Izifo ezithathelwanayo ezifana ne-poliyo, i-malaria, nesifo se-Guinea yisifo esibangela ukuhlupheka nokufa emhlabeni wonke unyaka ngamunye. Noma kunjalo, ngomzamo ohlangene, kungenzeka ukuthi abantu bakwazi ukuqeda izifo ezithile ezithathelwanayo.
Kuyini ukuqeda izifo ezithathelwanayo? Kusho ukuthi lesi sifo sichithwa emhlabeni jikelele futhi akusekho amacala noma kuphi.
Kuze kube manje emlandweni wesintu, siye saqala futhi saphumelela ekuqedeni izifo ezimbili.
Izifo ezimbili ezithathelwanayo seziqedile
Ngo-1979, izwe labona isimo sokugcina semvelo se-ingulube. Leli cala lokugcina lalinendoda yaseSomalia, eyayinesimo sengqondo esincane somzimba (i- V. encane ), esabulala 1% kuphela noma encane kulabo abayitholayo. Isigameko sokugcina esingokwemvelo sesifo esibi kakhulu (i- V. enkulu, esabulala abangaba ngu-30% wezisulu zayo) yayisincanyana eBangladesh ngo-1975.
Isikhumba , isifo esithinta umoya, sasimiswa ngenxa yokuthi 1) kwakukhona umgomo , 2) lesi sifo saqaphela kalula, 3) izilwane azizange zithwale lesi sifo (okungenzeka kube nzima ukulandelela), futhi 4) lesi sifo sasinjalo okwesabekayo kwakukhona isivumelwano esijwayelekile sokwenza izisetshenziswa zokumisa.
Ukuqothulwa kwesibhulophu kwafezwa uhlelo olukhulu lokugoma. Izinhlangano zezempilo zenza izinhlelo zokugoma zifunda amazwe ngenxa yezinambuzane futhi ziphendula futhi zizungeza ngokugoma noma yiziphi izimo ezenzekile.
Kunezinhlayiya zezinambuzane ezigcinwe e-US naseSoviet Union (manje eyiRussia). Ingozi eyodwa yelebhu ngo-1978 yathonya umthwebuli wezithombe ezivakashile, oshonile futhi waphinde wamthelela unina, owasinda. Lezi ziyizizathu zokugcina zesifo esibi kakhulu.
Ngo-2011, izwe lalingenaso esinye isifo: i-rinderpest.
Isifo sezinkomo (i-buffalo, inyamazane, i-antelope, i-giraffes, nezinye izilwane). I-Rinderpest yayisetshenziselwa ukuba yizinkomo zabalimi bezinkomo futhi yayibhekwa njengomuntu ongabhekwa yi-bioterrorism kusukela abantu bencike kulezi zinkomo ukuze zondle.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo ezingasuswa
Nazi izifo eziyisishiyagalolunye ezithathelwanayo abantu abangaziqeda.
Ipholiyo
I-polio ingavinjelwa ngokugoma. Igciwane lesakazeka ngokuyinhloko ngamanzi angcolile ngamanzi okudoba ngaphandle kokuthuthwa kwendle okufanele. Kuze kwaba ngu-95% kwezifo ezingenakutholwa ngoba zimbalwa noma azikho izimpawu. Eqinisweni, izifo eziningi (72%) azikho izimpawu nhlobo, kanti abanye (25%) banezimpawu ezifana ne-nausea, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane kanye nokukhathala okujwayelekile.
Kodwa-ke, kumacala angu-4% e-polio, lesi sifo siphelela izinambuzane ezizungezile ubuchopho nomgogodla, futhi ngamacala angu-0.5%, lowo muntu unesifo sokukhubazeka, ngokuvamile emilenzeni, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi emzimbeni noma ebusweni. Iningi labantu lisinda, kodwa kulabo abakhubazekile, cishe aba-2% kuya ku-5% wabantwana kanti abantu abayi-15% kuya ku-30% bafa ngesifo.
Ngenxa yokuthi amacala amaningi epholio awaboni izimpawu zangempela futhi amanzi angasakaza lesi sifo, kunzima ukwazi ukuthi i-polio isiphelile.
Izintathu ezimbili eziyinhloko zingase ziqedwe: Uhlobo lwesibili lwabonakala ngo-1999 eNdiya, nohlobo lwe-3 aluzange lubonwe kusukela ngoNovemba 2012. Abantu abangamaphesenti angu-80 emhlabeni wonke bahlala ezindaweni ezingenakho udoli, futhi i-poliovirus yasendle ibonakala ihamba emazweni amathathu kuphela: Afghanistan, Nigeria, nasePakistan. Ukugonywa kungaqeda lesi sifo.
I-Dracunculiasis (I- Guinea Worm Disease ( GWD )
Lesi simo, esibandakanya ukungezwani nezimpethu, akuvamile ukudala ukufa kodwa kubangela ukukhubazeka okukhulu ekutheleleni kwamagciwane kanye nobuhlungu. Kubangelwa izimpungushe zezibungu ezihlala emanzini okuphuza okungahlanzekile, futhi abantu bathola ngokuphuza amanzi.
Cishe unyaka owodwa emva kokuphuza amanzi angcolile, umuntu olelekile unenkinga ebuhlungu yesikhumba esibangelwa imbungu, ngokuvamile emlenzeni noma enyaweni.
Lesi sifo sisakazeka lapho lowo muntu ehamba emgwaqeni wamanzi enomlenze ogciwane. Ngakho-ke, isifo se-Guinea worm singavinjelwa ngokugcina amanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile futhi ngokugcina abantu abanegciwane emanzini.
