Sizungezwe isikhunta. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-isikhunta zikhona emvelweni futhi iningi aliyona ingozi kubantu, nakuba amagama afana ne-"toxic mold syndrome" nethi "isikhunta esimnyama esibuhlungu" ziye zavezwa emithonjeni. Eqinisweni, isikhunta singabangela ukugula okukhulu kulabo abanamasosha omzimba obuthakathaka (okungukuthi angagciniwe).
Abantu abasebenza noma abahlala ezakhiweni ezinomonakalo wamanzi ngezinye izikhathi bakhononda "isikhunta esimnyama" noma "isikhunta esinobuthi." Esikhundleni sokubunjwa kuyingozi, kungenzeka ukuthi isikhunta sisho ukukhulelwa komzimba.
Isikhumba sivame ukukhula emakhaya abhekana nokulimala kwamanzi. Okubalulekile, izakhiwo ezinomonakalo wamanzi ziye zaboniswa ukuthi zihlotshaniswa nesifo sokwakhiwa kwezigulane , okubangela izimpawu ezingenasiphelo ezifana ne-fever, ukukhathala kanye nokucabangela.
Kuyini Isikhumba?
Igama elithi "isikhunta" lisho isikhunta esinama-multicellular esakhula njengombane owenziwe ngama filaments ezincane ezihlangene. Isibungu siyingxenye yendilinga yokuphila, futhi idiliza indaba yokubola.
Nazi izinkuni ezivame ukutholakala emakhaya nakwezinye izakhiwo:
- Alternaria
- I-Aspergillus
- Cladosporium
- I-Penicillium
Ukubunjwa okungajwayelekile okuphakathi kwendawo kufaka lokhu okulandelayo:
- I-Fusarium
- Ama-Stachybotrys
- Trichoderma
Ngokuvamile, isikhunta sikhula ezakhiweni eziye zagcina umonakalo omkhulu wamanzi kusukela ekuvuza, izikhukhula, njalonjalo. Isikhumba singakhula futhi ezakhiweni eziqukethe izitshalo ezinamanzi noma lezo ezingcoliswe umchamo wezilwane.
Isibungu Sokudla Kwemfuyo
Isixhumanisi phakathi kokubunjwa nesifo sokuphefumula siye saba nesithakazelo amakhulu eminyaka.
Ngo-1670, uJames Bolton waqala ukukhohlisa isixhumanisi, kanti, emakhulwini ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye, abanye abososayensi bahamba ngokulandela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kube nokucwaninga okwanele kobufakazi obwenziwe ukuthi iningi labahlengikazi bayavuma ukuthi isikhunta sithatha indima ekungezwani komzimba.
Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu zokubunjwa kwezilwane ezibangelwa ukungezwani komzimba ziyi-fever fever (ie i-rhinitis ye-allergen) ne-asthma.
Abantu abanama-atopy basengozini enkulu yokubunjwa kwezifo. I-Atopy ibhekisela ekuhlosweni kwezakhi zofuzo ukuthuthukisa izifo ezigulayo ezifana ne-asthma, i-eczema, ne-allergenic rhinitis (ie hay fever).
Abantu abahlukunyezwayo ekubunjeni ngokuvamile bahlushwa kwezinye izinto, kufaka phakathi:
- I-dander yezilwane
- Izibungu ezinothuli
- Grass pollens
- I-pollen yemithi
- Weed pollens
Ngezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe, ubumba ukungezwani komzimba, njengokungezwani komzimba ku-animal dander, utshani lwe-pollens, njalonjalo, ukuphendula kwe-hypersensitivity ye-IgE-mediated. Njengazinye izifo, ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba kungasetshenziswa ukusiza ukubonisa ukungezwani komzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho-njengokunye kwezifo ezivamile-ukuhlolwa kwe-radioallergosorbent (RAST) kungasetshenziswa ukucacisa amazinga we-anti-gay specific serum e-blood.
Ku-athikili ka-2005 eyanyatheliswa ku- Annals of Allergy, i-Asthma & Immunology , i-Edmondson kanye nabalobi ababambisene nabo bafundela abahlanganyeli abangu-65 phakathi kweminyaka yobudala ephakathi kweminyaka engu-1.5 no-52 abaye bahambisa isifo sokuphefumula nesifo somzimba sokukhalaza " Amaphesenti angu-53 ayenziwe isikhumba ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesilwane.
