Ukwelashwa Kwemdlavuza

Ngokuningiliziwe Ngokunakekelwa Kwemdlavuza

Yiziphi izinketho zokwelapha ezitholakalayo ngomdlavuza, futhi lezi zindlela zisebenza kanjani? Iyini umgomo walezi zokwelapha, futhi zisetshenziswa nini?

Ukukhetha uhlelo lweCreatcer Treatment Plan

Uma wena noma othandekayo usanda kuthiwa unomdlavuza, ungase uzizwe ukhathazekile futhi ukhululekile. I-Cancer noma "i-C" ingafaka umqondo wokwesaba nokwesaba ngisho nabantu abanesibindi. Ukuthuthukiswa okuningi kuye kwenziwa ekwelashweni komdlavuza, ngokuvamile kuvumela izinketho eziningana ezahlukene zokunakekelwa.

Ungenza kanjani izinqumo ezingcono kuwe njengomuntu ngamunye?

Ngokujabulisayo akunakwenzeka kuphela ukwenza lezi zincumo, kodwa abantu abanomdlavuza bathatha indima ekhuthele kunanini ngaphambili ekukhetheni ukwelashwa kwabo. Lokhu kukhetha kuzoxhomeka ezintweni eziningi, kuhlanganise nobudala bakho, uhlobo oluthile nesigaba somdlavuza onayo, kanye nemiphumela emibi yokwelapha ozimisele ukuyibekezelela.

• I-Bone-Modifying Drugs for Cancer With Bone Metastases

• Okufanele Ukwenze Uma Imithi Yakho Yomdlavuza Idala I-Rash Esikhathini Sakho Sesikhumba

Ngokufanayo, yonke imdlavuza ihlukile kumbono wamangqamuzana, futhi ukwelashwa okusebenza kahle kumuntu oyedwa oluthile lomdlavuza kungase kungasebenzi nomunye umuntu onomdlavuza ofanayo.

Ake sibheke imithi yokwelashwa okwamanje etholakalayo, imigomo ehlukene yokwelapha, nokuthi yini ongayenza ukuze wenze izinqumo ezinhle kakhulu zokunakekelwa kwakho.

Izindlela zokwelapha zengculazi zendawo kanye nezindlela ezivamile

Kunezindlela eziningi ezihlukahlukene lapho umdlavuza uphathwa khona, kodwa kuwusizo ukuqala ukwehlisa lezi zindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukwelashwa kwendawo kanye nokwelashwa kwesistimu yomdlavuza.

Ukwelashwa Kwendawo - Izindlela zokwelapha zendawo zikhuluma nomdlavuza lapho uvela khona. Kokubili ukwelashwa kanye nokwelapha imisebe kubhekwa ukwelashwa kwendawo. Baphatha noma basuse umdlavuza oyinhloko kodwa abakwazi ukuphatha amangqamuzana omdlavuza okungenzeka asakaze kwezinye izifunda zomzimba.

Imithi yokwelashwa - Izindlela zokwelashwa ezivamile zihlanganisa lezo ezenza umdlavuza wamangqamuzana nomaphi lapho kungenzeka khona emzimbeni. Izindlela ezihlinzekwa "ukufaka uhlelo oluhlelekile" lomdlavuza zihlanganisa i-chemotherapy, imithi ehlosiwe, imithi yokwelapha kanye ne-immunotherapy. Uma umdlavuza usakaze noma uma kwenzeka usakazeke, ukwelashwa okuhleliwe okufana ne-chemotherapy kuvame ukudingeka ukuze ususe la maseli angama-vagrant. Njengoba ukwelashwa okuhlobene negazi okufana ne-leukemia kuthinta amangqamuzana egazini-amaseli ahamba kuzo zonke izindlela zokwelashwa komzimba kuyindlela eyinhloko yokwelashwa.

Imigomo Yokwelashwa Kwemdlavuza

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukucabangela imigomo yomuthi wakho womdlavuza ngaphambi kokuqala ukwelapha umdlavuza. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abantu abanomdlavuza bavame ukulindela okungafani kakhulu nalabo odokotela babo mayelana nokusebenza kwemithi ehlukahlukene.

Imigomo ingafaka:

• Ukwelapha umdlavuza - Umgomo wokwelapha ezinye umdlavuza uwukuqeda umdlavuza, ngakho sekuphelile kuze kube phakade. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yokuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza avela emathunjini aqinile ngezinye izikhathi angase "afihle" iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka, ezinye izinjongo zivame ukucatshangelwa (ngisho noma kungenzeka ukuthi umdlavuza uzobuya futhi omncane.)
• Ukwandisa impilo noma ukunciphisa ingozi yokuphindaphindiwe - Iziningi zokwelashwa kwemithi yomdlavuza zinikeza ithuba lokukhulisa ubude besikhathi umuntu angaphila nomdlavuza, noma aphile ekukhululweni komdlavuza.
• Ukwelashwa kwe-Adjuvant - Ukwelashwa kwe-Adjuvant kuyindlela yokwelashwa lapho ukwelashwa (ngokuvamile okuyi-chemotherapy noma imithi yokwelashwa) kusetshenziselwa ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza osakazekele kwezinye izifunda zomzimba (micrometastases) kodwa akakwazi ukutholwa okwamanje kwizifundo ze-radiological. Ukwelashwa kwe-Adjuvant kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ukuze kunciphise amathuba okuba umdlavuza uzobuya.
• Ukwelashwa kwe-Neoadjuvant - Ukwelashwa kwe-Neoadjuvant kufaka nalabo (ngokuvamile amakhemikhali noma i-radiation therapy) esetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubukhulu besisu ukuze kutholakale ukuhlinzwa.

• Ukwelashwa kwe-Palliative - ukunakekelwa kwe-Palliative noma "ukwelashwa okusekelayo" kubhekisela endleleni yokwelashwa ekhuluma nazo zonke izingxenye zomuntu: umzimba, ingqondo nomoya. Lezi zokwelapha zenzelwe ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kubantu abanomdlavuza kodwa azenzelwe ukwelapha umdlavuza uqobo. Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi ukunakekelwa kwe-palliative kuhlukile kune-hospice. Ukunakekelwa kwe-palliative kungasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila ngisho nabantu abanamdlavuza okungenzeka baphulukiswe.

