Ukungavikeleki Kwangasese Kunomuntu Ongenawo Umzimba Kanye Nesivikelo Esingahambi Ngasese
Amaseli Amhlophe Egazi Ne-Immunity - Isingeniso
Amasosha omzimba wethu, noma ukuzivikela komzimba wethu, iyindlela evikela imizimba yethu ezintweni ezilimazayo, izinambuzane ezingaphandle kwamanye amazwe, ngisho nomdlavuza. Ngenkathi ekuqaleni amasosha omzimba wethu afundiswa ngokwemigomo yawo ekuvimbeleni ukutheleleka, ukuqonda kwethu kuye kwaguquka futhi kwaholela ekubukeni okubanzi kwegazi nomswakama we-stem cell transplantation, ukumpontshelwa igazi, umdlavuza, kanye nezakhi zofuzo.
Amaseli ethu amhlophe egazi (ama-WBCs) ayingxenye yesistimu yethu yokuzivikela omzimba futhi adlala indima enkulu egazini kanye nomdlavuza wamarrow. Eqinisweni, igama elithi leukemia lisho "igazi elimhlophe," njengoba lihlobene nokweqiwa kwama cell white white.
Imisebenzi yesistimu ye-Immune System
Amasosha omzimba anemisebenzi emine eyinhloko:
- Ukuvikelwa kwama-microorganisms angaphandle njengama-bacteria, ama-virus, ama-parasites , kanye ne- fungi
- I-homeostasis (ukulinganiswa komzimba) ngokususwa kwamaseli agqamile noma afile
- Ukuqapha nokususwa kwamaseli ashukumisayo
- Umthethonqubo ngokukhula nokucindezela ukuphendula kwamagciwane
Amasosha omzimba akwazi ukwenza le misebenzi ngokuyinhloko ngokukwazi kwawo ukutshela umehluko phakathi komuntu (ingxenye yomzimba) kanye non-self (izilwane ezihlasela njengebhaktheriya, amafungus, namagciwane, noma ubuthi). Inquma lokhu ngama-antigens, noma amaprotheni, endaweni yeseli. Amaseli anama-antigens ukuthi isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisuke sibona ukuthi uqobo lwashiywa yedwa, kanti iseli elingela-self antigen lizohambisa imithi yethu yokuzivikela, eyophendula ngokuqasha, isebenze futhi ihlanganise amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe afanelekile endaweni yengozi.
Enye yezinkinga ngamangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuthi baye bathola izindlela zokuzifihla bona babonakale njengabo.
Izinhlobo Zokungavikeleki
Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokuzivikela ziyingculazi yangasese . Amanye amangqamuzana ethu amhlophe egazini ayingxenye yokuzivikela okungenasifo, ezinye zikhulelwe ngokuzivikela, kuyilapho ezinye zihilelekile kokubili.
Ukungavikeleki kwe-Innate
Ukuzivikela okungenasifo kuyisigaba sokuqala, impendulo engezona ecacile kunoma yikuphi ukuphulwa kwemizimba yethu. Sizalelwa ngokuzivikela kwangasese. Ukuzivikela okungenasifo kwenziwa ngezindlela ezine: izithiyo zemishini, izithiyo zamakhemikhali, umkhuhlane, ne-phagocytosis noma ukuvuvukala.
- Izithiyo zemiklamo zibandakanya isikhumba namagundane ahamba emilonyeni yethu, ekhaleni, emoyeni, emaphepheni we-urinary kanye nasezigumbini zomzimba. Uma lezi ziqinile, zinikeza umgoqo ongokwenyama ngokumelene nokungena kwezinto ezinobuthi nezinhlobo eziyingozi.
- Izithiyo zamakhemikhali zihlanganisa ukujuluka, izinyembezi, amathe, isisu se-acute, i-mucus, kanye nezinye izifo eziphethwe ngumzimba. Lokhu kuvimbela abahlaseli bezinye izizwe ngokwenza imvelo ingabonakali kubo. Isibonelo, izivimbelo zamakhemikhali zingenza izicubu zibe ziqinile noma zinyene futhi ngaleyo ndlela zivimbele umzimba noma i-toxin ukuthi ingahlanganisi futhi ihlale emzimbeni.
- I-fever isiza umzimba ukuzivikela ngokumelene nama-bacterium kanye nama-virus azwela kakhulu ekushiseni. Laba bahlaseli bakhulisa izinto ezenza umzimba ukhulise ukushisa kwawo. Lezi zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo azikwazi ukubekezelela izinga lokushisa eliphakeme isikhathi eside. (Yingakho manje kunconywa ukuba ushiye i-fever ephansi ibhalwa ngamakhaza kanye nomkhuhlane - ngaphandle uma ungakhululekile - ngoba enye yezindlela imizimba yethu elwa ngayo nezifo.)
- Ukuvuvukala kwenzeka lapho izithiyo zomshini nezomkhiqizo ezihlaselweni zangaphandle zihlulekile. Impendulo iyashesha kakhulu, kodwa futhi ihlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu . Lena impendulo engavumelekile, okungukuthi, umzimba wakho akudingeki ukuba uvezwe kulo mhlangi ngaphambi kokuthi uphendule kuwo. Ukuvuvukala kuqaliswa futhi kulawulwa yi-WBCs ye-phagocytic, njenge- leukocyte ye-polymorphonuclear or "granulocytes" - i- neutrophils , i- monocytes , i-macrophages, i-eosinophils, i-basophils, namaseli okubulala emvelo . Izifo ze-Neutrophils zihlasela izinto ezinjengama-bacterium kanye nezifungi futhi zingashiya igazi lezicubu ngesikhathi sokuphendula okuvuvukala. Ama-basophil aqala ukuphendula okuvuvukala kuma-antigens ezemvelo, kanti ama- eosinophil avikela umzimba ngokumelene nama-parasites. Amangqamuzana ebulalayo asebenzisa amakhemikhali anamandla okubulala amangqamuzana anesifo esithintekayo. Ama-Macrophages enza njengama cell scavenger kulezicubu, kuyilapho ama-monocytes enza indima yawo egazini. Uma i- macrophage igubha umhlasela wangaphandle , iveza imininingwane mayelana nalesi sitho kuya kuma-T-lymphocytes futhi iyasiza ekutholeni amasosha omzimba atholakele.