Nazi izikhalazo eziyinhloko phakathi kwabahlanganyeli ngenhloso yokwehlisa imvamisa:
- Imfiva ethimulisayo
- Isikhukhula
- Izinwele
- Izimpawu zokuphefumula (ukukhwehlela, ukushisa, njll)
- Isistimu yezinzwa eziphakathi
- Ukukhathala
Yize lezi zimpawu zingekho emthethweni futhi zijwayelekile, ekuhlolisweni ngokomzimba abacwaningi babheka imfucumfucu, ama-cobblestoning kanye nekhala eligijima, okuyizona zonke izibonakaliso zokungezwani komzimba.
Ukuba nomlando wezibonakaliso zokuphefumula-njenge-asthma-okuqondile esakhiweni esithile kusekela ukuxilongwa kwesibindi sokungabi naso. Encwadini ehlobene, uma ubhekene nezimpawu ezinjalo, kubalulekile ukwabelana ngezincazelo zakho ze-allerergist mayelana nemisebenzi yakho yasekhaya, emsebenzini noma esikoleni. Ukulandela izimpawu zakho zamasonto amabili encwadini kungasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi izindawo ezibangelwa ukungezwani.
Ngaphandle kwempendulo yomzimba ye-IgE-mediated, kuye kwacatshangelwa ukuthi ezinye izingxenye ezibunjiwe zingabamba iqhaza ekuguleni okuhlobene nokubunjwa. Amakhemikhali afaka ama-mycotoxins, okuyizinto ezakhiwa isikhunta, kanye nama-glucans, okwenza izindonga zeseli zesikhunta. Ukwengeza, isikhunta sikhiqiza ama-organic compounds (VOCs) -kufana namathononi esisindo somzimba aphansi, i-alcohol, ne-aldehydes-okuye kwacatshangelwa ukugula okuhlobene nokubunjwa. Ngesinye isikhathi, yiwo ama-VOC anika isikhunta sakhe, iphunga elimnandi.
Kodwa-ke, abukho ubufakazi obusekela ukuthi izindlela ezingekho-IgE-mediated zidlala indima ekwenzeni okuphansi kwezinga ekubunjeni. Ngamanye amazwi, nakuba isikhunta kubangelwa ukubola futhi kuyisifo sofuba, asinakho ubufakazi bokuthi emva kokuvulwa komzimba ezinye izinto ezibunjiwe kungenza abantu bagule.
Ukuphathwa
Ayikho ukwelashwa okuqondile okwenziwe ukukhwabanisa. Kodwa-ke, i-asthma kanye ne-hay fever, ephumela ekubunjweni kokungezwani komzimba, ingaphathwa ngokusebenzisa imithi ehlukahlukene yesiguli kanye nemithi eminingi, ngokulandelana. Uma kunokwenzeka, kungcono ukugwema isakhiwo esingase sibangele ukungezwani komzimba wakho. Noma kunjalo, le nketho akuyona into engokoqobo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Uma uke ubumbe isikhunta futhi uzofaka indawo osola ukuthi amachweba angumbumba, ungakwazi ukugqoka udoti oluthuli. Njengesilinganiso sokuvimbela, ungathatha imithi yokwelashwa ngaphambi kokuba ungene emvelweni.
Izakhiwo zingahlolelwa isikhunta. Amasampula emoyeni angaphakathi angalinganiswa namasampuli angaphandle angaphandle ukuze anqume amazinga okubunjwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasampuli amancane amaningi, asula, namadonga angathathwa ukuze athole isikhunta ezakhiweni, kodwa lezi sampuli azikwazi ukucacisa ukuthi isikhunta siphefumlelwa kangakanani ngabantu.
Xhumanisa ne-Sick Building Syndrome
Isibungu, esisondelene kakhulu nomonakalo wamanzi, singaba nesisusa esiholela ekwakheni isifo sokugula . Ngokungafani negama lisho ukuthi, isakhiwo sokwakha abagulayo sichaza izimo lapho abantu abahlala khona begula ngenxa yekhwalithi yomoya engalungile yesakhiwo-ngokukhuphuka komswakama nokunciphisa umoya wokuba umoya waba yizinhloko eziyinhloko. Ngaphandle kokulimala kwamanzi kanye nenkuni, ezinye izimbangela ze-sick building syndrome zihlanganisa uthuli, ukugxilonga, nokushisa okungekho kahle, umoya wokuphuza umoya, kanye nezinhlelo ze-air conditioning (HVAC).