Ingabe I-Cancer Ilashwa Ngokwelashwa?

Ekubukezeni imigomo yokwelashwa kungenzeka abantu bazibuze ukuthi kungani igama elithi "ukwelashwa" lingavamile ukusetshenziselwa izicubu eziqinile nokuthi kungani amagciwane angabuya ngezinye izikhathi. Kunemibono eminingi yokuthi kungani amagciwane angabuyela emuva , ngisho namashumi eminyaka kamuva. Lokhu kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ngisho noma kungenzeka ukuthi umdlavuza wakho uzobuyela emuva ngemuva kokwelashwa, kukhona futhi amathuba okuba i-oncologist yakho izosebenzisa igama elithi "elaphekile" uma une-tumor eqinile. Esikhundleni salokho, cishe uzozwa amagama anjengokuthi "ukuxolelwa okuphelele" futhi "akukho bufakazi besifo."

• Ingabe Pet Your Kungaba Umngane Ngesikhathi Ukwelashwa?

• Indlela i-Vitamin D engayinciphisa ngayo ingozi yomdlavuza

Amanqamu angakwazi "ukuphulukiswa" ngokulashwa afaka amanye ama-leukemia kanye ne-lymphomas, umdlavuza wokuqala we-ovarian, kanye nezicubu eziqinile ezitholakala lapho isisu sisacatshangwa ngokuthi i-carcinoma in situ. I-carcinoma in situ ibhekisela emdlalweni ophikisayo ngokucacile ( awukwakhiwa ngamaseli angenakuqapha ) kodwa awunweli embhedeni wangaphansi. Ngamanye amazwi, akuyona umdlavuza "ongenayo". Iningi lamakhansela, ngisho nalawo asezingeni lesigaba I, namanje libhekwa njengengenangqondo ngoba lidlulela ngaphesheya kwesigqebhezana esingaphansi.

Sibutsetelo izindlela zokwelashwa kweCanscer and Options

Kunezindlela eziningi umdlavuza uphathwa ngayo. Khumbula ukuthi kunoma yikuphi kwalokhu okukhethwa kukho kungase kube khona izindlela ezahlukene nokuhlukahluka nokuthi lezi zindlela ezihlukile zinganconywa ngezinhloso ezehlukene engqondweni. Isibonelo, uhlobo olulodwa lwe-radiation therapy lungasetshenziswa njengendlela yokwelapha okwelapha kanti olunye uhlobo lwama-radiation lungasetshenziswa njengelashwa lokuphulukisa, ngisho nohlobo olufanayo lomdlavuza. Ngayinye yalezi zindlela izokwandiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngezansi. Izindlela zokwelapha zifaka:

• ukuhlinzwa
• ukwelashwa kwemisebe
• i-chemotherapy
• ezithintekayo zokwelashwa
• ama-hormonal therapies
• immunotherapy
• stem cell transplants
• izivivinyo zokwelashwa
• ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zomdlavuza

Ukuhlinzwa njengokwelashwa kweCanscer

Ngaphandle kwezimbalwa ezimbalwa, njengama-khansela ahlobene negazi afana ne-leukemia, ukuhlinzeka kunika ithuba elihle lokuphulukisa umdlavuza noma okungenani kuncishise amathuba okuphindaphinda. Umgomo wokuhlinzwa ungaba ku:

• Ukuqaphela umdlavuza - I-biopsy yokuhlinza ingasusa ingxenye yesisu, noma umdlavuza ungasuswa ngokuphelele, ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa okuqondile.
• Umdlavuza wesiteji - Ukubeka umdlavuza-ukucacisa ukuthi umdlavuza ukhulu kangakanani nokuthi usakaze kangakanani-kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhetheni ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu komdlavuza. Izinto eziningi zenza umdlavuza, kodwa ukulinganisa ubukhulu besisu emva kokuhlinzwa kungenye yalezi zici. Ukwelashwa kungase kube enye yokubheka ukusakazeka komdlavuza ngenjongo yokubeka isiteji, isibonelo, nge- dissection ye-lymph node dissection nge-breast cancer noma i- mediastinoscopy ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
• Umdlavuza wegciwane - Uma umdlavuza oqinile ubanjelwa ekuqaleni, ukuhlinzwa kungasetshenziswa emzamweni wokwelapha umdlavuza. Lokhu kungalandelwa ezinye izindlela zokwelashwa ezifana ne-chemotherapy noma ukwelashwa kwama-radiation ukuze kufinyelele noma yimaphi amangqamuzana anomdlavuza awazange asuswe ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa.
• I-Debulk i-tumor - Ungase uzibuze ukuthi kungani ukuhlinzwa kungasetshenziselwa kaningi kaningi kumdlavuza wegciwane osuke usakazeka. Phela, akusilo yini umqondo omuhle ukunciphisa ubukhulu besisu ngokusemandleni akho? Ngama-tumors aphakeme kakhulu, njengemdlavuza webele wesigaba se-IV, ukuhlinzwa akukhuthazwa, njengoba ukwelashwa okufana ne-chemotherapy kuyasebenza kakhulu. Kukhona okungafani lapho ukuhlinzekwa kwe-"debulking" noma i- cytoreduction kungase kube nezinzuzo eziningi kunezingozi. Isibonelo, ngezinye izifo zomdlavuza we-ovari, ukuhlinzeka ngokweqile kunganciphisa inani le-tumor okwamanje, okwenza ukuthi i-chemotherapy iphumelele kangcono ngaphambi kokuba i-tumor iphikisana nalezi zidakamizwa.
• Umdlavuza we-Palliate - Ukwelashwa kungenziwa ngezizathu ezinamandla . Isibonelo, ukuhlinzwa kungasusa ingxenye yesisu esenza ubuhlungu, ukuvimbela noma ukuphazamisa ezinye izinqubo emzimbeni.
• Ukuvimbela umdlavuza - Ngomdlavuza onesiteji esinqunyiwe noma uma ucatshangwa ukuthi umuntu angase abe nomdlavuza esifundeni somzimba, ukuhlinzwa kungenziwa ukukhipha isitho ngaphambi kokuba umdlavuza uthuthuke. Isibonelo, abanye abantu abanengozi ephezulu yezakhi zofuzo ekuthuthukiseni umdlavuza webele bangakhetha ukuba ne-mastectomy yokuvimbela.

