Incazelo, Umlando, Ukuhlukaniswa Nokuzijabulisa Nge-microbiology
Iyini incazelo ye-microbiology? Uyini umlando futhi kungani kubaluleke kakhulu emithi? Yini okungenzeka ukuthi amaqiniso ngama microorganisms akumangaze?
I-Study of Microbiology - Incazelo
I-microbiology ichazwa nje ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwezincane ezincane, "micro" okusho kancane, futhi "biology," okubhekisela ekutadisheni izinto eziphilayo. Ama-microorganisms afundiswa ahlukahluka kakhulu futhi insimu ye-microbiology idilizwe ezindaweni eziningi ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Insimu ye-microbiology ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangelwa lezi zinambuzane kodwa ngoba "ama-microorganisms" amahle ayadingeka ukuba siphile emhlabeni. Uma sicabanga ukuthi amabhaktheriya angaphezu kwamangqamuzana ethu, futhi le mizimba yethu ingabhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu kolwazi nokutadisha.
Izinhlobo zama-microorganisms - Ukuhlukaniswa
Ama-microorganisms, noma "amagciwane" yizinto ezincane eziphilayo. Iningi lalezi ziphilayo azikwazi ukubonakala ngamehlo, futhi kuze kube yilapho kusungulwa i-microscope kanye ne-germ theory, sasingazi ukuthi ziningi kangakanani.
Imikhiqizo iyatholakala cishe noma kuphi emhlabeni. Zitholakala emachibini amanzi abilayo e-Yellowstone nasezingxenyeni ezintaba-mlilo ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu kolwandle. Bangaphila emaflethini kasawoti futhi abanye baphumelele emanzini anosawoti (okuningi kokusebenzisa usawoti njengesilondolozi .) Abanye badinga umoya we-oksijeni ukuze ukhule kanti abanye abenzi.
I-microorganism yezwe "ethintekayo" yi-bacteria ebizwa ngokuthi i- Deinococcus radio trans , amabhaktheriya angakwazi ukumelana nemisebe ibe yizinga eliyinkimbinkimbi njengoba igama libonisa, kodwa futhi lingaphila ngaphandle kwamanzi, uma livezwa kuma-acids aqinile, ngisho nalapho lifakwa endaweni yokugcoba.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-Microorganisms ku-Microbiology
Kunezindlela eziningi ezahlukahlukene lapho ososayensi bahlukanisa khona, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo bazama ukuqonda, kwezigidi zezincane ezincane phakathi kwethu.
I-Multicellular vs i-unicellular vs i-acellular - Enye yezindlela ama-microbes ahlukaniswa ngayo ukuthi angaba namaseli noma cha, futhi bangaki. Ama-microorganisms angase abe:
- I-Multicellular - Ukuba neseli engaphezu kweyodwa.
- Unicellular - Ukuba neseli elilodwa.
- I-Acellular - Ayinakho amangqamuzana, afana namagciwane nama-prions. (Kube khona impikiswano yokuthi ngabe ama-virus aphila ngempela yini izinto, njengoba engakwazi ukusinda ngaphandle kwe-host, futhi ama-prions ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi "amaprotheni anesifo esithathelwanayo" kunokuba i-microbes.)
I-Eukaryotes vs i-prokaryotes Enye indlela ama-microorganisms ahlukaniswa ngayo ahlobene nohlobo lweseli. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-eukaryotes nama-prokaryotes:
- I-Eukaryot i-microbes ine "amangqamuzana anzima" ane-nucleus yangempela ne-membrane eboshwe i-organelles. Izibonelo zama-eukaryotes zihlanganisa helminths (izibungu,) i- protozoa , i-algae, i-fungi, nama-yeasts.
- Ama-prokaryotes angama-microbes "amangqamuzana alula" angenayo i-nucleus yangempela futhi engenalo i-organelles eboshwe nge-membrane. Izibonelo zifaka amabhaktheriya.