Ukungavunyelwa Okutholakele
Igciwane lesandulela ngculazi elitholakalayo, elibizwa ngokuthi i-adaptive immunity, liyimpendulo yokuzivikela emzimbeni kumuntu ongenamuntu omelene nomhlaba . Uma isidumbu sitholakale ku- antigen yangaphandle , ukuzivikela komzimba kutholakala futhi kukhumbula lolo lwazi isikhathi eside . Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, lapho isimiso sethu somzimba sokuvikela omzimba sibona ukuthi i-antigen efanayo futhi, isivele siyilungele futhi singakwazi ukuhlasela ngokushesha. Izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zalolu hlobo lokuzivikela zingukuzivikela komzimba kanye nokuzivikela komzimba , okubili kokubili okubulawa yi-lymphocytes.
Ama-lymphocytes akha ingxenye yesithathu ye-WBC emzimbeni wethu. Ama-lymphocytes amancane amangqamuzana angase ajikeleze egazini kodwa futhi akwazi ukuba khona ezinhlobonhlobo, ngokuyinhloko azulazula ngokukhululekile emzimbeni ofuna umsebenzi. I-subtypes ye-lymphocytes yi- T lymphocytes noma i-T-cells , (edlala indima kokubili igciwane lesandulela ngculazi kanye ne-humoral) ne- B lymphocytes noma ama-B-cell . Ezinye ze-B-lymphocytes zibe amangqamuzana e-plasma , okuthiwa ngokuphendula i-antigen ethile ingakhumbula ummangali ekuvezeni esikhathini esizayo futhi akhiqize ama-antibodies kuleyo antigen ethile.
Ukungavikeleki Kwamaselula (CMI)
Ukuzivikela komzimba kusebenzisa i-T-lymphocytes njengezikhali zayo eziyinhloko, nakuba ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-T-lymphocytes nama-B-lymphocyte ngokuvamile kwenzeka. Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa komuntu ongaphandle kwamanye amazwe kuhlungwa yi-macrophage, linikeza imininingwane mayelana nama-antigens ebusweni be-microorganism kuya ku-T- lymphocytes.
Uhlobo oluthile lwe-T-lymphocyte, umsizi we-T , luzoletha lolo lwazi kwezinye i-T- lymphocyte (ngakho-ke bayokwazi umhloli), amangqamuzana abulalayo bemvelo (abazofuna nokubulala imvelo), ne-B-lymphocyte ( ngubani oqala ukuphendula nge-immune immune).
Olunye uhlobo lwe-T-lymphocyte, i- T-cell ye-cytoxic , isebenzisa indlela eqondile futhi ibulala amangqamuzana awakubheka njengengewona noma angaba yingozi.
Ukuzivikela komzimba
Ukuzivikela komzimba kuhilela ukwenziwa kwama-antibodies. Ama-antibodies, noma ama-immunoglobulins, ngamaprotheni akhiqizwa amangqamuzana e-B-lymphocyte e-plasma ekuphenduleni ukuqaphela i-antigen yangaphandle. Ama-antibodies angavimbela amagciwane ukungena kwamangqamuzana anempilo, aqede amakhemikhali e-invader, noma aphule ama-microorganism futhi awashiye amaseli we-phagocytic ama-scavenger ukuze asuse.
Ukusebenza Ndawonye
Ukungakhulelwa yinkimbinkimbi enzima kakhulu okudinga ukusebenzisana phakathi kwazo zonke izindlela ezizophumelela kakhulu. I-WBCs ye-Phagocytic, njenge-macrophages namaseli okubulala emvelo avela ku-immunity yethu yangasese, kusiza ukwenza umsebenzi wokuvikela igciwane lesandulela ngculaza kanye nomzimba osebenza kahle. Kodwa-ke, isimiso sethu samasosha omzimba sangasese sisebenza kuphela esikhathini esifushane futhi sidinga ukuzivikela kwethu okutholakele ukuvikelwa okuqhubekayo.
Imithombo:
I-Bonilla, F. Impendulo ye-immune ye-immune. Kusesikhathini. Kubuyekezwe 03/23/15. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-humoral-immune-response
UJohnston, R. Uhlolojikelele wesistimu ye-immune yangasese. Kusesikhathini. Kubuyekezwe 11/02/15. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/an-overview-of-the-innate-immune-system
Otto, S. Izindlela zokuvikela. e-Otto, S. ed (2001) i-Oncology Nursing 4th ed. Mosby: St. ULouis. (iphe. 917-948).
Williams, L. "Ukubuyekezwa okuphelele kwe-Hematopoiesis kanye ne-Immunology: Imiphumela ye-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Abamukeli" e-Ezzone, S. (2004) I-Hematopoietic Stem Transplantation Cell: I-Manual for Practice Practice. I-Oncology Society Nursing. Pittsburg, PA (pp.1-13).