Izingozi nemiphumela emibi yokuhlinzwa kwe-Cancer - Njengazinye izindlela zokwelapha umdlavuza, ukuhlinza kubhekana nezingozi, futhi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zingozi zingaphezu kwezinzuzo zokwelapha. Lezi zingozi zihluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwesisu nendawo, kodwa zingabandakanya ukuphuma kwegazi, ukutheleleka, nezinkinga ze-anesthesia.

Amasu okuhlinzeka okukhethekile - Ukuthuthuka kwamasu okuhlinza, njengokukhethwa kwe-lumpectomy ngokuhambisana nesisindo esidlulile sezinto ezidlule, kuvumela odokotela abahlinzayo ukuba basuse izicubu ngezinkinga ezimbalwa kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula ngokushesha. Leli gama ukuhlinzekwa okuncane okungenasidingo lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza lezi zindlela ezinikeza ikhono elifanayo lokukhipha isisu, kodwa ngokulimala okungenani kumathishu evamile. Isibonelo ukusetshenziswa kokuhlinzwa kwe-thoracoscopic okusizwa ngevidiyo ukususa umdlavuza wamaphaphu, ngokungafani ne-thoracotomies eyenziwe njalo esikhathini esidlule. Ukuhlinzeka nge-Robotic esinye isibonelo sendlela yokuhlinza ekhethekile engasetshenziswa. Kunezinye eziningi eziningi zokwelapha ezikhethekile. Ukuhlinzwa kwe-Laser kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamagagasi omsakazo we-high-energy ukuphatha umdlavuza. I-electrosurgery yenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezigxobo eziphezulu zamandla kagesi, futhi i-cryosurgery isebenzisa umthombo obandayo onjenge-nitrogen wamanzi ukuqeda izicubu.

I-Chemotherapy

I-Chemotherapy ibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhemikhali (imishanguzo) ukuqeda umzimba wamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Lezi zidakamizwa zisebenza ngokuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa nokuphindaphinda kwamaseli akhula ngokushesha, njengamaseli omdlavuza.

Njengoba lezi zidakamizwa zenzelwe ukwelapha amangqamuzana akhula ngokushesha , ziphumelela kakhulu ekukhuleni okusheshayo-noma ezihlambalaza. Amafomu omdlavuza okwakungokomlando ohlukumezayo futhi obulalayo kaningi ngezinye izikhathi manje aphethwe kakhulu futhi kungenzeka aphulukiswe ngokusebenzisa i-chemotherapy. Ngokuphambene, i-chemotherapy ayiphumeli kangcono ekukhuleni okuncane okukhulayo, noma "okuyizidakamizwa".

Le nqubo yesenzo ibuye ibhekane nemiphumela emibi eyaziwayo ye-chemotherapy. Kunezinhlobo eziningi "ezijwayelekile" zamaseli emzimbeni okhula ngokushesha, njengalawo ozinwele zezinwele, i-digestive tract, kanye nomnkantsha wamathambo. Njengoba i-chemotherapy ihlasela noma yimaphi amangqamuzana akhula ngokushesha, lokhu kubangela imiphumela emibi eyaziwayo yokushaywa izinwele, isicashu, kanye nokucindezelwa komnyoba .

Umgomo we-chemotherapy ungaba:

• Ukwelapha umdlavuza - Ngezifo ezihlobene negazi ezinjenge-leukemias ne-lymphomas, i-chemotherapy ingasetshenziswa ngenhloso yokwelapha umdlavuza.
• I-Adjuvant chemotherapy - i-Adjuvant chemotherapy i-chemotherapy ehlinzekwa ngemuva kokuhlinzekwa ngokusemthethweni "ukuhlanza" noma yiliphi amangqamuzana omdlavuza aye ahamba ngaphesheya kwesisu kepha angakabonakali ekuhloleni izithombe esiziphethe manje. La maseli ahamba phambili amancane kakhulu angatholakali abizwa ngokuthi ama- micrometastases . I-Adjuvant chemotherapy yenzelwe ukunciphisa ingozi yokuphindaphinda umdlavuza.
• I-Neoadjuvant chemotherapy - i-Neoadjuvant chemotherapy inganikezwa ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa ukuze kunciphise ubukhulu besisu. Uma i-tumor ingakwazi ukusebenza ngenxa yobukhulu bayo noma indawo yayo, i-chemotherapy kulokhu kulungiselelwa kunganciphisa ubukhulu be-tumor ngokwanele ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlinzwa.
• Ukwandisa impilo - I-Chemotherapy ingasetshenziswa ukukhulisa impilo.
• I-chemotherapy ye-palliative - I- chemotherapy ye- Palliative ibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-chemotherapy ukunciphisa izimpawu zomdlavuza, kodwa hhayi ukuphulukisa umdlavuza noma ukwandisa impilo.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezihlukahlukene zemithi yokwelapha, ehluke kuzo zombili izindlela zabo zesenzo futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weseli bayaphazamisa. Izidakamizwa eziningi kakhulu ezenziwa ngamakhemikhali asetshenziselwa inhlanganisela-okuthiwa i- chemotherapy enhlanganisela . Amangqamuzana omdlavuza womuntu ngamunye ahlukene ngamaphuzu ahlukene ohlelweni lokukhiqiza nokuhlukanisa. Ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingaphezu kweyodwa kusiza ukuphatha amangqamuzana omdlavuza kunoma yikuphi lapho bekhona emjikelezweni weseli.

I-chemotherapy inganikezwa nge-vein (i-chemotherapy enomlomo) ngomlomo, ngephilisi noma i-capsule, ngqo kumswakama ozungezile ubuchopho, noma emzimbeni okhona emgodini wesisu.

