Umuthi Omusha Wentsha Ngokuvamile Uphikisana no-TDaP
Umuthi wokugoma we-DTaP umgomo wokuhlanganiswa osetshenziselwa ukugoma izingane ezincane ngezifo ezintathu ezihlukene ezithathelwanayo: i-diphtheria, i-tetanus, ne-pertussis (okukhwehlela ukukhwehlela).
Akufanele kudidaniswe nomgomo we-DTP ogoma izifo ezifanayo kepha awusasetshenzisiwe e-United States. Ngokufanayo, ukugonywa kwe-TDaP kuhlanganisa izifo ezifanayo kodwa kusetshenziselwa kuphela izingane nezindala abadala.
Kungani i-DTaP ibuyisele kabusha i-DTP
Umgomo we-DTP ubelokhu ususukela kusukela ngo-1949 futhi wawungowokuqala wokuhlanganisa imishanguzo eminingi ibe yinye injection. Ihlangene nomgomo wokugoma i-pertussis (owadalwa ngo-1914) nomuthi wokugoma we-diphtheria (1926) nomuthi wokugoma we-tetanus (1938). I-DTP ibonakalise ukuguqulwa okukhulu ekuvimbeleni lezi zifo, ukunciphisa umphumela waminyaka yonke wokukhwehlela owodwa kusukela 200,000 kuma-1940 kuya ku-20,000 nje namhlanje.
Naphezu kokuphumelela kwayo, imiphumela emibi yomgomo we-DTP yaholela ekuncipheni kancane kancane ekusetshenzisweni kwayo, okuholela ekukhuleni kwezifo nokufa ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Ukuze kulungiswe lezi ziphutha, ososayensi bathuthukisa inguquko ephephile ngo-1999 eyaziwa ngokuthi igciwane le-DTaP. I "a" ku-DTaP ingaphezu kokungavamile. Isetshenziselwa ukuchaza ingxenye ye-acellular pertussis yomgomo. Umuthi wokugoma we-acellular, ngencazelo, yiyona enye ingxenye yesigciwane esetshenzisiwe esikhundleni se- cell, iseli elingasebenzi .
Ngenkathi imishanguzo eminingi ephelele-egciniwe iphephile futhi isebenza kahle, ukusetshenziswa kwayo yonke into yokutheleleka kusho ukuthi ziphakathi kwezinto ezimbi kunazo zonke zemithi. Uma kwenzeka i-pertussis, igobolondo langaphandle lama-bacterium linamafutha kanye nama-polysaccharides aphethwe yi-endotoxic, okusho ukuthi angabangela ukuvuvukala komzimba wonke, okwenziwe umzimba wonke.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abantwana abanikezwa ukugonywa kwe-DTP ngezinye izikhathi baziwa ukuzwa umkhuhlane omkhulu, ukushona kwe-febrile (ukuxhunywa okuhlobene nomkhuhlane), ngisho nokuphelelwa amandla.
Umgomo we-DTaP, ngokuphambene, uqukethe kuphela izingxenye ze-antigenic zamaseli. Ama-antigens yiwona amaprotheni ama-immune system asetshenziselwa ukukhomba futhi aqalise ukuhlasela okubangelwa izinto ezilimazayo. (Cabanga ngabo ngokuthi "iphunga" lokushukela kunokuba lithinteke ngokwanele.) Ngokususa i-endotoxins besebenzisa ama-antigen kuphela, umuthi wokugoma we-DTaP ungashukumisa impendulo ye-immune ngemiphumela emincane kakhulu.
Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ama- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ancoma ukuthi ukugonywa kwe-DTP kuthathelwe indawo yi-DTaP ngo-1996.
Izifo I-Vaccine ivimbela
I-diphtheria, i-tetanus, ne-pertussis yizo zonke izifo ezibangelwa amabhaktheriya, uma engashiywa angaphathwa, angabangela ukugula okujulile nokufa. I-Diphtheria ne-pertussis isakazwa kusuka komuntu kuya komuntu. I-tetetus ingena emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa ukusikeka noma amanxeba.
- I-Diphtheria ibangelwa amagciwane e- Corynebacterium diphtheriae . Isakazeka kalula ngokukhwehlela, ukukhipha, noma ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nento ephikisiwe, njengetsheyi. Izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu emva kokuchayeka, izinhlayiya ezivela kubhaktheriya zingabangela izimpawu zokuphefumula (kufaka phakathi ukugqoka okuluhlaza, emgodleni noma emphinjeni), ubuthakathaka, izilonda zelapho ezivuvukala, nomkhuhlane. Uma ingena egazini, ingalimaza inhliziyo, izinso, kanye nezinzwa.
- I-tetetus ibangelwa amagciwane aseClostridium tetani , izinhlamvu zazo ezitholakala enhlabathini, uthuli nomquba. I-contagion ingena emzimbeni ngesikhumba esiphukile, kaningi lapho isikhumba sigqunywe into engcolile njenge-nail. I-tetetus ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "lockjaw" ngoba ingabangela ukuqina okukhulu kwemisipha yomhlathi. Lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni zempilo ezinzima, okwenza kube nzima ukuphefumula ngisho nokugwinya.