Yaws
Lokhu ukutheleleka okubangelwa ama-bacterium spirochete, i- Treponema palladium pertenue, ehlobene ne-syphilis (no-Bejel no-Pinta) ethinta isikhumba, kanye namathambo namalungu. Ama-Yaws angaphathwa futhi agcine aqedwa ngesilinganiso esisodwa se-antibiotic yomlomo.
Umkhankaso wezokwelapha eziningi ukuqeda lesi sifo eminyakeni engu-1950 nangama-1960. Namuhla, lesi sifo sitholakala emazweni angu-14 anezimo ezifudumele, futhi kunomsebenzi wokuwumisa ngama-antibiotic.
I-Malaria
I-Malaria , isifo esivamile kakhulu, kungaba kuvinjelwe ngokuvimba umiyane osabalalisa i-malaria . Lesi sifo sithinta abaningi ngonyaka, kubangele amacala angu-207 million kanye nokufa kwabangu-627,000. Inyosi imisiwe ngokusebenzisa izinambuzane, amanetha ombhede, amabhaktheriya ahlasela iminyunyo, kanye nezinambuzane.
I-Hookworm
Ukwelashwa okuvela kwi-hookworm, ehlala ezindaweni ezinokuhlanzeka okungcolile futhi engena emanzini ezinyawo zabantu, ingaqedwa ngezindlu zangasese zangasese nezicathulo. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1900, izingwegwe zazivame kakhulu eNingizimu ye-United States, kodwa ukubhebhelwa kwamanzi emapulazini kanye nokungcola okuhlanzekile kunqanda ukusabalalisa. Noma kunjalo, abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-500 kuya ku-700 emhlabeni wonke basalokhu bephethe ama-hookworms.
Filariasis Lymphatic
Lokhu kungelashwa ngokunikeza wonke umuntu imithi yokuvimbela kanye ngonyaka, futhi, njengokungathi nge-malaria, ngokumisa omiyane. Lesi sifo sibangelwa imbungu emincane esakazwa omiyane (izinhlobo eziningi ezihlukene, kodwa ikakhulukazi umiyane obizwa ngokuthi ama-anopheles eNtshonalanga yezwe). Isibungu sihamba futhi sigqoke uhlelo lymph lomuntu onegciwane. Lokhu kubangela imilenze yokuvuvukala noma ama-testicles (elephantiasis) nobunzima ukulwa nezinye izifo njengoba uhlelo lymph luyingxenye yesistimu yomzimba.
Kusukela ngo-2012, emazweni angu-56, kuye kwabekwa ukwelashwa okukhulu nezidakamizwa ezimbili zinikezwe kanye ngonyaka ukuvimbela lesi sifo. 13 kulawa mazwe awunawo ukudluliselwa kwamanje okwamanje, kepha izigidi ezingu-120 zinegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kanti izigidi ezingu-40 ziphazamiseke emhlabeni jikelele.
Izisulu
Izitshalo zingamiswa ngokugoma. Igciwane lidala ukuqhuma, umkhuhlane, kanye nesinye isikhathi se-pneumonia ne-encephalitis (ukuvuvukala kobuchopho). I-airborne futhi inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokutheleleka. Umuntu oyedwa angakwazi ukuthelela abanye abangu-15. Amacala amaningi axazulula, kodwa e-US 0,2% yezifo eziholela ekufeni futhi 6% iholele ekumpumeni.
Amacala ayesehlile ngemuva kokuba umuthi wokugoma uvunyelwe ngo-1963, kodwa kwaba nokuvuselelwa ngawo-1990. Izinga eliphansi lokugoma liye laholela ekukhuphukeni kwamacala, nokufa, e-US Lesi sifo sisakazwe ngokuhamba, kuhlanganise nokuqhuma ePhilippines nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.
I-Rubella
Lokhu kungagcinwa ngokufaka umuthi wokugubha nge-rubella ngokugoma imishanguzo. Iphinde igciwane elihlobene nokuphefumula futhi lidala ukuqhuma, umkhuhlane, izigulane ezivuvukalayo, kanye nama-aches ahlangene. Labo abathintekayo kakhulu yizinsana zomama ezithathelwana ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. I-rubella yenyongo ibangela inhliziyo enokwenzeka, isibindi, isilonda, kanye nomonakalo wobuchopho, kanye nesithulu kanye ne-cataract.
Liye laqedwa kusukela e-US nakusendaweni yonke emazweni aseMelika.
I-Onchocerciasis (Ukuphuphuka komfula)
I-Onchocerciasis yiyona imbangela yesibili evame kakhulu yobumpumputhe emhlabeni jikelele. Kungenziwa ukumiswa ukuphathwa kakhudlwana kulabo ezindaweni ezithintekile.
Ama-Blackflies ahlala eduze nemifula nemifula angadlulisela imbungu, i- Onchocerca volvulus, kubantu abakule ndawo. Lezi zibungu phakathi komunye umuntu zingabangela izinkulungwane zezinambuzane ezisakaze emehlweni omuntu nesikhumba okwenza ubumpumputhe (nezinkinga zesikhumba).
Okubalulekile
Kukhona izifo esivele siseduze ukuyeka. Kulula ukuyihlolisisa futhi esabekayo kangangokuthi sifuna ukuzama ukuzibona. Futhi banendlela eqondile yokuvimbela, kuhlanganise nokugoma, ukungcola kanye nemithi. Iningi futhi litholakala kubantu kuphela, igweme isidingo sokufuna izilwane zasendle ezithintekile.
> Umthombo:
> ICD Russell Ukuqeda Izifo Ezithathelwanayo: Ingabe Singakwazi Futhi Kufanele Sikwenze? Imingcele e-Immunology. 2011; 2: 53.