Izingozi nemiphumela emibi ye-chemotherapy - Iningi labantu liyazi kahle imiphumela ejwayelekile ye-chemotherapy , njengokulahlekelwa izinwele. Ngokujabulisayo, eminyakeni yamuva nje ukwelashwa sekuye kwasungulwa ukuphatha eziningi zale mibi emibi. Isibonelo, abantu abaningi manje banesivinini esincane noma esingenaso ukuhlanza esihlotshaniswa naso esikhathini esidlule. Lezi zemihelo zihlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa komuthi, izilinganiso, nempilo yakho jikelele, kodwa kungafaka:

• ukulahlekelwa izinwele
• isicanucanu nokuhlanza
• i-anemia (inani elincane elibomvu legazi noma i-hemoglobin)
• i-neutropenia (i-neutrophils ephansi, uhlobo lwe-white cell cell)
• i-thrombocytopenia (amapleletthi aphansi)
• i-neuropathy yomzimba
• izilonda zomlomo
• ukunambitha izinguquko
• izinguquko zesikhumba kanye nezinguquko zeminwe
• isifo sohudo
• ukukhathala

Iningi lala miphumela emibi ixazulula ngokushesha emva kwesimiso sokugcina se-chemotherapy, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi imiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside ye-chemotherapy . Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukulimala kwenhliziyo ngezinye zalezi zidakamizwa kanye nengozi ekhulayo yamagciwane wesibili (njenge-leukemia) nabanye. Izinzuzo zokwelashwa ngokuvamile zidlula kakhulu noma yikuphi kwalokhu okukhathazayo okungenzeka, kepha ukuqwashisa kungakusiza uxoxe ngazo zonke izinketho kahle nodokotela wakho.

I-Radiation Therapy

Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa ukwelashwa okusebenzisa ama-x-rays aphezulu (noma amapulangwe aseproton) ukubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwenziwe kulezi zindlela zokwelashwa eminyakeni yamuva, ukunciphisa umonakalo wezicubu ezijwayelekile ezungeze umdlavuza.

I-radiation inganikezwa ngaphandle, lapho imisebe idluliselwa emzimbeni evela ngaphandle okufana nomshini we-x-ray, noma ngaphakathi (i-brachytherapy) lapho izinto ezisakazwayo zijova okwesikhashana noma ezingenakunyaka noma zifakwe emzimbeni.

Njengamanye ukwelashwa komdlavuza, ukwelapha imishanguzo ngezizathu ezahlukene kanye nemigomo ehlukene. Le migomo ingaba:

• Ukwelapha umdlavuza - I-radiotherapy yomzimba ka-Stereotactic (SBRT) ingasetshenziswa, isibonelo, ngomzamo wokuphulukisa umdlavuza omncane ongenakufinyelelwa ngokuhlinzwa, noma ukususa ngokuphelele imetastasis ehlukile.
• Njengoba ukwelashwa kwe-adjuvant - Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa kungasetshenziswa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ukuphatha noma yimaphi amangqamuzana asele ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Lokhu kungenziwa ngaphandle noma ngaphakathi. Isibonelo ukusetshenziswa kwe-radiation therapy emdongeni wesifuba ngemuva kwesifo se-mastectomy.
• Njengokwelashwa kwe-neoadjuvant - Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa kungahlanganiswa ne-chemotherapy ukunciphisa ubukhulu besisu ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwelashwa kwemisebe-ngokuvamile okuhlanganiswa ne-chemotherapy-kungasetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubukhulu bomdlavuza ongaphazamiseki ukuze umdlavuza wenziwe.
• Ngokweqile - Isibonelo sokuthi ukwelashwa okuvimbela ukuhlinzeka ngemithi yokwelapha ebuchosheni ukuvimbela ama-metastase ebuchosheni kubantu abanomdlavuza omncane wamangqamuzana omzimba.
• Ukwelashwa kwama-radial palliative - Ukwelashwa kwama-radial Palliative kubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwemisebe ukubhekana nezimpawu zomdlavuza kodwa hhayi ukuphilisa umdlavuza. Kungasetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubuhlungu, ukunciphisa ukucindezelwa, noma ukukhulula izivimbelo ezibangelwa umdlavuza.

Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa kungenziwa ngezindlela eziningana ngezindlela eziningi:

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle ye-radium - Ukushiswa kwemisebe yangaphandle kusetshenziswe kaningi futhi kuhilela ukuqondisa i-ray ye-radiation endaweni yangakini kuya kwisayithi se-tumor.
• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe ye-intensitive-modulated (IMRT) - i-IMRT yindlela yokuqondisa imisebe ngokucacile kwisayithi, okuvumela ukuthi inani eliphakeme lemisebe linikezwe ngokungalimazi kwamangqamuzana azungezile.
• I-Brachytherapy - Brachytherapy, noma imisebe yangaphakathi, iyindlela lapho imbewu enomsakazo ifakwa khona emzimbeni okwesikhashana noma unomphela.
• I-radiotherapy yomzimba ebizwa ngokuthi i- stereotactic radiotherapy (i-SBRT) - i-SBRT, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-cyber ummese noma i-gamma ummese, akuyona indlela yokuhlinza, kodwa empeleni indlela yokuqondisa umthamo ophezulu wemisebe endaweni encane yezicubu, ngenhloso yokubhubhisa ngokuphelele isigaba sokuqala umdlavuza okuningi njengokuhlinzwa. Kungasetshenziselwa ukwelapha "i-oligometastase" -i-metastases ehlukanisiwe noma embalwa endaweni efana nephaphu, isibindi, noma ubuchopho obuvela komunye umdlavuza.
• Ukwelashwa kweproton - Ukwelashwa kwe- Proton isebenzisa izinhlayiyana ze-proton ezimisiwe-e-atomic ezilawulwa kalula kune-x-ray-ukuphatha izicubu ezingenasici ezilula ukubhekana nazo ngemisebe evamile.
• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe yomsindo - Ukushisa kwemisindo yindlela yokwenza imisebe ihlinzekwe kuwo wonke umzimba ngokusebenzisa igazi. Isibonelo ukusetshenziswa kwe- iodine ye- radioactive ukuphatha ezinye izinhlobo ze-khansa ye -roid.

