Izimpawu nezivivinyo ze-High Functioning Autism
Awukaze uqonde ngempela inkulumo encane, futhi kungcono ukhulume nekhomputha kunomunye umuntu. Ingabe lokho kusho ukuthi une-Asperger Syndrome (AS)? Eqinisweni, kusukela ekushicilelwe kwendlela yokwakhiwa yamuva, akusekho ukuxilongwa okubizwa ngokuthi i-Asperger Syndrome. Kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi ungumuntu omdala ohloswe ngezinga eliphansi (ukusebenza okuphezulu) kwe-autism spectrum disorder (noma isifo esifanayo noma esihlobene).
Izimpawu Zokusebenza Okuphezulu Kwe-Autism Kubantu abadala
Uma ungumuntu omdala oye wakwazi ukukwenza esikoleni esiphakeme noma ngisho nasekolishi futhi uthole noma ugcine umsebenzi (ngisho nangezimpawu ezingase zihlotshaniswe ne-autism), amathuba okuba i-autism yakho ibukeka ibe mnene. "Ubumnene" noma i-autism esebenza kahle, noma kunjalo, kungaba inselele kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuthi eziningi zezimpawu zihlobene nokuxhumana nabantu kanye nezimpendulo zemizwelo-futhi uma ungaphandle kwezwe lekhulu lama-21, kudingeka uhlanganyele emphakathini futhi ubhekane nokuhlukunyezwa okukhulu kwendawo yonke .
Izimpawu Zokuxhumana Komphakathi
Lezi ezinye zezimpawu ongahlangabezana nazo nsuku zonke. Kungase kube izimpawu ozibonayo njengengane encane kodwa ufunde ukuphatha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Zingafaka:
- Kunzima ngokuhumusha "i-ajenda efihlekile" esimweni sezenhlalakahle. Isibonelo, wonke umuntu kodwa ubonakala ngandlela-thile wazi ukuthi uzokhuluma nini, nini ukuthula, ukuthi yini ongayigqoka, yiphi ithoni yezwi ongayisebenzisa.
- Kunzima ngokusebenzisa izinga elifanele noma ithoni yezwi, noma ukukhetha amagama "okulungile" ngesimo. Isibonelo, ungase usebenzise ulimi oluhlelekile esimweni esingahlelekile, sikhulume ngokuzwakalayo esimweni "sokuthula," noma usebenzise ithoni ephathekayo lapho uzwa imizwelo eqinile.
- Unenkathazo yokuhumusha ulimi lomzimba nezwi lomculo ngendlela efanele. Isibonelo, othile othola ukumomotheka okukhangayo njengoba edlula, noma ukumema ukuthi uwajoyine ekuphumeni kweqembu. Ingabe lokho kusho ukuthi babonisa isithakazelo sothando noma ubungane obulula? Ingabe ithoni yomphathi wakho ibonisa intukuthelo yangempela noma ukuthuka?
- Izinselelo ngokugcina ingxoxo, ikakhulukazi uma kungeyona indaba eyakuthandayo. Abantu abanobuchopho ngokuvamile bakuthola kulula ukugcina "inkulumo encane" kunoma iyiphi inamba yezimo, kusukela emibonweni ye-TV kuya kumhlebo. Bangakwenza lokhu ngisho noma ngabe umbukiso noma abantu bebanomusa kubo kuphela. Abantu abane-autism, noma kunjalo, ngokuvamile bakhetha ukukhuluma isikhathi eside kuphela ngezihloko ezithandayo; bangase babe nenkinga ekuqapheliseni ukuthi umlingani wabo oxoxisana naye uyathuthumela.
- Gxila kakhulu esihlokweni sentshisekelo. Abanye abadala abane-autism bayamangala kakhulu ngesihloko esithize sentshisekelo ukuthi bakuthola kunzima ukushintsha indaba. Lokhu kungaba inkinga engabonakali uma abangane bakho nabalingani bakho bonke babelana ngesithakazelo esifanayo kodwa kungaba yinkinga uma uxhumana nomndeni noma omakhelwane abanesithakazelo esihlukile.
- Kunzima ukwazi ukuthi ungabuza imibuzo nini noma kanjani noma wenze izitatimende owazi ukuthi ziyiqiniso. Isibonelo, ngukuphi okwamanje ukutshela umphathi wakho ukuthi imibono yabo ngeke isebenze? Ingabe kulungile ukubuza othile "yini eyenza uhlukaniso lwakho?" Abantu abane-autism bakuthola kunzima ukwazi isikhathi sokukhuluma; ngenxa yalokho, bangakhetha ukungasho lutho.
