Ngisho nalapho abantu be-autistic basebenzisa ulimi, bakunzima ukuxhumana
Iningi labantu abane-autism (nakuba akunjalo bonke) banakho ukukhuluma. Empeleni, abanye abantu abane-autism bakhuluma okuningi. Kodwa-ke, iningi lesikhathi, abantu abane-autism bakhuluma ngokungafani nabantu abane-neurotypical . Amanye alawo mahluko ahlobene nokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwangempela kolimi olukhulunywe. Abanye bahlobanisa "ulimi lomzimba" okungewona amagama nezinye izinkulumo zomphakathi.
Kanti abanye bakhuluma ngokuqonda nokuphendula ekulindeni kwamasiko.
Kuyini Ukunciphisa Inkulumo Eyingqayizivele?
I-American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA) ichaza inkulumo ye-pragmatic njengoba inezinto ezintathu:
Ukusebenzisa ulimi ngezinhloso ezahlukene, njengokuthi
- ukubingelela (isib, hello, ukuhlehlisa)
- ukwazisa (isb., ngizothola ikhukhi)
- okufunayo (isib. Nginike ikhukhi)
- ethembisa (isib, ngizokuthola ikhukhi)
- ukucela (isibonelo, ngingathanda ikhukhi, sicela)
Ukushintsha ulimi ngokusho kwezidingo zomlaleli noma isimo, njengokuthi
- ukukhuluma ngokungafani nengane kunomuntu omdala
- enikeza ulwazi lomlando kumlaleli ongajwayelekile
- ukukhuluma ngendlela ehlukile ekilasini kunokungena endaweni yokudlala
Ukulandela imithetho yengxoxo nokuxoxa ngezindaba, njengokuthi
- ukushintshana engxoxweni
- ukuletha izihloko zengxoxo
- ukuhlala esihlokweni
- indlela yokusebenzisa izibonakaliso zomlomo nezingaqondile
- indlela yokusebenzisa ubuso bomzimba nokuxhumana kwamehlo
Yiqiniso, imithetho yokukhuluma nokuxhumana ihlukahluka emphakathini kuya emphakathini futhi ingahle ihluke ngokuphelele kwezizwe ngezizwe. Kodwa ikhono lokugcina, ukuqonda, nokusebenzisa le mithetho (futhi wenze izinguquko ezifanele ezilungiselelweni ezahlukene zenhlalo) kuyisihluthulelo senkulumo yokukhulumisana nokuxhumana.
Indlela i-Autism ephumelela ngayo inkulumo ye-Pragmatic
Kubantu abane-autism, inkulumo ye-pragmatic cishe iyinkinga kwezinye izinga. Ngokusobala, umuntu ongeyena amazwi ulwa nezinselele ezihluke kakhulu kunomuntu okhuluma ngomlomo, kodwa bobabili kungenzeka badinga usizo ekuqondeni ubuso obusweni, okungekho amazwi, ukuthatha, nokunye. Ngenkathi amaphethini wezwi lama-autistic ahluka kusuka komuntu kuya komuntu, abantu abane-autism banga:
- ukuphakama noma ukucindezela kunalokho okulindelwe ngokwemvelo
- khuluma ngezwi elihle noma usebenzise i-intonation ehlukile kunokujwayelekile
- phinda zonke izihloko zemibhalo evela kumabonakude, amavidiyo, noma ama-movie
- khuluma ngalokho okubonakala sengathi kuyisihloko esingaphansi kwesihloko
- lawula ingxoxo ngenkulumo ngesihloko sentshisekelo kuphela kubo
- tshela izinto ezifanayo ngokuphindaphinda (mhlawumbe ngokusho ngamaqiniso ngokufanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe, noma ngokusebenzisa imishwana efanayo ngendlela efanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe; isibonelo, ethi "kuhle" ngokuphendula kuzo zonke izitatimende)
- buza imibuzo noma ulwazi lokuvolontiya mayelana nezihloko ezivame ukubhekwa njengezicabangela noma okungenani ezibucayi (isibonelo "Ngakho-ke, ucasuliwe ngempela ngesahlukaniso sakho sakamuva?" noma "Ngaya kudokotela izolo futhi kwakudingeka nginike isampula yomchamo.")
- faka izingxoxo uma engamenyiwe, futhi / noma ushiye izingxoxo ngaphambi kokuba ingxoxo ibonakale iphelile
- kunzima ukubona ukuhlambalaza, amahlaya, amahlaya kanye nezinkulumo ezinjengokuthi "ibhodlela elibiza i-kettle elimnyama" ngaphandle uma lichazwa
- sebenzisa ulimi olubonakala lungafanelekile esimweni (okungahlelekile, okungahlelekile, ukuzama ukuhleka esimweni esibucayi noma ukuzama ukungathí sina esimweni esibucayi)
- buza imibuzo ngokumane ukuze ukhulume imibono noma imibono yabo (isib. "Uthanda amakholescopes? Ngithanda amakholescopes; nginezintathu zazo. Omunye wabo unguCelestron ..."
- tshela iqiniso, ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuthi ukukhuluma iqiniso kuzoba nomphumela omubi ("yebo, lokho kugqoka kukwenza ubheke amafutha")
- ukwehluleka noma ukwenqaba ukubandakanya uhlobo lwenkulumo encane evame ukushelela ukuxhumana phakathi kwabanolwazi abasha noma ezimweni ezinzima (isibonelo sezulu, isibonelo)
Indlela Abahlengikazi Abazosiza Ngayo
Bobabili abathintekayo bezinkulumo kanye namakhono omphakathi wezobuchwepheshe basebenza nabantwana be-autistic kanye nabantu abadala ukuze banqobe ukulibaziseka kwenkulumo. Umndeni nabangane nabo bangasiza ngokufundisa ngenkuthalo, ukufanekisa, nokudlala indima yokukhuluma efanele kanye nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Ngokungafani nemithi yokwelashwa, inkulumo kanye nemithi yokwelapha emphakathini ingenza umehluko omkhulu kokubili izingane kanye nabantu abadala.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okukhuluma nge-pragmatic kungenza umehluko omkhulu emphenduleni yabanye kubantu abane-ASD. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela, noma kunjalo, ukuthi kungenzeka "ukunqoba ngokweqile" izingane ze-autistic, ikakhulukazi, kuze kube yilapho ukusetshenziswa kolimi lwabo kuqondiswa kahle kodwa emphakathini "kuvaliwe." I-Strange kodwa iqinisile, ingane ene-autism ekhandla ngezandla nomuntu omdala, imbuke iso , futhi ithi "Kuyinto ejabulisayo ukukuhlangabeza" ukuziphatha, hhayi njengengane, kodwa njengontanga yebhizinisi!
Imithombo:
> Adams, C. (2015). Ukuhlola nokungenelela kwabantwana abanokukhubazeka kolimi lwe-pragmatic. E-DA Hwa-Froelich (Umq.), Ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi nokuhlukunyezwa (amakhasi 141-170). I-New York: I-Psychology Press.
> I-American Talk-Language-Hearing Association. Ukusetshenziswa kolimi lomphakathi (i-Pragmatics). 2017.
> Brukner-Wertman, Yael et al. I-Social (pragmatic) ukuxilongwa kwezifo kanye nobuhlobo bayo ne-autism spectrum: ukuhlukunyezwa okuvela esigabeni se-DSM-5. I-Journal ye-Autism ne-Developmental Disorder. Ngo-August 2016, uMqulu 46, Issue 8, iphesi 2821-2829.