- I-Pertussis ibangelwa amabhaktheriya e- Bordetella pertussis ahambisana nezilinganiso ezincane, ezinjengezinwele (ezibizwa ngokuthi i-cilia) ezifaka umzila wokuphefumula. Ama-bacteria akhipha ukukhwabanisa okungabonakali nje kuphela i-cilia kodwa kubangele ukuthi imimoya yomoya ivule. Njenge-diphtheria, i-pertussis isakazwa ngokukhwehlela, ukuklolodela, noma ukuhlala nje endaweni efanayo emoyeni isikhathi eside. Izimpawu zivela ezinsukwini eziyisihlanu kuya kwezingu-10 zokuchayeka futhi zingafaka umkhuhlane we-low-grade, i- apnea (izikhala ekuphefumuleni), ukuhlanza, ukukhathala, kanye nesici, ukukhwehlela okukhwabanisa kakhulu. I-pneumonia nayo ingathuthuka.
Ubani okufanele athole i-DTaP Vaccine?
Ngenxa yokuthi amagama abo afana kakhulu, abantu abaqiniseki uma badinga umgomo wokuvikela i-DTaP noma we-TDaP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona nemishanguzo ye-DT ne-Td, esetshenziselwa ukuvimbela kuphela i-tetanus ne-diphtheria kuphela.
Umehluko omkhulu kule migomo kuwukuthi ubani okufanelekile. Ngokwezincomo ze-CDC:
- I-DTaP inconywa izingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kweyisikhombisa futhi iqukethe ama-antigens amaningi ukuze zenze kangcono ukuzivikela komzimba.
- I-DT inconywa izingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwesikhombisa lapho umgomo wokugonywa kwe-pertussis uphikisana khona (ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi kube khona impendulo yangaphambilini ye-allergenic).
- I-TDaP iyi-vaccine ye-booster enikezwe izingane ezingaphezu kwayisikhombisa kanye nabantu abadala futhi idinga ama-antigens ambalwa ukuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa.
- I-Td iyisitofu sokukhushulwa esinikezwa intsha kanye nabantu abadala abangase babe engcupheni encane ye-pertussis.
Umuthi wokugoma we-DTaP udayiswa ngaphansi kwegama elithi Daptacel ne-Infarix. Umgomo we-TDaP uthengiswa ngaphansi kwe-Adacel ne-Boosterix. Okwamanje, ukugonywa kwe-Td kudayiswa ngaphansi kwegama elithi Tenivac, kuyilapho umgomo wokuvikela i-DT ukhona ngokujwayelekile.
Kukhona nemishanguzo ehlanganisiwe evikela lezi zifo nezinye izifo. Zibandakanya i-Kinrix (i-DTaP ne-polio), i-Pediarix (i-DTaP, i-polio, ne-hepatitis B), ne-Pentacel (i-DTaP, i-polio, ne- Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b).
Uhlelo lokugoma
Umuthi wokugoma we-DTaP unikezwa njengomjovo we-intramuscular, uhlinzekwa kumsila wangaphandle wezinyawo ezinganeni nasezingane ezincane noma imisipha ye-deltoid yengalo engaphezulu kulabo abasha nabadala. Inombolo kanye nesimiso samanani okuhluka kwamanye amazwe kuyahluka ngobudala bomuntu nesimo:
- Kulezi zinsana, amahlumela amahlanu ahlukene ahlelwe ezinyangeni ezimbili, ezine, nezinyanga eziyisithupha, phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-15 no-18, naphakathi kweminyaka emine kuya kweyisithupha. Kumele unikezwe isilinganiso se-Tdap uma umntwana eneminyaka engu-11 kuya ku-12. I-booster Td inganikezwa njalo emva kweminyaka eyishumi emva kwalokho.
- Kubantu abadala abangazange bagonywe, umdlalo owodwa we-TDaP ungasetshenziswa. I-booster Td shot kufanele inikezwe njalo eminyakeni eyishumi.
- Ukwengeza, abesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele bathole isilinganiso esisodwa se-Tdap, okungcono kunamaviki angu-27 kuya kwangu-36 ukubeletha.
Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo
Imiphumela emibi evela kumgogodla we-DTaP ivame ukuba mnene futhi ingafaka:
- I-low-grade fever
- Ukuvuvukala, ukuvuvukala, ukukhathazeka, noma isisa endaweni yomjovo
- Izinsizwa
- Ukukhathala
Izimpawu zivame ukuthuthukisa izinsuku ezilodwa kuya kwezintathu emva kokudubula futhi zivame kakhulu emva kokujola kwesine noma kwesihlanu. Ukuvuvukala kuvame ukuxazulula ngaphakathi kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyisikhombisa. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlanza kungenzeka.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). "I-Diphtheria, i-Tetanus, ne-Pertussis Vaccine Recommendations." I-Atlanta, Georgia; olusha ngo-Novemba 22, 2016.
> CDC. "Amagama E-US Vaccine." Kubuyekezwe i-Disemba 11, 2017.
> Klein, N. "Imishanguzo yelayisense ye-pertussis e-United States." I-Hum Vaccine Immunother. 2014; 10 (9): 2684-90. I-DOI: 10.4161 / hv.29576.