkina Faso, eCote d'Ivoire, Morocco, Nigeria, Uganda, Central African Republic (CAR), naseSenegal. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona isiguli esisodwa esabonakala sinegciwane (e-CAR) okwakubonakala sengathi senza kahle futhi nje sine-fever nokushona.
I-virus kamuva yaziwa ukuthi iYurophu. Kungenzeka ukuthi yayethulwa izikhathi eziningi eYurophu. Ngokubheka emuva, ngaphambi kokuba kuqashelwa okokuqala e-Austria ngo-2001 kungenzeka ukuthi isakaze kwenye indawo eYurophu, njengase-Italy, okuhlolwe yizinyoni.
Njengesandulela se- West Nile , igciwane le-Usutu liye lagijima, ngempela ngokweqiniso, nezinyoni. Izinombolo ezinkulu zezinyoni ezimnyama ezifile zaxwayisa iziphathimandla e-Austria inkinga; yilokho okwenzeka khona ukuthi igciwane laqala ukusabalala eYurophu. NjengaseNtshonalanga Nile, igciwane lingabulala izinyoni, kepha liphinde lisakaze kithi. Kuye kwabonakala kwamanye amazwe eYurophu (noma okungenani amasosha omzimba atholakele) futhi uye waqhubeka nokuhlotshaniswa nokufa kwezinyoni-e-Italy, eJalimane, eSpain, eHungary, eSwitzerland, ePoland, eNgilandi, eCzech Republic, eGrisi naseBelgium.
Uthola kanjani i-Virus ye-Usutu?
Uyibamba kusukela ekulumeni umiyane. Kodwa akuzona zonke izinambuzane ezingakwazi ukuthwala igciwane. Igciwane libonakala lithwala izinyosi zeCulex, ikakhulukazi iCulex pipiens. Lokhu kufana ne-Virus yeNayile yase-West, futhi isakazwa yizinyosi ze-Culex, ngakho-ke igciwane le-Usutu lingatholakala lapho kune-Virus yeNayile eNtshonalanga. Eqinisweni, ukuhlolwa kweWest Nile Virus kwaholela ekusenikeni kwegciwane le-Usutu kwezinye iziguli e-Italy.
Leli gciwane lingase lithathwe ngamanye umiyane njengo-Aedes albopictus. I-Aedes albopictus itholakala e-US, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu nasezindaweni zonke kulo lonke elaseMelika esanda kubona ukuqhuma okukhulu kweZika, okuqhutshwa nalumiyane.
Igciwane livela ukujikeleza ngezinyoni, ikakhulukazi ama-blackbirds, kodwa futhi nezinye izimpungushe, ama-jay, ama-magpies, ama-owls, nezinkukhu. Izinyoni zihlangene nesibindi, isilwane, kanye nokulimala kwe-neurologic, phakathi kweminye imiphumela evela ku-virus.
Izinyoni lapho kutholakala khona igciwane ngokuvamile zihamba amabanga amade, ngisho nase-Asia. Izinyoni ezifanayo zitholakala emazweni aseMelika. Izifunda ezingaphezu kwe-Afrika ne-Europe kuphela, kungenzeka ukuthi zisengozini.
Ezinye izilwane zibonakala zinegciwane. Leli gciwane liye lafunyanwa ngamabulane (eJalimane) kodwa awaziwa ukuthi yiyiphi indima yokudlala (uma ikhona). Ezinye izilwane ezinjengamahhashi namagundane zitholakala ukuthi zinegciwane lesandulela ngculaza, kodwa lezi zingabonakali zibandakanya phakathi kwegciwane ekusakazeni. Iningi lokudluliswa kwegciwane libonakala liphakathi kwamangqamuzana nezinyoni.
Iyini imbangela ye-Virus ye-Usutu?
Igciwane lingase lidale ukuqhuma kanye nomkhuhlane. Ukutheleleka kungenzeka kube mnene futhi kungadlula ngokushesha. Nokho, kunokukhathazeka ukuthi ngenani elincane, ukutheleleka kungase kube nzima kakhulu.
