Okubalulekile nge-Viral Hepatitis
Uma sikhuluma nge-hepatitis, sivame ukubhekisela esimweni segciwane lesifo. Igama elithi hepatitis, ngencazelo, liwukuphela kokuvuvukala kwesibindi esingabangelwa yinoma iyiphi inamba yemibandela, kuhlanganise nokulimala komzimba ngokuqondile, ukutholakala kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-toxin, izifo ezibangelwa yi-bacteria noma izifo ezithathelwanayo, kanye nesifo esizimele.
I-hepatitis e-viral yile ndlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ze-hepatitis emhlabeni, obangelwa yizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zegciwane, ngalinye eliziphatha ngendlela efanayo kodwa libe nezici zazo zonke.
Lezi zici zihlanganisa:
- Izindlela zokudluliselwa (ukuthi igciwane lisakazwa kanjani)
- I-Pathogenesis (ukuthi lesi sifo siqhubeka kanjani)
- I-Symptomatology (ukuthi nini futhi uma izimpawu zivame ukuvela)
- Amanani okugula (ukugula) nokufa (ukufa)
Kunezinhlobo eziyisihlanu ezivamile ze-virus ye-hepatitis-ehlukaniswe ngama-alfabhethi ukusuka ku-hepatitis A kuya E-eyabelwe emhlabeni wonke noma ezingxenyeni ezithile zomhlaba. Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili ezibizwa ngokuthi i-hepatitis F ne-GB) ziye zahlukaniswa njengezimbangela ezingenzeka, nakuba ososayensi basaphikisana nokukhona kwabo.
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Yiziphi Izindlela Ezingavamile Ongazibamba I-Hepatitis B?
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Lezi Zinkinga Zamehlo Kungase Kubangelwe Isifo Se-Hepatitis B
Nakuba kunezinye amagciwane ezingabangela ukuvuvukala kwesibindi (kufaka phakathi igciwane le-Epstein Barr namanye amagciwane e-herpes simplex), i-hepatitis A nge-E yizinhlobo esivame ukubhekwa njengezimbangela ze-hepatitis egazini.
Ngokuphelele, i-akhawunti ye-hepatitis A kuya kwe-E cishe abayizigidi ezingu-1.3 ukufa ngonyaka. Kulezi zifo, isifo sofuzo nesibindi se-B esibonakala sisezingeni lomhlaba jikelele, kanti kunezifo eziningi kanye nokufa minyaka yonke kune-HIV, isifo sofuba kanye ne-malariya kuhlangene.
I-hepatitis A
I-Hepatitis A ibangelwa igciwane le-hepatitis A (HAV) futhi livame ukusakazwa ngokufaka izinambuzane ezinegciwane lesandulela ngculazi noma ngamanzi noma ukucoliswa kokudla noma kusuka komuntu kuya komuntu ( kubandakanya ngesikhathi socansi ).
Ama-shellfish angaphansi kokupheka ngumthombo ovamile wokudluliswa kwezifo.
Isikhathi esiphakathi kokutheleleka nokubukeka kwezimpawu siphezu kwamasonto amabili kuya kwanguyisithupha, nakuba abaningi bengenaso izimpawu nhlobo. Uma izimpawu zivela, zivame ukuhlala cishe amasonto ayisishiyagalombili ngokwesilinganiso futhi zingabandakanya izimpawu ezinjengokuthi:
- I-nausea
- Ukuvota
- Uhudo
- Fever
- Ubuhlungu besisu
- Ukukhathala okukhulu
- I-Yellowing yesikhumba namehlo (i- jaundice )
- Ukunyamala komchamo
- Pale, izitshalo ezinemibala
Ayikho ukwelashwa okuqondile kwe-hepatitis A njengoba izimpawu zivame ukuzixazulula zodwa. Uma usulelekile, umuntu uvikelekile empilweni. Ukufa kubhekwa njengento engavamile, nakuba abanye abantu asebekhulile bangase babe nengozi enkulu yokuhluleka kwesibindi (ikakhulukazi labo abanezifo zesibindi esandulele).
Umgomo wokuthola i-HAV utholakala kabanzi-unikezwa umjovo ngaphezu kwezifundo ezimbili-okungavikela ukulwa nokutheleleka iminyaka engu-15 noma ngaphezulu.
