Ikholera yisifo sokutheleleka kubhaktheriya esibangelwa i-microbe ekhula emanzini. Abantu abagula kakhulu ngekholera bangase bachithe amandla kakhulu ngenxa yokuhuda nesifo sokuhlanza. Akuwona wonke umuntu ophethwe yi-kolera okugulayo, kepha labo abakwenzayo basengozini yokufa uma bengelashwa ngokushesha.
I-cholera iyingqayizivele kakhulu e-United States nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile lapho ukuhlanzeka komphakathi kuqiniswe khona futhi ukuhlanzeka okuhlanzekile kuyenziwa kabanzi.
Phakathi kuka-2001 no-2011, isibonelo, kwakukhona kuphela amacala angu-111 abikiwe e-US, ngokusho kwamaCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Kodwa-ke, ukuqubuka kwekholera kusengenzeka kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba lapho ukuhlanzeka nokuhlanzeka okuhlanzekile kungokwesaba. Uma uhlela ukuvakashela indawo enjalo, kufanele uqonde ukuthi lesi sifo sidluliselwa kanjani futhi unakekele ukuzivikela. Isibonelo, kunomuthi wokugoma wekholera kubantu abadala. Kodwa phawula ukuthi abantu abaningi abaya emazweni lapho ikholera ikhona khona abaya ezindaweni lapho kuqhuma khona iziqhumane.
Izimpawu
Izibonakaliso zesimo sekholera ekhulu yizinhlobo eziningi zamanzi ehudo aphuzayo okuthiwa ngezinye izikhathi ngokuthi "irayisi amanzi esitsheni" (ngoba lifana namanzi asetshenziselwa ukugeza irayisi), ukuhlanza nemigqa yomlenze. Ukulahlekelwa okusheshayo kwamanzi-cishe amalitha angu-20 ngosuku-kungaholela ngokushesha ekudambiseni amandla emzimbeni.
Izimpawu zokungasebenzi kahle kwamanzi zihlanganisa isikhumba se-turgor (okusho ukuthi ingxenye yesikhumba ekhonjiwe iphuza ukubuyela esimweni esivamile), amehlo aqhekekile, isilinganiso senhliziyo esisheshayo, ukucindezeleka kwegazi okuphansi , nokulahlekelwa kwesisindo. Ukwethuka kungenzeka uma ukulahlekelwa uketshezi kudala isimiso sokujikeleza ngoba asikho igazi eliningi njengokujwayelekile.
I-cholera ayivami ukudala umkhuhlane.
Isizathu
I- microbe ebangela ukhola yi-bacteria engalungile okuthiwa yi- Vibrio cholerae. Umuntu uvame ukutheleleka ngala mabhaktheriya ngamanzi okuphuza ahlambulukile ngendwangu evela komunye umuntu one-HIV. Amabhaktheriya nawo angadluliselwa ngokudla okuye kwagezwa noma kulungiselelwe ngamanzi angcolile. Ngezinye izikhathi kudluliselwa nge-shellfish eluhlaza noma engaphekiwe. Ukudluliselwa komuntu nomuntu akunakwenzeka.
V. I- cholera idala ukulimaza ohlelweni lokugaya ngokukhiqiza i-toxin ephazamisa ukulawula nokulinganisela kokugcinwa kwamanzi amangqamuzana e-mucosal ngaphakathi kwamathumbu. Futhi, ngokuvamile akubangeli umkhuhlane; amabhaktheriya ahlala emathunjini.
Ukuxilongwa
Ngoba isifo sohudo esibangelwa ikholera sibukeka ngokuphawulekayo, lokho kuvame ukutholakala nesifo. Ezinye izici ezisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa zihlanganisa ukuhlanza, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi ngokushesha, ukuhamba kwamuva kuleyo ndawo lapho kuvela khona uketshezi lwekholera, noma isidlo sakamuva se-shellfish. Kunezivivinyo zamalebhu zokuxilongwa kwekhamera, noma kunjalo, kufaka phakathi amasiko asezingeni.
Ukwelapha
Ukufa kwekholera kungenxa yokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi, ngakho-ke isici esibaluleke kakhulu sokuphatha lesi sifo sishintsha izikhukhula ezilahlekile emzimbeni.
Lokhu kuyinto elula ukuyenza ngezixazululo zomlomo ezakhiwe emanzini amaningi ahlanganisa umxube noshukela. Lezi zitholakala ezentengiselwano kodwa zingase zibe nzima ukuza emazweni asathuthuka ngenxa yezindleko. Ukupheka kwe-ORT okuzenzelayo usebenzisa izithako zasendlini ezivamile kanye nezinto zokusebenza zingasebenza kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, abantu abanesifo sohudo bafakwe "kwi-cholesera" evumela ukuphuma kwe-fecal ukugeleza ngokuqondile ibhakede. Ngale ndlela abanakekeli bangabona ukuthi uketshezi oluthile lulahlekile ngakho-ke kudingeka ukuthi kuthathwe indawo engakanani.