Amakilasi amakhulu ama-microorganisms afaka phakathi - Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-microbes nazo zingahle ziphulwe zibe yi:
- Ama-parasite - Ama-parasites ngezinye izikhathi ayesabisa kakhulu kunamanye ama-microorganisms, okungenani uma angabonwa nge-iso. Ama-parasites afaka i-helminths (ama-worms,) ama-flush, ama-protozoa, nokuningi. Izibonelo zezifo ezithathelwanayo zibandakanya i- malaria , i- giardia , nokugula kwe-Afrika. I-Ascariasis (ama-roundworms) yilabo abathinte abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane emhlabeni jikelele.
- I-fungus (kanye nama-yeasts) - I-Fungi yizinsiza ezincane ngezindlela ezithile zifana nezitshalo. Uma uye waba nomgijimi onyawo noma isifo sovuvu, uyazi izifo ezimbalwa ze- fungal . Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amakhowe kanye nezibunjwa. Njengama-bacteria, sinezinhlobo eziningi "ezifungi" ezihlala emizimbeni yethu futhi zingabangeli izifo.
- Amabhaktheriya - Sinebhaktheriya amaningi ngaphakathi nangemizimba yethu kunamaseli omuntu, kodwa iningi lama-bacteria "ama-bacteria anempilo." Basivikela ekuthelelekeni kwamabhaktheriya amabi noma we-pathologic futhi badlala indima ekugayeni ukudla kwethu. Izibonelo zezifo ezibangelwa ama-bacterium zihlanganisa isifo sofuba kanye nomgogodla we-Strep.
- Amagciwane - Ama-Virus anobuningi bemvelo, nakuba abantu abaningi abajwayelene nabo yibo abangela izifo zabantu. Ama-virus angaphinde afinyelele amanye ama-microorganisms afana namabhaktheriya, kanye nezitshalo. Ukugonywa kuye kwehlisa ingozi yezinye izifo ezesabekayo, kodwa ezinye, ezifana ne- Ebola kanye ne- Zika virus , zisikhumbuza ukuthi asikaqali ukunqoba lezi zitshalo ezincane.
- Amaphononi - Ososayensi abaningi ngalesi sikhathi abahlukanisi izigidi ezincane njengezinhlelo ezincane, kodwa kunalokho "njengama-proteine ​​aphefumulayo." Lokho kuthiwa, bavame ukufundiswa yi-virologists, i-Prions ngokuyinhloko isiqephu seprotheyini ephindiwe ngokungavamile, futhi ingase ingabonakali iyethusa ekuqaleni. Kodwa izifo ze-prion njengezifo zezinkomo ezimbi zikhona ezinye zezifo ezithathelwanayo kakhulu ezesabekayo.
Umlando we-Microbiology
Lokho esikuziyo manje mayelana nezinyunyana ezincane futhi okuzoxoxwa ngezansi ngezansi kungumlando omusha. Ake sibheke umlando wempilo yezinto ezincane:
I-microscope yokuqala / ama-microorganisms okuqala abonisiwe - Isinyathelo sokuqala esiyinhloko ku-microbiology sathi lapho uVan Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) enza i-lens microscope yokuqala. Ngomlingo owakhulisa cishe u-300X wakwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo amabhaktheriya okokuqala (kusukela ekuqotheni amazinyo akhe.)
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Germory Theory - Umzimba womuntu waqashelwa njengomthombo wokutheleleka ngabososayensi abathathu :.
- UDkt. Oliver Wendall Holmes wathola ukuthi abesifazane ababeletha ekhaya babengenakudlula ukutheleleka kwezifo kunelabo abanikezele esibhedlela.
- UDkt. Ignaz Semmelweis izifo ezixhunyaniswe nodokotela abahamba ngokuqondile kusuka egumbini lokuzwakalisa ukuya esigodini sokubeletha ngaphandle kokugeza izandla zabo.
- UJoseph Lister wethula amasu ase-aseptic, okuhlanganisa kokubili ukugeza izandla nokusebenzisa ukushisa ngenzalo.
I-Germ Theory - Abantu ababili abavame kakhulu ukwamukelwa kwe-germ theory kwakungu Louis Pasteur noRobert Koch:
- ULouis Pasteur (1822-1895) - uPasteur kuthiwa unombono we-biogenesis, ebona ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo zivela ezintweni kunokuba nombono okhona esikhathini esizayo. Wathi izifo eziningi zibangelwa ama-microbes (kunesono, intukuthelo kaNkulunkulu, nezinye izimbangela ezingase zibe khona.) Wabonisa ukuthi ama-microorganisms anesibopho sokuvutshelwa futhi ahlasele futhi athuthukise indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-pasteurization esasetshenziswa namuhla. Wabuye waba nemishanguzo ye-rabies ne-anthrax.