I-hepatitis B
I-Hepatitis B ibangelwa yi-virus ye-hepatitis B (HBV) futhi isakazwa ngokuyinhloko ngegazi elithathelwanayo noma emzimbeni womzimba noma idluliselwa kumama kuya kwengane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Ukujova ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokulala ngokobulili yizinto ezivamile zokudlulisela.
I-Hepatitis B ingabonisa ngezimpawu ezinzima (ukuzivimbela) ngesikhathi sokuqala sokutheleleka, nakuba abanye bengenayo izimpawu nhlobo. Lezi zimpawu zesigaba sokuqala zifana ne-hepatitis A futhi zivame ukuvela ezinsukwini ezingu-30 kuya kwezingu-80 zokuchayeka.
Uma izimpawu ezinzima zixazululwe, igciwane lingaphikelela iminyaka eminingi ngesikhathi sesiguli (esingapheli) isigaba sokutheleleka. Kule nkathi ukuvuvukala okuqhubekayo kungaholela ekuguqulweni kwesibindi okulimaza kancane kancane ukwakheka kwesitho ngokwayo.
Ngenkathi abantu abaningi bezohlala bengenasifo ngesikhathi sokutheleleka okungapheli, lesi sifo singathuthuka ngokuthula phezu kwesikhathi seminyaka kwabanye. Ukwehla kwesibindi (fibrosis) kunganciphisa kancane kancane eminyakeni engama-10 kuya kwengu-20, ekugcineni kuholele esimweni esibizwa ngokuthi i- cirrhosis lapho isibindi singakwazi ukusebenza khona. Ukuhluleka kwesibindi kanye nomdlavuza wesibindi kokubili izinkinga ezihlobene nokutheleleka okuphezulu kwe-HBV.
Ngenkathi iningi labantu abane-hepatitis B lizosula ngokuzenzakalelayo igciwane ngokushesha ngemuva kokutheleleka, labo abanesandulela ngculaza bangaphathwa ukuze banciphise ingozi ye-cirrhosis nomdlavuza. Njengamanje, kunezidakamizwa eziyisikhombisa ezinelayisense zokusetshenziswa kwe-HBV therapy. Futhi ngenkathi izidakamizwa zingakwazi ukususa igciwane ngokwazo, zingakwazi ukuvimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukuphindaphinda kwamagciwane, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukuvuvukala kwesibindi.
Umuthi wokugoma we-HBV uyatholakala-okuhlinzekwa umjovo ngaphezu kwezifundo ezintathu-kanye nomuthi wokugoma ohlangene wokuvimbela kokubili i-hepatitis A no-B.
I-Hepatitis C
I-Hepatitis C ibangelwa igciwane le-hepatitis C (i-HCV) futhi lisakazwa ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa ukujova ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. Ukudluliselwa komama kuya kwengane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuyinto evamile njengokudluliswa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi (ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abathintekayo abane-HIV ).
Ezingxenyeni ezithile ezingezansi, i-hepatitis C isakazwa ngezijoka ezingavamile kanye nezinqubo zezokwelapha, ngisho nasendlini yokudweba noma emathunjini lapho kusetshenziswe khona amathuluzi ngegazi lomunye.
Njenga-hepatitis B, i-hepatitis C ingabonisa ngezibonakaliso ezinzima ngesikhathi sesandulela ngculaza, ngokuvamile amasonto ayisithupha kuya kwesishiyagalombili emva kokuvezwa. Abaningi bayosula ngokuzenzakalelayo igciwane kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-60, ngokuvamile bengenazo izimpawu (noma ngisho nokuqwashisa) kokutheleleka.
Kulabo abangakwazi ukufeza imvume, cishe amaphesenti angu-10 kuya ku-15 azoqhubekela phambili e-cirrhosis eminyakeni engama-20 kuya kwezingama-30. Kulaba, amaphesenti angu-20 kuya kuma-25 azobhekana nesifo se-cirrhosis esikhokhelwa (lapho isibindi singakwazi ukusebenza) noma umdlavuza wesibindi, zombili eziphethe ingozi engaphezu kwezingu-50 zokufa.
Ukwethulwa kwama -antiviral entsha okusebenza ngokuqondile (DAAs) kuye kwaba ngcono kakhulu imiphumela yabantu abane-HCV yokutheleleka okungapheli, kanti ezinye izidakamizwa ziziqhenya ngamazinga angaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-95 (ngisho nalabo abane-cirrhosis ephakeme).
Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organization (WHO), abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-300 banesifo se-HCV emhlabeni wonke, okubangelwa ukufa kwabantu abangaba ngu-700 000 kusuka emdlalweni we-cirrhosis nesifo sesibindi unyaka ngamunye. Okwamanje akakho umgomo wokuvimbela ukutheleleka kwe-hepatitis C.
I-hepatitis D
I-hepatitis D ibangelwa yi-virus ye-hepatitis D (i-HDV) futhi ingabangela izifo kuphela uma kuhlangene ne-virus ye-hepatitis B (HBV). Ngakho-ke, indlela yokudluliselwa ngayo ifana ne-HBV njengamabonakaliso kanye nesifo ngokwayo, noma kunjalo kakhulu.
Eqinisweni, umuntu otheleleke nge-HBV ne-HDV unengozi enkulu yokubhekana nokuhluleka kwesibindi phakathi nesigaba esibucayi sokutheleleka, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kokuya kwe-cirrhosis ngesikhathi sokutheleleka okungapheli. Amanani emdlavuza wesibindi nawo ayanda.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukutheleleka kwe-HBV / HDV kuyaziwa ukuthi kunezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokufa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zegciwane. Okwamanje kunamathuba ambalwa okwelashwa awaziwa ukuthi ayasebenza ekulawuleni igciwane le-hepatitis D. Kodwa-ke, ukugoma kwe-HBV kungakuvikela ekubhekaneni nesifo sofuba ngenxa yokuthi igciwane lithembeke ngokuphelele ku-hepatitis B ukuze liphindaphindiwe.
Nakuba i-hepatitis D ibhekwa njengeyingavamile e-US, iyaziwa ukuthi isakazwa kabanzi eNtshonalanga Afrika, eNingizimu Melika, eMelika Ephakathi, eRussia, Asia Ephakathi, nasePacific Islands naseMedithera.
I-hepatitis E
I-Hepatitis E ibangelwa igciwane le-hepatitis E (HEV) futhi, njenge-hepatitis A, ivame ukusabalala ngomzila we- fecal-oral . Isikhathi esiphezulu phakathi kokutheleleka nokubukeka kwezimpawu siphezu kwamasonto amathathu kuya kwanguyisithupha, nakuba abaningi bengenaso izimpawu nhlobo. Uma izimpawu zivela, zizofana nezesi-hepatitis A bese zigcina amasonto ayisishiyagalombili.
Ukubuyiselwa okuvela ezigodini kuholela ekusenikeni kwegciwane cishe cishe wonke umuntu olelekile. Phakathi kwalabo abambalwa abaqhubekela phambili ekuthelelekeni okungapheli, ukugula ngokuvamile kunomkhawulo kulabo abanamasosha omzimba anqatshelwe (njengabantu abanesandulela-ngculaza ezithuthukisiwe noma ukuguquka kwesitho). Abesifazane abakhulelwe banomngcipheko wokwehluleka kwesibindi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sesithathu sokukhulelwa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe- ribavirin yezidakamizwa kuboniswe ukufeza imvume yegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kumaphesenti angama-65 abantu abangenasifo esithathelwanayo. Ngokungafani nesifo se-hepatitis A, nokho, akukho mshanguzo we-hepatitis E. Okucatshangwa okungajwayelekile kwi-US, i-hepatitis E isakazwa kakhulu e-Asia Ephakathi, nakuba kuqhuma izikhukhula eMelika Ephakathi, e-Afrika Ese-Sahara naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
> Imithombo:
> I-World Health Organization (WHO). "Kuyini i-hepatitis?" I-Geneva, eSwitzerland; I-Q & A i-inthanethi ibuyekeziwe ngo-July 2016.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). "I-Hepatitis Viral" E-Atlanta, eGeorgia; Agasti 14, 2016.
> I-American Association ye-Study of the Liver Illness (AASLD). "Ukuhlola I-Global and Regional Burden of Liver Disease." Washington, DC; ukushicilelwa okukhishwe ngoNovemba 3, 2013.
> I-American Association ye-Study of Liver Illness (AASLD) kanye ne-Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). "Isiqondiso se-HCV: Izincomo zokuhlola, ukuphatha nokuphatha isifo sofuba esibhedlela" Kubuyekezwe ngo-Julayi 6, 2016.