Nakuba i-sick building syndrome engaziwa ngokucacile njengendlela yokuxilongwa ngezokwelapha okusekelwe ebufakazini, izinhlangano ezithile zixwayisa ngokuthi zikhona, kuhlanganise ne-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) kanye ne-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Isifo sokwakha isifo esiyinkimbinkimbi, futhi uma siboniswe ngokungenasisekelo, izimpawu ezihlobene nesakhiwo esimweni somtholampilo, abanye odokotela bazophatha le nkinga ngama-antidepressants.
Nansi isiqondiso esiphelele sokuvimbela isifo sokwakha abagulayo esisebenza futhi ekubunjeni ukungezwani komzimba:
- Ukulawula ngokufanele amazinga okushisa nama-humidity.
- Thola izindawo ezithintekile umonakalo wamanzi.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo sihlanzekile.
- Hlola wonke ama-humidifiers emoyeni, izihlungi zomoya, nemibhoshongo yokupholisa.
- Zama ukugcina amafasitela avulekile ukuphumula okungcono.
- Thatha amakhefu kusuka endaweni yangaphakathi ukuze uhambe ngaphandle futhi uhambe nxazonke.
Nasi isiqondiso esithile esivela ku-American College of Asthma, I-allergies & Immunology ngokuphathelene nokuvimbela ukubunjwa kokungalingani:
- Hlanza noma yikuphi ukuchithwa noma ukuvuza ngokushesha.
- Hlanza ama-gutters akho namathanga okudoba.
- Sebenzisa amapayipi okugcoba amaqabunga.
- Vula amawindi we-ventilation ezindaweni ezimanzi ezifana nokugeza
- Sebenzisa ama-dehumidifiers noma uqede abalandeli ezindaweni ezimanzi ezifana nokugeza.
Izakhiwo ezingcolile ngesikhunta zingakwazi ukulungiswa, nokulungiswa okwenziwe ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo. Ngaphandle kokubangela ukungahambi kahle komzimba nokuphunga okubi, isikhunta singabhubhisa izinto zokwakha ezifaka. Nazi ezinye izinyathelo ezivamile zokuthatha lapho ulungisa isakhiwo.
- Umthombo womswakama, okhuthaza ukukhula kwesikhunta, kufanele ususwe ngokuphelele endlini. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhlelo lwe-HVAC lubophezele ekukhuleni, kufanele lususwe.
- Ukupaka izimpahla, izomiso ezomile noma ezinye izinto zokwakha ezingcolile kudingeka zisuswe esakhiweni bese zithatha indawo.
- Zonke izinto zokugcoba kanye nezingubo (izinto ezivuthayo) kumele zihlanzwe ngokuphelele noma zihlanzeke. Uma lezi zinto ziqhubeka zihogela ngemuva kokuhlanzwa ngokuphelele, zidinga ukulahlwa.
Abanakekeli bezezimboni kanye nabanjiniyela bezakhiwo bangaqashwa ukuba bahlole isakhiwo sokukhishwa kwesikhunta.
Ezindaweni zomsebenzi, kuwumqondo omuhle ukuthatha izithombe zokulimala kwamanzi kanye nokuphathwa kwendlela ngokuphathelene nokukhathazeka ngokukhishwa kwesikhunta. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-OSHA noma i-EPA ingathintana nophenyo lwekhwalithi yomoya.
I-Mold Immunotherapy
I-Immunotherapy ibhekisela ekwelapheni kwezifo besebenzisa izinto ezivuselela amasosha omzimba. Ukukhishwa kwesifo sofuba uhlobo lwe-immunotherapy olunikezwa ukuphatha noma ukuvimbela ukusabela kubantu abaphikisana nezihlahla, utshani, ukhula, udoti, uthuli, njalonjalo. Kuye kwaba nokucwaninga okulinganiselwe ngesihloko se-mold immunotherapy. Njengamanje, okwamanje, ukugonywa kwe-immunotherapy kungaboniswa.
Ngaphandle kokuntuleka kocwaningo olulawulwe ngokungahleliwe oluhlolisisa isikhunta-immunotherapy, ucwaningo luye lwagxila kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zokubunjwa: i- Alternaria ne- Cladosporium . Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhunta sinamaphrotheni (uhlobo lwe-enzyme) olwenza ukuba bangenele ekuziphatheleni imithi yokuzivikela. Ngenxa yalezi zinhlobo ze-proteases, izilonda ezihlukahlukene ze-isikhunta azikwazi ukuxubaniswa ndawonye.