Ingozi nemiphumela emibi yokwelashwa kwemisebe - Izingozi zokwelapha imisebe zixhomeke kunhlobo oluthile lwemisebe kanye nendawo lapho kuhanjiswa khona kanye namanani asetshenzisiwe. Imiphumela emifushane yesikhashana yokwelapha imishanguzo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ubomvu (njengokushisa kwelanga), ukuvuvukala kwendawo ethola imisebe, njenge- radiation pneumonitis ne-radiation kuya esifubeni, nokukhathala. Izimpawu zengqondo zibuye zivame kubantu abathola imishanguzo yonke yobuchopho. Imiphumela emibi yesikhathi esigcwele yokwelashwa kwemisebe ingabandakanya ukushaywa esifundeni lapho isetshenziselwa khona kanye namagciwane angokwesibini.

Imithi ehlosiwe

Imithi yokwelashwa ehlosiwe yimithi eyenzelwe ukuhlosa amaseli omdlavuza ngokuqondile, kanti njalo njalo kunomonakalo kumaseli avamile. Izidakamizwa eziningi ezisanda kuvunyelwa umdlavuza zihloselwe ukwelashwa, futhi ngaphezulu kuhlolwa ezivivinyweni zomtholampilo. Ngaphandle kokuthiwa yizokwelapha ezihlosiwe, lezi zindlela zokwelashwa zingase zibhekwe ngokuthi "izidakamizwa ezihlosiwe" noma "imithi eqondile."

Imithi ehlosiwe ihlukile kumakhemikhali ngamakhemikhali ambalwa. Ngokungafani ne-chemotherapy ehlasela noma yiziphi izinqamuzana ezihlukanisa ngokushesha ukuthi izifo ezivamile noma ezinomdlavuza zihloselwe ngqo amaseli omdlavuza. Izidakamizwa ze-chemotherapy nazo zivame ukuba yi-cytotoxic, okusho ukuthi zibulala amangqamuzana, kuyilapho izinqubo ezithintekayo zithathwa njenge-cytostatic, okusho ukuthi bayeka ukwanda komdlavuza kodwa ababulali amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokwelashwa okuhlosiwe:

• Imithi ye-molecule encane - Izidakamizwa ezincane zamangqamuzana ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngaphakathi komdlavuza wesilwane futhi zihlose amaprotheni ahilelekile ekukhuleni kwamaseli. Bese bakwazi ukuvimbela izimpawu ezitshela amangqamuzana ukuthi ahlukanise futhi akhule. Le mithi ikhonjiswe yi-suffix "ib" njenge-erlotinib.
• Ama-antibodies e-monoclonal - Ama-antibodies e-Monoclonal afana namagciwane omzimba wethu owenzayo ekuphenduleni ama-virus nama-bacterium. Ngokungafani nalezi zinselo zomzimba, izifo zomzimba ezinamakhomikhali "zenziwe ngabantu", futhi esikhundleni sokulwa namagciwane nama-bacteria, zibhekisela kwelinye ilanga (amaprotheni) emangqamuzaneni omdlavuza.Lezi mithi zithwala "mab" njengoba bevacizumab.

Kunezindlela ezine eziyinhloko lapho lezi zindlela ezibhekiswe kuzo zisebenza ngokumelene nomdlavuza. Bangase:

• Hlangana nokukhula kwemithambo emisha yegazi. Lezi zidakamizwa ezibhekwa ngokuthi i- angiogenesis inhibitors , ngokuyinhloko zilambile indlala ngokuphazamisa igazi layo.
• Vimbela amasignali ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kweseli okutshela iseli ukuthi lihlukanise futhi likhule.
• Sondeza "ukukhokha" okweshukela ku-tumor.
• Khuthaza isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ukuze ususe amaseli omdlavuza.

Izingozi nemiphumela emibi yezokwelapha ezihlosiwe - Nakuba izindlela zokwelashwa ezihlosiwe zivame ukulimaza kakhulu kunezidakamizwa zamakhemikhali, zinemiphumela emibi. Eziningi zezidakamizwa ezincane ze-molecule zixhunyaniswa nesibindi futhi zingabangela ukuvuvukala kwalesi sitho. Ngezinye izikhathi amaprotheni akhona namaseli avamile. Isibonelo, iphrotheni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-EGFR igxilile kakhulu kwamanye amagciwane. I-EGFR iphinde iboniswe ngamanye amaseli esikhumba kanye namaseli okugaya ukudla. Izidakamizwa ezihlose i-EGFR zingaphazamisa ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza, kodwa futhi zibangele ukuhuda nokushisa okunjengama-acne esikhumbeni. I-Angiogenesis inhibitors, njengoba ibeka umkhawulo wemisebe yegazi entsha, ingaba nomthelela ohlangothini wegazi.

Uma kutholakala ukuthi, udokotela wakho angenza ukuprofetha kwe-molecular (ukuprofetha kwezakhi zofuzo) ukuze ukwazi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isisu singasabela kwenye yalezi zonyango.

Ukwelashwa kwamaHormonal

Amanqamu anjengomdlavuza wesifuba nomdlavuza wesifo sofuba avame ukuthonywa izinga lamahomoni emzimbeni. Isibonelo, i-estrogen ingabangela ukukhula kwesinye isifo somdlavuza webele (isrogen receptor positive umdlavuza webele) kanti i-testosterone ingashukumisa ukukhula komdlavuza wesibeletho. Ngale ndlela, ama-hormone enza njengophethiloli emlilweni ukuze uphuthukise ukukhula kwalezi zomshukela. Ukwelashwa kwamahomoni-okubizwa nangokuthi ukwelashwa kwe-endocrine-vimbela lo mphumela oshukumisayo wamahomoni ukuyeka ukukhula komdlavuza. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa iphilisi yomlomo, nge-injection, noma ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokuhlinza ngenhloso yoku:

• Ukwelapha umdlavuza - Ukwelashwa kwama-hormone kungasetshenziswa ukuma noma ukunciphisa ukukhula kwama-tumor ezibucayi ezibucayi. Zombili usizo lwe-estrogen kanye ne-progesterone ukushayela ukukhula kwamanye khansa webele kanye ne-testosterone kungadala ukukhula kwamanye amagciwane e-prostate.
• Ukuvimbela umdlavuza - Isibonelo sokuvimbela umdlavuza kungaba ukusetshenziswa kweTamoxifen kumuntu osengozini enkulu yokuthuthukisa umdlavuza webele ngesethemba lokuthi ukwelashwa kuzokwehlisa ingozi ukuthi umdlavuza uzokhula kuqala.
• Nciphisa ingozi yokuphindaphinda (unciphise amathuba ukuthi umdlavuza uzobuya.)
• Phatha izimpawu zomdlavuza.