- URobert Koch (1843-1910) - uKoch ungumlobi we "Koch's postulates" uchungechunge lwesayensi lwezinyathelo ezibonisa ukuthi yi-germ theory futhi isetshenziselwa izifundo zesayensi kusukela (ngezinye izibuyekezo.) Wachaza imbangela yesifo sofuba, i-anthrax , nekholera.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izimpawu ezimbalwa zihlanganisa:
- 1892 - UDmitri Iosifovich Ivanoski wathola igciwane lokuqala.
- 1928 - u-Alexander Flemming wathola i-penicillin.
- 1995 - Ukulandelana kokuqala kwe-microbial genomic kwanyatheliswa.
Izinambuzane ezithathelwanayo
Uma sicabanga ngamagciwane, iningi lethu licabanga ngezifo, nakuba lezi "bugs" ezincane zingasisiza kakhulu kunokusilimaza. (Qinisekisa ukuthi ufunda nge "ama-microbes amahle" ngezansi.)
Kuze kube ngaphansi kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, futhi okwamanje, ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba, ukutheleleka ngama-microorganisms kwakuyisizathu esiholela ekufeni. Isikhathi sokuphila e-United States sathuthuka kakhulu ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule hhayi kuphela ngoba siphila isikhathi eside, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngoba izingane ezimbalwa ziyafa ebuntwaneni.
E-United States, isifo senhliziyo nomdlavuza manje sekuyisizathu sokuqala sokuqala sokufa. Nokho, emhlabeni wonke, izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organization, emazweni aphansi ezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele, imbangela eholela ekufeni yilezi zifo ezithathelwanayo zokuphefumula, okulandelwa izifo zokuhuda.
Ukufika kwamagciwane kanye nama-antibiotics, kanye nokunye okubaluleke nakakhulu amanzi ahlanzekile, kuye kwehlisa ukukhathazeka kwethu ngezidalwa ezithathelwanayo, kodwa kungaba kuhle ukuziqhenya. Ngesikhathi samanje, asibhekene nezifo ezithathelwanayo ezikhulayo kuphela, kodwa ukulwa nokulwa namagciwane, futhi ochwepheshe abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi singadluli isikhathi eside ngenxa yesifo esizayo.
Ama-Microorganisms Okuwusizo Kubantu - "Ama-Microbes Good"
Nakuba singakhulumi ngaso sonke isikhathi ngakho, ama-microorganisms awusizo kuphela kodwa awusizo cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu. Imikhiqizo ibalulekile ku:
- Ukuvikela imizimba yethu ngokumelene nama-microbi "amabi".
- Ukwenza ukudla - Kusuka ku-yogurt kuya ekunxilweni, ukuvutshelwa kuyindlela yokukhula uma ama-microbes asetshenziselwa ukudala ukudla. Lesi yisibonelo esisodwa, noma kunjalo, ama-microbes angaphansi kweketheni lokudla impilo eminingi
- Ukuchithwa kwamadayimane phansi bese kuvuselelwa amagesi angaphezulu ngaphezulu. Ama-bacteria angasiza ngisho nangoketshezi olunzima njengamafutha okuchithwa kanye nenkunkuma yenuzi.
- Ama-bacteria emizimbeni yethu anesibopho sokukhiqiza amavithamini njengevithamini K kanye namanye amavithamini B. Ama-bacteria nawo abaluleke kakhulu ekugayeni.
- Insimu ye-cryptography ibuye ibheke izindlela lapho amabhaktheriya angasetshenziswa njengedrayivu eyinkimbinkimbi yokugcina ulwazi.
Akuwona nje ukuthi ama-microbes enza imisebenzi eminingi kithi-bayingxenye yethu. Kucatshangwa ukuthi amabhaktheriya angaphakathi nasemzimbeni wethu angaphezu kwamangqamuzana ethu ngesilinganiso se-10 kuya ku-1.