- Kunzima ngokushintsha. Abantu abaningi abane-autism bakhetha ukwazi kahle ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngokulandelayo. Abaningi bakhetha ukwenza izinto ezifanayo ngendlela efanayo ngosuku ngalunye, badle ukudla okufanayo, bathathe imizila efanayo, njll. Ukuphila, noma kunjalo, kuphonsa amabhola amaningi; kungaba nzima kubantu base-autistic ukwenza ushintsho okusheshayo ngaphandle kokuzikhandla okukhulu noma ukucasuka ngokomzwelo.
Izimpawu ezibonakalayo nezokuziphatha
Izindlela zokugcina ze-autism zakamuva zihlanganisa nezinselele ezizwakalayo ezivamile kubo bonke abantu e-spectrum. Izinselelo ezinengqondo (kanye nezinselele zenhlalo ezichazwe ngenhla) zingaholela ekuziphatheni okungalindelekile.
- Ukuzwela ukukhanya, umsindo, iphunga, uthinta, futhi ukunambitha. Njengabantu abaningi abanezinye izifo (ezifana ne-migraine), abantu abane-autism bazwela ngokungajwayelekile. Ngenkathi abantu abaningi be-neurotypical, bangasebenzisa usuku lonke ngaphansi kwezibani ze-fluorescent endaweni enkulu, abantu abaningi abane-autism abakwazi. Abantu abanezimoto bangase basabele ngokujulile ukuze baholele noma banambithe, noma babe nobunzima obusondelene ngokomzimba.
- Udinga ukucindezelwa ngokomzimba ukuzolalisa. Umkhulu weThempeli, oyinhloko ekwenzeni ukuzimela kwe-autistic, empeleni wakha "umshini wokucindezela" njengendlela yokuzisiza ukuba ahlale ezolile ekolishi.
- Kudingeka uhambise noma ufunde ngezinye izindlela. Lesi sidingo, esibizwa ngokuthi "ukuvuselela," kuyindlela yokuzikhukhumeza futhi ingabandakanya ukuhamba ngezimoto, ukugubha izinwele, izinwele, ukugcoba, njll. Kunzima ukulawula futhi kungabangela ukulingana okungahambi kahle kubantu abakuzungezile.
- I-Autistic-downs phansi. Abanye abadala abane-autism, ngisho nalabo abane-IQ eziphakeme kakhulu, bangakhungatheka futhi bakhathazeke futhi bakuthole kunzima ukulawula amagama namazenzo abo. Le mpendulo ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "i-autistic-melt-down." Yize kungavamile ukuba umuntu omdala ene-autism asebenze ngendlela enobudlova, ngisho nokuqhaqhazela okungezona udlame kungabesaba abantu ababafakazayo.
Ukuzihlola nokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe
Ungaqala inqubo yokuxilongwa nge-self-test efana ne "AQ" eyakhiwe ngo-2001 nguDkt Simon Baron-Cohen noma i-RBQ2, etholakalayo ku-intanethi, "okulinganiselayo nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe njengemigomo nemigomo, imoto ephindaphinda ukuziphatha, izintshisekelo ezithandwayo kanye nezenzo eziphindaphindiwe ngezinto. "
Nakuba lezi zivivinyo zingakusiza ukuthi ubone ukuthi ungaba yi-autistic, noma kunjalo, akulona esikhundleni se-diagnostic yezokwelapha eyenziwa ochwepheshe. Abaningi bezengqondo abanokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-autism kufanele bakwazi ukuhlola ukuhlolwa okufanele futhi banikeze ukuxilongwa okuwusizo, nakuba iningi labantu abanezimo ze-autism zisebenza nezingane.
UDkt. Shana Nichols we-Fay J. Lindner Isikhungo se-Autism e-Long Island eNew York ngokukhethekile ekuhloleni nasekutholeni intsha kanye nabantu abadala abanezimpawu ezihlobene nokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-autism (i-Asperger Syndrome).
Uma abantu abadala befika esikhungweni seLindner sokuxilongwa, uDkt. Nichols uqala ukuhlola kwakhe nge- IQ test . Ubuye ahlele ukuhlolwa kwamakhono afanelekayo ahlola ikhono lomguli lokuphatha izimo zenhlalo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngenkathi esebenzisa amathuluzi amaningana okuxilonga ukuze abone izimpawu ezithile, uthi ngisho nalawo mathuluzi angaphandle kwedethi.