Imithi yomlomo ingasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwehomoni, noma ukuvimbela ikhono le-hormone ukuthi linamathisele kumaseli omdlavuza. Ukuhlinzwa kungasetshenziswa njengendlela yokwelashwa kwe-hormonal. Isibonelo, ukususwa kokuhlinzwa kwamathambo kunganciphisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwe testosterone emzimbeni kanye nokususwa kwama-ovari (oophorectomy) kungavimbela ukukhiqizwa kwe-estrogen. Izihloko ezilandelayo zihlola ukwelashwa kwama-hormonal yomdlavuza ekujuleni okukhulu :.

• Ukwelashwa kwe-hormone ye-estrogen receptor positive umdlavuza webele
• Ukwelashwa kwamahomoni kwabesilisa abanomdlavuza we-prostate

Izingozi nemiphumela emibi yokwelashwa kwe-hormonal - Imiphumela emibi eminingi evela kulezi zonyango, njenge-anti-estrogens, ukwelashwa kwe-androgen yokunqandwa, kanye nokuhlinzwa, kuhlobene nokungabikho kwamahomoni okwenziwe emzimbeni wethu. Isibonelo, ukususa ama-ovari, ngaleyo ndlela ukwehlisa i-estrogen, kungabangela ukushisa okushisayo nokumelela kwesisu.

Immunotherapy

I-Immunotherapy iyindlela entsha ethokozisayo yokwelapha umdlavuza futhi yabizwa ngokuthi i-Asociation for Clinical Oncology kusengaphambili ngonyaka ka-2016. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-immunotherapy, kodwa okuvamile ukuthi lezi zidakamizwa zisebenza ngokushintsha izivikeli zomzimba zomzimba noma ngokusebenzisa imikhiqizo yamasosha omzimba ukulwa nomdlavuza.

Ezinye izinhlobo ze-immunotherapy zihlanganisa:

• Ama-antibodies a-monoclonal - Amagciwane omzimba asebenza njengama-antibodies esiwenzayo ukuhlasela amagciwane nama-bacteria, kodwa esikhundleni sokunamathela kulezi zingqungquthela, amathisela iphuzu elithile (ama-antigens) kumaseli omdlavuza. Ngokwenza lokhu bangavimbela isignali kumakhalekhukhwini wesifo somdlavuza ekutsheleni ukuthi sikhule, "makabe" umakhalekhukhwini wesifo somdlavuza ukuze amanye amangqamuzana omzimba angayithola futhi ahlasele, noma esikhundleni, angase afakwe "ekukhokhweni" -i-chemotherapy drug noma i-particle yemisebe eyenzelwe ukubulala iseli somdlavuza.
• Ukuzivikela kwe-Immune checkpoint - Amasosha ethu omzimba omzimba ikakhulukazi azi ukuthi angamelana kanjani namagciwane omdlavuza. I-inhibitors yokuhlola i-immune isebenza ngokubambisa ama-brake ohlelweni lwe-immune ukuze lenze umsebenzi okuhloswe ukuba lwenze-ukulwa nomdlavuza.
• T zokwelapha zamathambo - Lezi zelashwa zisebenza ngokuthatha ibutho elincane lamaT cell elitholakalayo ukulwa nomdlavuza othize, futhi ubaphindiselele.
• Ama-virus we-oncolytic - Ngokungafani namagciwane ahlasela imizimba yethu futhi abangela izimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane ovamile, lezi amagciwane zenzelwe ukungena kumangqamuzana omdlavuza futhi zenze njenge-dynamite, zibhubhise isifo somdlavuza.
• Imishanguzo yegciwane - Ngokungafani nemigomo oyitholile ukuvimbela i-tetanus noma umkhuhlane, imishanguzo yomdlavuza yenziwa ngokusebenzisa amangqamuzana omzimba noma izinto ezenziwe ngamangqamuzana omzimba ukuphatha umdlavuza osevele usukhona.
• Ama-Cytokines - Ama-immunotherapy ama-first okumele asetshenziswe, ama-cytokines, afaka ama-interleukin kanye nama-interferon, enza izimpendulo zamasosha omzimba kunoma yimuphi umonakalo wangaphandle, kuhlanganise namaseli omdlavuza.

Isihloko esilandelayo sixoxisana ngalunye kulezi zindlela ngokujula okujulile kanye nokuthi amasosha omzimba ethu asebenza kanjani ukulwa nomdlavuza:

• Immunotherapy 101: Kuyini nokuthi Isebenza kanjani

Izingozi nemiphumela emibi ye-immunotherapy - Imiphumela emibi evamile ye-immunotherapy kaningi ongayilindela ngokuba nesimiso sokuzivikela somzimba. Ukuphendula kwe-allergen kuvamile kwezinye zezidakamizwa, futhi imishanguzo yokunciphisa lezi zindlela zivame ukusetshenziselwa kanyekanye nokukhipha umuthi. Ukuvuvukala kuvamile, futhi kukhona ukuthi imiphumela emibi yezidakamizwa ze-immunotherapy ivame ukuphela "yi-itis." Isibonelo, i-pneumonitis ibhekisela ukuvuvukala kwamapayipi ahlobene nalezi zidakamizwa.

Ukuguqulwa kwamaStem eStem

Ama-cell stem transplants , ngokuphambene nokufakelwa komzimba okuqinile njengokufakelwa kwezinso, esikhundleni sama-stem cells emnothweni wethambo. La maseli we-hematopoietic stem ayinhlangano yamaseli okuqala angahlukanisa kuwo wonke amangqamuzana egazi omzimba afaka amaseli obomvu, amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe, namaplatelet.