Kungenzeka ukuthi wezwa zakamuva ekudleni okunempilo. Ngaphezu kokudla i-broccoli nama-blueberries, manje sesitshelwe ukuba sidle ukudla okuvutshiwe nsuku zonke, noma okungenani njalo ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngama-bacteria, bekungeke kube nokuvutshelwa.
Ekuzalweni, abantwana abanayo amabhaktheriya emizimbeni yabo. Bazuza amabhaktheriya abo okuqala njengoba bedlula ekulawulweni kokuzalwa. (Ukuntuleka kokuthatha ama-bacteria emgodini wokuzalwa kubhekwa abanye ukuthi yisona isizathu sokuthi ukukhuluphala nokugulisa umzimba kuvame kakhulu ezinganeni ezinikezwa isigaba C.)
Uma usufunde izindaba maduzane sekuye kwashiwo ukuthi amabhaktheriya ekuguleni ethu anesibopho sosuku lwethu kuya kwemizwa yosuku. funda ukuthi ungaphila ama-bacterium ama-gut . Ukutadisha i- microbiome manje sekusetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinto eziningi, njengokuthi kungani ama-antibiotic angaholela ekuzuzeni isisindo.
Izinsimu ze-Microbiology
Kunezinsizakalo eziningana ezihlukene emkhakheni wezinhlelo ze-microbiology. Isibonelo samanye amasimu ahlukaniswe uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo zihlanganisa:
- I-parasitology - Ukufunda nge-parasitology
- I-Mycology - Ukutadisha isikhunta
- Bacteriology - Ukutadisha amabhaktheriya
- Virology - Ukutadisha amagciwane
- Iprotozoology - Ukutadisha kwe-protozoa
- I-Phycology - Ukutadisha kwe-algae
- Immunology - Ukuhlola amasosha omzimba
Izinsimu ze-microbiology nazo zingahle ziphulwe ngokwezinga lokufaka izihloko ezihlukahlukene. Izibonelo ezimbalwa phakathi kwabaningi zihlanganisa:
- I-microbial physiology (ukukhula, umzimba kanye nesakhiwo semikhakhazane)
- I-microbial genetics
- Ukuziphendukela kwezinto ezincane
- Microbiology Environmental
- I-industrial microbiology (isibonelo, ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile)
- Ukudla Microbiology (ukuvutshelwa)
- I-Biotechnology
- Ukuhlelwa kwemvelo.
Ikusasa Lokusebenza Kwemvelo
Insimu ye-microbiology iyamangalisa futhi kukhona okungaphezulu esingayazi. Lokho esikutholile mhlawumbe kolwazi okusemandleni kakhulu ukuthi kukhona okuningi okumele ufunde.
Akukhona nje ukuthi amagciwane angabangela isifo, kodwa angasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izidakamizwa ukulwa namanye ama-microbes (isibonelo, i-penicillin.) Amanye amagciwane avele abangela umdlavuza, kanti amanye ahlolwe njengendlela yokulwa nomdlavuza.
Esinye sezizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abantu bafunde nge-microbiology ukuhlonipha lezi "zidalwa" ezingaphezu kwethu. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukumelana nokulwa namagciwane kunyuke ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okungalungile hhayi kuphela kwemithi elwa namagciwane kodwa insipho ye-antibacterial. Futhi lokho kungukuthi lapho sibheka ama-microbes esiwabona njengamanje. Njengoba izifo ezithathelwanayo zivela, futhi ngekhono lethu lokuhamba kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ngezindiza ezintathu, kunesidingo esikhulu sabancane bezemvelo ukuba bafundiswe futhi balungiselelwe.
> Imithombo
- > Kasper, uDennis L .., u-Anthony S. Fauci, noStephen L .. Hauser. Izimiso zikaHarrison zeMithi yangaphakathi. I-New York: Imfundo ye-Mc Graw-Hill, 2015. Phrinta.
- > Smolinska S., Groeger, D., noL. O'Mahony. I-Biology ye-Microbiome 1: Ukusebenzisana ne-Host Immune Response. Imitholampilo ye-Gastroenterology eNyakatho Melika . 2017. 4691): 19-35.