"Uma umzali etholakalayo," kusho uNichols, "siqhuba ingxoxo yomzali ebizwa ngokuthi i- ADI (i-Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised) . Sibheka ukusebenza kwamanje nomlando wokuqala ukuze uthole umuzwa wamakhono isiguli emphakathini, ekukhulumisaneni nezizinda zokuziphatha. " Ngemuva kwalokho, njengoba ethi, "i-autism ayibonakali ngokuzumayo uma uneminyaka engu-25, ngakho-ke abantu abaningi abane-autism yeqiniso babonisa izimpawu kusukela ebuntwaneni babo." Uma abazali bengatholakali, uNichols nabalingani bakhe babuza isiguli ukuba sikhumbule ubuntwana babo, bebuza imibuzo enjengokuthi "Ingabe unabangane abaningi?" futhi "Wakujabulela ukwenzani?"
I-Nichols iphinda iqondise i-ADOS Module IV. I-ADOS (i-Autism Diagnosis Observation Schedule) i-autism schedule observation schedule, futhi i-module yesine yilabo abasha abadala nabantu abadala abakhuluma ngamazwi aphezulu. Kanye ne-ADI, ivumela odokotela ukuba babheke ngokucophelela amakhono kanye nokuziphatha komphakathi nokuxhumana. Isibonelo, uthi uNichols, ukuhlolwa kubheka imibuzo enjengokuthi "Ungakwazi yini ukuxoxa ngengxoxo yomphakathi? Ingabe unesithakazelo emicabangweni nemizwa yomhloli? Ingabe ubonisa ukuqonda kobudlelwane? Usebenzisa izibonakaliso ezifanele zokungenzi amagama nezenzo zobuso Ingabe unentshisekelo engavamile noma egxile kakhulu ? " Ukuhlolwa kuvumela odokotela ukuba bafake ibanga kusizinda ngasinye ukuze banqume ukuthi isiguli sihlangabezana yini nesimo se-autism .
Isivivinyo esisha, i-Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview-I-Adult Version (i-3Di-Adult), isiyatholakala futhi (ngokusho kwabacwaningi) ilula futhi ifushane kune-ADOS, futhi inembile. Ilinganisa ukukhulumisana kwezenhlalakahle nokuxhumana, kanye nezithakazelo ezivinjelwe kanye nokuziphatha. I-3Di-Adult iba kancane ithuluzi elijwayelekile lokuhlola abantu abadala.
Lapho Ukuxilonga AYI-Autism
Akuyona into engavamile, kusho uNichols, ukuba isiguli singene ekulindeni ukuxilongwa kwe-autism nokuhamba ngesifo esihlukile sokuxilongwa. "Ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwama-phobias social noma amahloni nokukhubazeka kwangempela nge-autism kungaba nzima kakhulu kumuntu obeka eceleni," usho kanje. Okunye ukuphazamiseka, njengokukhathazeka okucindezelayo (ukucindezelwa, ukugodla, ukudinga ukwenza izinto ngokuphindaphindiwe), ukukhathazeka komphakathi, noma ukukhathazeka komphakathi ngezinye izikhathi kungabonakala njenge-autism. Uma odokotela bebheka ngalezi ezinye izifo, bangancoma ukwelashwa okufanele kanye / noma imithi.
Imithombo:
> Barrett SL, Uljarevic M, Baker EK, et al. Umbuzo omdala wokuziphendulela wokuziphatha ophindaphindiwe-2 (RBQ-2A): isilinganiso sokubika sokuzikhawulela nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe. I-Journal ye-Autism ne-Developmental Disorders. 2015.
> Mandy, W. Ukuhlola i-autism kubantu abadala: ukuhlaziywa kwengxoxo yokuthuthukiswa, yokwehlukanisa nokuxilongwa-i-adult (3Di-Adult). J Autism Dev Disord. 2018 Feb; 48 (2): 549-560. > doi >: 10.1007 / s10803-017-3321-z.
> Tavassoli, T. et al. Ukuziphendulela ngokweqile kubantu abadala abanezimo ze-autism. I-Autism. 2014 Meyi; 18 (4): 428-32. > doi >: 10.1177 / 1362361313477246. I-Epub 2013 Oct 1.