Kule nqubo, izidakamizwa eziphezulu zamakhemikhali we-chemotherapy kanye nama-radiation anikezwa ukubhubhisa amaseli emnothweni wethambo. Ukulandela lokhu, ama-stem amangqamuzana ashintshwa kwenye yezindlela ezimbili. Esikhathini sokufakelwa kwe- autologous stem cell, amangqamuzana e-stem omuntu asuswe ngaphambi kwe-chemotherapy bese efakwa esikhundleni. Ku- allogeneic stem cell transplant, ama-stem amaseli avela kumnikeli ofanelwe asetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni samangqamuzana emsakeni wethambo. Ukuguquka kwe-stem cell ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa i-leukemi, i-lymphomas, i-myeloma, nama-tumor cells.

Izivivinyo zemitholampilo

Kunezinkolelo eziningi mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo , kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi ukwelashwa okulodwa okwamanje okutholakala ngomdlavuza kwaye kwafundwa esikhathini esivivinyweni somtholampilo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, ngokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo lomdlavuza, ukuhlolwa kwekliniki kuye kwashintsha futhi. Nakuba esikhathini esedlule isigaba sokuqala sokuhlolwa (ukuhlolwa kokuqala lapho kuhlolwa khona abantu) kwakuvame ukuba "indlela yokugcina" futhi kungenakwenzeka ukusiza abantu ngabanye abanomdlavuza, lezi zivivinyo ezifanayo manje kungenzeka zinikeze kuphela ukutholakala okutholakala kuphela ukwelashwa komdlavuza. Umehluko wukuthi eziningi zalezi zindlela zokwelashwa ezintsha zihlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze zibheke okungavamile kwamangqamuzana angama-molecular akhona kwamanye amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ngokusho kweNational Cancer Institute, abantu abanomdlavuza kufanele bacabangele ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo njengoba benza izinqumo mayelana nokunakekelwa komdlavuza wabo.

Isibonelo sizuze amagama ayizinkulungwane. Ngonyaka wezi-2015, kwakukhona izidakamizwa ezintsha eziyisithupha (izidakamizwa ezihlosiwe kanye nezidakamizwa ze-immunotherapy) ezivunyelwe ukwelashwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Lezi zidakamizwa zavunywa njengoba zitholakala ziphakeme kunezokwelapha ezingcono kakhulu esasiziphethe ngaleso sikhathi. Ngonyaka owodwa ngaphambili, ngo-2014, abantu abodwa abangathola lezi zindlela zokwelashwa ezintsha futhi ezingcono yizo ezazibandakanyekile ekuvivinyweni kwemitholampilo.

Ukwelapha okunye okunye / okuhambisana nokwelashwa

Sizwa kabanzi ngezinye izindlela zokwelashwa, futhi eziningi izikhungo zomdlavuza zinikeza lezi zindlela zokwelapha zomdlavuza , kodwa iyiphi indima abangayidlala ekuphathweni komdlavuza wakho ? Kukhona ubufakazi obuncane bokuphakamisa ukuthi noma iyiphi yalezi zokwelapha ingaphulukisa umdlavuza noma iphuze ukukhula kwayo, kodwa kukhona ubufakazi obuhle bokuthi amanye alawa angasiza abantu ukuba babhekane nezinkinga zomdlavuza kanye nokwelapha umdlavuza. Ezinye zalezi zindlela zokwelapha zihlanganisa:

• i-acupuncture
• ukusikhipha imithi
• ukuzindla
• i-yoga
• Qigong
• ukuphulukiswa kokuthinta
• isifo sofuzo
• umculo wezokwelapha
• ukwelapha ubuciko
• umthandazo

Futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi azikho ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezitholakale ziphumelela ekwelapheni umdlavuza ngqo nokuthi injongo yabo kufanele kube ukuphatha izimpawu zomdlavuza.

Ukwenza Isinqumo - Ukukhetha Ukwelapha Kwemdlavuza Okuhle Kwenu

Ungase uzizwe ukhululekile njengoba ufunda ngenani elikhulu lemithi yomdlavuza okwamanje etholakalayo. Ungakhetha kanjani izinketho ezingcono kuwe? Nazi izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokusiza ukukuqondisa esinqumweni sakho.

1. Chaza imigomo yokwelashwa kwakho . Ingabe umgomo wakho wokuphulukisa umdlavuza wakho, ukwandisa impilo yakho, noma kunalokho ukwandisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kwakho ngesikhathi osishiyile.
2. Bhala zonke izinketho zokwelashwa ezitholakalayo.
3. Cabanga ngemiphumela emibi yezokwelapha okungenzeka.
4. Buza imibuzo futhi uqhube ucwaningo - Kuwusizo ukuba nencwadi ephathekayo ifanele uma usanda kutholakala unomdlavuza. Bhala imibuzo ukubuza i-oncologist yakho futhi ulethe leyo mibuzo ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi iphendulwa. Siphila esikhathini lapho abantu bengathola khona ulwazi oluningi lwezokwelapha ku-intanethi, kodwa akulona konke okuyiqiniso. Funda ukuthi ungathola kanjani ulwazi lomdlavuza omuhle online futhi wenze olunye ucwaningo lwakho. Izifundo zisitshela ukuthi ukufunda ngomdlavuza wakho kungakusiza ukuthi ubhekane kangcono nesimo sengqondo futhi kungase kudlale indima emphumela wakho.
5. Cabanga kakhulu ukuthola umbono wesibili . Lokhu akukona nje kuphela ukukunikeza okunye okukhethwa kukho, kodwa ukuba nale mibono kunganikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthi ukhetha indlela yokwelapha efanele. Olunye ochwepheshe batusa ukuthola umbono wesibili (noma wesithathu noma wesine) kwenye ye-National Cancer Institute emikhulu-izikhungo zomdlavuza okhethiwe lapho ungase uthole khona udokotela obhekene nohlobo oluthile lomdlavuza.
6. Khuluma ne-oncologist yakho, umndeni, nabangani bakho. Ungase ufise ukubuza i-oncologist yakho ukuthi uzokwenzani inikeze ukuxilongwa okufanayo. Abantu abaningi baye bathola imithombo yezokuxhumana ibe yindawo enhle kakhulu yokusekela kanye nokufundisa. Ngaphambi kokungena ku-intanethi, zijwayele ukubhekana nezindaba zobumfihlo nemidiya yomphakathi kanye nomdlavuza .
7. Yiba ngummeli wakho - Ngisho noma unamahloni futhi unenkinga yokuzimela, funda indlela yokuzivikela njengesiguli somdlavuza .
8. Hlola izinketho zakho.