Ukukhukhula
Izakhiwo ezitholakala emanzini emva kweziphepho noma izikhukhula ziyingozi engabonakali yokungcoliswa ngesikhunta. Isibungu sithathwa ngamanzi ashisayo. Kulezi zimo ezinzima, isinyathelo esisheshayo siyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhula kwesikhunta. Abantu abane-atopy, i-asthma, noma amasosha omzimba abuthakathaka akufanele bahileleke ekulungiseni isikhunta.
I-CDC yenza izincomo ezithile ezichaza indlela yokukhipha indlu isikhunta ngemuva kokukhukhula, kufaka phakathi okulandelayo:
- Cabanga ukuthi noma yikuphi into egeziwe emanzini izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili ingcolile ngesikhunta.
- Isikhumba, izinkuni, iphepha kanye nekhabethe akukwazi ukugqoka isikhunta kanye nesidingo sokulahlwa.
- Sebenzisa i-bleach ukuhlanza isikhunta phansi, izitofu, izindwangu, flatware, amapuleti, amathuluzi, nezinye izinto ezinzima.
- Lapho ulungiselela isisombululo se-bleach, hlanza i-bleach namanzi ngokulingana okulinganayo.
- Ungahlanganisi i-bleach ne-ammonia noma abanye abahlanza.
- Ngesikhathi usebenzisa i-bleach, gcina amafasitela evulekile.
- Geza izinto ezincane nge-bleach bese ugeza lezi zinto ngamanzi. Bese, shiya ngaphandle ukuze ume.
- Sebenzisa amabhulashi ukuze uhlahlele izinto ezimbi.
- Lapho uhlanza isikhunta, imishini yokuzivikela kufanele igqoke, kuhlanganise nezinkuni, amaglavu enjoloba, izikhumba zenjoloba kanye nokuphefumula okunamandla.
Izwi elivela
Nakuba izimangalo ze-"toxic mold syndrome" nesithi "isikhunta esimnyama" ziyaphakanyiswa, abantu abaningi bayahlushwa ukubunjwa. Njengamanje, ayikho yokwelashwa okuqondile yokubunjwa kokungenwa kwemvelo, ngokugwema imvelo engalungile yendawo yokuvikela okuqinisekisiwe kuphela. Kodwa-ke, i-asthma ne-hay fever, okuyizibonakaliso zokubumba ukungezwani, kungelashwa.
Uma ucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubhekene nesikhuthazo sokungenwa kwemvelo, kuwumqondo omuhle ukuhlangana nomuntu ophikisayo. I-allergenist ingakwazi ukuhlola isikhumba noma igazi lakho ngamagciwane okulwa nezinhlobo ezivamile zesikhunta futhi wenze izincomo ezithile ezisekelwe esimweni sakho.
Ukulungiswa kokwakha kungasiza futhi ukuxosha umthombo wokukhula kwesikhunta esakhiweni. Izinto zokwakha ezithintekayo nazo kufanele zishintshwe. Kodwa-ke, ukulungiswa okunjalo kungaba yindleko, futhi kungcono ukubonisana nabaqeqeshi bokulungisa izimboni ngaphambi kokuhlanganyela kulezi zinyathelo.
Okokugcina, izakhiwo ezikhukhulayo zihlale zingcolile ngesikhunta. Kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha lapho kulungiswa izinhlaka ezinjalo ukuvimbela ukukhula okungaphezulu kwesibumba.
> Imithombo:
> Balmes JR. Isahluko 107. Izibhamu. Ku: Olson KR. ama-eds. Ukushisa nokudlulela kwezidakamizwa, 6e eNew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
> Borchers, AT, Chang, C, Gershwin, ME. Isibungu Nezempilo Yomuntu: Ukuhlola Kweqiniso
> Chinoy B, Yee E, Bahna SL. Ukuvivinya isikhumba ngokumelene ne-radioallergosorbent yezilwane zangaphakathi. Umtholampilo we-Clin Mol. 2005; 3: 4. Umtholampilo Rev Allerg Immunol (2017) 52: 305-322.
> Coop, CA. I-Immunotherapy ye-Mold Allergy. Umtholampilo Rev Allerg Immunol (2014) 47: 289-298.
> Edmondson, DA. Ukungezwani komzimba kanye "ne-toxic mold syndrome." U-Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005 Feb; 94 (2): 234-9.