Abantu abasengozini yokushaqeka bangadinga uketshezi olwenziwe ngaphakathi ukuze baguquke izinga lapho imizimba yabo igcwaliswa khona, noma kunjalo.
Lezi ziguli ezigula kakhulu zingase zinikezwe ama-antibiotic ukuze zisuse ama- bacteria e- V. ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuze kokubili isidingo samanzi kanye nesilinganiso sesikhathi amabhaktheriya akhona esitokisini sabo singancipha. Imithi yokulwa namagciwane ayinconywa ekwelapheni ukwakhiwa kwekhamera, ngoba ivimbela ukusuka kwamagciwane emzimbeni.
Ukuvimbela
Nakuba iningi le-klera isifo esinzima, abantu abanegciwane lesifo sohlobo lwe-cholerae bayaqhubeka nokuchitha amabhaktheriya babuyele emvelweni, okungenzeka babangele abanye abanezifo ezimbi kakhulu ze-kolera. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-CDC incoma ukuthi noma ubani ohlala noma oya ezindaweni lapho ikholera etholakala khona kufanele aphuze amanzi abilisiwe noma amakhekhe e-chlorine noma ama-iodine noma iziphuzo zamabhodlela. Ukudla kumele kuphekwe kahle, futhi ngabanye kufanele bahlume izithelo zabo. Futhi, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuqaphela iqhwa, ukudla okuluhlaza, i-ayisikhilimu, nanoma yikuphi ukudla nokuphuza okuvela kubathengisi basemgwaqeni. Ukugeza izandla njalo futhi okubalulekile kubalulekile ekugwemeni ukwelashwa.
Kukhona imithi eminingi yekholera, kodwa eyodwa kuphela, i-Vaxchora (i-CVS 103-HgR ephikisiwe), itholakala e-United States. Isebenza ngokuvimbela isifo sohudo esibi kakhulu esibangelwa uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwekholera futhi kunconywa yi-CDC kubantu abadala abahamba ezindaweni ezihamba phambili zokudluliswa kwekholera. Kodwa-ke, phawula ukuthi imishanguzo yekholera ayihlinzeki ngokuvikelwa okuphelele, ngakho-ke noma ngabe ugonywe kubalulekile ukulandela izinyathelo zokuphepha eziyisisekelo.d
Izwi elivela
Abantu abahlala emazweni athuthukile akudingeki bakhathazeke ngekhamera, kodwa kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba kungaba yingozi enkulu yangempela. Amazwe lapho ukuqubuka kwekholera kwenzeka khona kubandakanya iHaiti neDominican Republic, kanye nezingxenye ze-Afrika ne-Asia. I-World Health Organization (WHO) ibika ukuthi kunezigidi ezingu-1.3 million kuya kwezigidi ezingu-4 zekholera njalo ngonyaka nokuthi phakathi kuka-21 000 kuya ku-143,000 abantu bafa ngekhamera.
Ngomzamo wokuqeda lonke ikholera emhlabeni wonke, i-Global Task Force e-Cholera Control, inethiwekhi engaphezu kwamayunivesithi angama-50, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, kanye nezinhlangano zeZizwe Ezihlangene, kanye ne-WHO, igxile emasu amathathu:
- Iqukethe ukuqubuka kwekholera ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka
- Ukugxila ekusakazweni kwekholera ezindaweni ezithinteka kakhulu yilolu sifo
- Ukuhlinzeka ukwesekwa emazweni amaningi abathintekayo yikholera ngezinsiza zabantu, ezobuchwepheshe nezemali
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ikholera ephazamisayo ingaba kanjani lapho kuqhuma iziqhumane, lo msebenzi uwufanele kakhulu umzamo kanye nesinyathelo esibalulekile ekudaleni impilo nenhlalakahle yendawo yonke.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Impilo Yabahambi: I-Cholera. "Mashi 6, 2018.
> Frerichs, RR, Keim, PS, Barrais, R, noPiarroux, R. "I-Nepal's Origin of Cholera Epidemic eHaiti." Clin Microbiology and Infection . Juni 2012. Umqulu 18 Issue 6, iphe. E158-E163. I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03841.x
> Loharikar, A, et.al. "I-Cholera e-United States, ngo-2001-2011: Ukucatshangelwa Kwama Patterns Epidemiology Nezokuvakasha Emhlabeni Wonke." I- Epidemiol Infect . Mar 2015; 143 (4): 695-703. I-DOI: 10.1017 / S0950268814001186.
> Orata, Fabini D, Keim, Paul S, noBoucher, Yan. "U-2010 Cholera Outbreak eHaiti: Indlela Isayensi Exazululwa Ngayo Ukuphikisana." PLosPathog . Apr 2014; 10 (4): e1003967. I-DOI: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.ppat.1003967
> I-World Health Organization. "Cholera." Feb 1, 2018.