Ukwenza isinqumo sakho, cishe uzozwa imibono eminingi emndenini nakubangane bakho. Lezi zicabangela zibalulekile ekusizeni ucabange ngezingalo ezahlukene, kepha kungenza ukuqubuzana lapho amalungu engavumelani. Ekugcineni, udinga ukwenza isinqumo esilungele wena wedwa.

Imibuzo Yokubuza Ngayo Ukwelashwa Kwemdlavuza

Ukuletha uhlu lwemibuzo kuma-aphoyintimenti akho kungaqinisekisa ukuthi uthole izimpendulo ozidingayo. Hlola le mibuzo bese wengeza ngokwakho njengoba beza engqondweni.

• Yikuphi ukwelashwa ongayincoma ngomdlavuza wami ngokusekelwe ezidingo zami ezithile?
• Kungani uncoma ngayinye yalezi zokwelapha?
• Kungaba yini ukukhetha kwakho kwesibili phakathi kokukhethwa kwami?
• Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ozikhethayo uma ubhekene nomdlavuza wakho ngokwakho?
• Ziyini imiphumela emibi-kokubili isikhathi esifushane nesikhathi eside-salezi zelashwa?
• Ngabe kukhona umuntu engingakhuluma naye othole lalashwa?
• Zikhona yini izivivinyo zemitholampilo okungenzeka kube yinto engikhetha yona?
• Iyini isinyathelo esilandelayo uma lezi zokwelashwa zingasebenzi?

Ukusekela Umzimba Wakho Ngesikhathi Ukwelapha I-Cancer

Siqala ukufunda ngendima yokudla okunomdlavuza ekunakekeleni umdlavuza. Siyazi ukuthi ukudla okunempilo nokuvivinya umzimba okulinganisela kungathuthukisa inhlalakahle, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokuthuthukisa ukusinda. Ngeshwa, ezinye zezokwelapha ezitholakalayo ngomdlavuza zinganezela-esikhundleni sokunciphisa-ikhono lakho lokuthola ukudla okunomsoco.

Nakuba ukudla okunomsoco okwedlule kwakunganakwa kabanzi kwi-oncology, abaningi be-oncologists manje bacabangela ukudla okuhle okuyingxenye yokwelashwa komdlavuza. Ukudla okunempilo kungasiza abantu ukuba babekezelele ukwelashwa okungcono futhi bangase babe nendima emiphumeleni. Kusekuqaleni nje kuphawulwe ukuthi umdlavuza womdlavuza , isifo esithinta ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo kanye nokulahleka kwemisipha, uqondisa ngokuqondile amaphesenti angu-20 okufa komdlavuza. Nakuba singazi ukuthi yiphi indima yokudla okunempilo okuvimbela le syndrome, lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokudla okunempilo.

Khuluma nodokotela wakho mayelana nezidingo zakho zokudla okunomsoco ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwakho. Ezinye izikhungo zomdlavuza zinezondlo kwabasebenzi abangakusiza, kanti abanye banikezela amakilasi ngokudla kanye nomdlavuza kanye. Iziningi ze-oncologists zincoma ukuthola izakhi ozidingayo ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa imithombo yokudla futhi hhayi ukwengeza. Ngenkathi ezinye zokwelapha umdlavuza zingabangela ukungabi nalutho kwamagciwane, kukhona ukukhathazeka ukuthi amanye amavithamini namaminerali angamanye amazwe angaphazamisa ukwelashwa komdlavuza .

Izwi elivela

Njengoba kuningi lokukhethwa kukho okwamanje olutholakalayo ukwelapha umdlavuza, kungaba yinselele ukukhetha ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu kuwe. Buyekeza izinyathelo ekwenzeni izinqumo zokwelashwa ngenhla. Ukuphila kungaba yinselele njengoba ufaka imithi yomdlavuza emithwalweni yakho yansuku zonke eseyimatasa. Finyelela emndenini wakho nabangani futhi wamukele usizo. Abathandekayo bavame ukusho ukuthi ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi yokubhekana nomdlavuza othandekayo wabo umqondo wabo wokungabi namandla. Ekuceleni usizo awugcini nje ukunciphisa umthwalo wakho siqu kodwa ukhethe lesi sidingo sabathandekayo bakho.

Finyelela futhi ufune ukusekelwa kwabanye ababhekene nokuxilongwa okufanayo, kungaba emphakathini wakho noma ku-intanethi. Manje kukhona amaqembu amaningi asekela kanye nemiphakathi yokusekela emhlabeni wonke, ngakho-ke ngisho noma ngabe unesimo esingavamile somdlavuza, akudingeki ube wedwa.

Okubaluleke nakakhulu, hlala kunethemba. Ukwelashwa kwe-Cancer-nezinga lokusinda-ziyathuthuka. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezigidi ezingama-15 ezisinda emdlavuza e-United States kuphela, futhi leyo namba iyakhula. Akukhona nje ukuthi abantu abaningi basinda umdlavuza, kodwa abaningi bayakhula, benomqondo omusha wenhloso nokwazisa kokuphila ngemva komdlavuza.

_Imithombo:

_{I-American Society of Clinical Oncology. Ukwenza Izinqumo Ngokuphathwa Kwemdlavuza. Kubuyekezwe i-11/2015. http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/making-decisions-about-cancer-reatment}

_{Amabhuloho J, Hughes J, Farrington N, Richardson A. Ukwelashwa Kwemdlavuza Ukwelapha Izinqubo Zabantu Abadala Abadinga Izidingo Eziyinkimbinkimbi: Isifundo Esifanele. I-BMJ Vula . 2015. 5 (12): e009674.}

_{I-National Cancer Institute. Izinhlobo ze-Cancer Treatment. Kubuyekezwa 04/29/15. http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types}