Okokuqala, kancane kwaziwa ngegciwane. Kwakungaziwa kakhulu ngokutheleleka e-Afrika. Kwakukhona icala elikhonjiswe eCentral African Republic ngo-1981 kanti isiguli sasibonakala sisesimweni esihle, ngaphandle kwe-rash ne-fever eyayihamba. Kodwa-ke, kwakungekho ukubhekwa okuncane noma ukuhlolwa kwegciwane futhi akekho owazi ngempela ukuthi wawuvame kangakanani futhi akekho owaziyo ukuthi ngabe imifudu kanye nezifo ezinzima nokungatholakali kwakuyizifo ezifana ne-Usutu engabangekho ama-lab kanye nezivivinyo okudingeka zibonwe it.
Lapho igciwane liphawulwa e-Austria ngo-2001 kwakungenxa yokuthi kwakukhona abantu ababulawa yi-blackbirds. Kwakungekho izifo zomuntu eziphawulwe. Ucwaningo lwabantu abaningi lubonise inombolo encane kakhulu esetshenziswe eYurophu. Abanye abanikeli begazi bathole ukuthi banamabhomu e-Europe, kodwa lokhu akuvamile. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolisiswa kwalabo abaye bahlaselwa ezindaweni lapho igciwane lalisakaze khona babonisa ukuthi empeleni phakathi kwalabo ababesenwe yisifo esingaphezu kokungu-1 kwabangu-4 babenezinhlobo zokulwa, kodwa bonke babikezela ukugula okuncane. Ngakho kubonakala sengathi lokhu kungase kube igciwane evamile kunalokho okubonakalayo, kodwa kwakungabonakali ukuthi kunemiphumela emibi.
Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona amacala amabili e-Italy ayenesisindo esibi kakhulu ezigulini ezingenakuqhathaniswa ngo-2009 (enye yayingokhemotherapy; enye yayine-disorder blood disorder). Kulezi zimo, igciwane libonakala liholele kumadoda e-meningoencephalitis, kodwa kunikezwe ubuhlungu bezinkinga zabo ezivele zikhona akucaci ngokuphelele. Lokhu kubonisa ukutheleleka nokuvuvukala kobuchopho kanye namamenyu ajikeleza ubuchopho nomgogodla. Kwesinye sezimo, isiguli senze ukuhluleka kwesibindi kanye.
Lezi zimo zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ukuthi igciwane lingase libi kakhulu kwabanye abantu. Iningi labantu lihle ne-Virus yeNew Nile ne-Zika, kodwa i-subset encane ibhekene nemiphumela emibi. Kungenzeka ukuthi u-Usutu angabonisa ingozi yangempela kwabanye, ngisho noma kunomusa kuningi.
Uhlola Kanjani I-Virus ye-Usutu?
Amashabhu amaningi ngeke akwazi ukukuhlola. Uchwepheshe wezezempilo uzodinga ukuxhumana ne-laboratory yokudlulisela laboratory ukubhekana nesampula.
Ingabe Kukhona Ukwelashwa Kwegciwane le-Usutu?
Hhayi okwamanje. Ngenhlanhla, ukutheleleka okuningi kubantu abanobuhle kubonakala kubumnene kuze kube manje.
> Imithombo:
> Ashraf U, et al. I-virus ye-Usutu: i-flavivirus evelayo e-Yurophu. Ama-virus. 2015; 7 (1): 219-38.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Ukuvuka kwegciwane le-Usutu, i-African Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus yeJapan Encephalitis Virus Group, Ephakathi EYurophu.
> Izifo ezithathelwanayo zoMtholampilo. I-Usutu: I-Flavour Elandelayo Ye-Flavivirus ye-United States?
> Vázquez A, et al. Igciwane le-Usutu - ingozi engaba khona yezifo zabantu eYurophu. I-Euro Surveill. 2011; 16 (31): i-pii = 19935.
> Pauli G, et al. I-Transfusion Medicine ne-Hemotherapy. 2014; 41 (1): 73-82.