Nakuba kungenakwenzeka njalo ukuvimbela umdlavuza wesibindi, unganciphisa ingozi ngokugonywa nge-hepatitis B, uhlolwe i-hepatitis C, usebenzise ubulili obuphephile, futhi unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwakho kotshwala. Ezinye izinyathelo zinganciphisa ingozi yakho ngisho nangaphezulu. Ngokubambisana, ukubhebhetheka kwe-hepatitis B kanye nokutheleleka kwe-hepatitis C kubhekene namaphesenti angama-85 kuya kumaphesenti angu-90 wegciwane lesibindi, ngakho-ke ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela lezi zifo, futhi ukufuna ukwelashwa uma kukhona, kuyindlela enhle yokunciphisa ingozi yesifo somdlavuza wesibindi kodwa nezinye izifo ezihlobene.
Ukugonywa
Ngeshwa, asikho umgomo wokushisa kwesifo sofuba. Nokho, ukugonywa kwe-hepatitis B kunconywa kubo bonke abantwana base-United States futhi kuyadingeka izikole ukuba zivunyelwe.
Uma ungumuntu omdala osemusha, ubuyekeze amarekhodi akho wezokwelapha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ugonywe kahle ngesikhathi usana. Uma ungenayo la marekhodi, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngokuthi ukuthola ukugonywa kwesibindi se-hepatitis B kulungile kuwe. Abanye abantu abadala abangazange bagonywe bangase bafune ukucubungula ukugonywa, ikakhulukazi uma banezinkinga zokuthola lesi sifo.
Njengamanje kunconywa ukuthi bonke ochwepheshe bezempilo bathole umgomo, kanye nanoma ubani omunye ongase axhumane negazi.
Izingozi ze-hepatitis B zibandakanya ukuba nabalingani abaningi bezocansi, besebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingenayo (ezingekho emthethweni), ezinezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (kuhlanganise nesandulela ngculazi), ezinezifo ezingapheli zesifo sikashukela, nesifo sikashukela esingaphansi kweminyaka engama-60. Amanani anikezwe yi-hepatitis B ngaphandle I-United States, abantu abadala abazalwa ngaphandle kwezilwandle nabo bangengozi njengoba igciwane lingadluliselwa kusuka kumama kuya kwengane ngesikhathi sokubeletha noma ukuncelisa, okuvame ukuholela ekutheleleni okungahleliwe.
Abantu abaningi abangaqapheli ukuthi kulula ukwenza isivumelwano se- virus ye - hepatitis B , ngokungafani nama-virus anjenge-HIV. Ukwabelana nje nge-toothbrush noma ukusikeka okuncane ngakwesokunene sakho futhi uthinte isitifiketi esincane somzimba wegazi kusuka kumuntu one-hepatitis B okwanele ukuvumelanisa ukutheleleka.
Abantu abangamaphesenti angama-95 abathwelwe yi-virus ye-hepatitis B basula igciwane, nakuba bangagula kakhulu. Amanye amaphesenti angu-5 abe yizinsimbi ezingapheli zalesi sifo. Abavame ukugula uma bewuthola futhi kungenjalo bangaqapheli ukutheleleka kuze kufike umonakalo omkhulu (kufaka phakathi lokho okuholela emdlalweni wesibindi).
Ukuhlola
Ukuvivinya izifo ezingabangela umdlavuza wesibindi kungase kuhambe isikhathi eside ekubambeni lezi zinto ezibeka ingozi ekuqaleni komzamo wokubavimbela ukuba baqhubeke ngale ndlela.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Hepatitis B no-C
Uma uzalwa phakathi kuka-1945 no-1965, yenza igazi lakho lihlolwe i- hepatitis C. Abanye abantu abanezici eziyingozi, njengalezo ezixoxwa nge-hepatitis B, kufanele bahlolwe futhi.
I-Hepatitis C iyimbangela ebangela umdlavuza wesibindi e-United States, eYurophu naseJapane. It is inkontileka ngendlela efana ne-hepatitis B, kodwa okwamanje amaphesenti angu-40 abantu abathwala igciwane azikho izifo eziyingozi zaleso sifo.
Abantu abathintekile nge-hepatitis C banamathuba amaningi okuba yizinkampani kunelabo abanegciwane lesifo sofuba B, kanti amaphesenti angu-10 kuya kubantu abangamaphesenti angama-30 abathola ukutheleleka kuzoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa i-cirrhosis.
I-virus ye-hepatitis C yatholakala kuphela ngo-1989, futhi ukuhlolwa kwegazi okusetshenziselwa ukumpontshelwa i-hepatitis C kwenziwa kuphela kusukela ngawo-1990. Okushiwo lokhu, ukuthi noma ubani othempelini ngegazi ngaphambi kwalokho angase abe engozini, ngakho-ke izincomo zokuhlola.
Uma kunqunywa ukuthi umuntu uthwala i-hepatitis C, imithi iyatholakala ukuthi ingasusa igciwane ngamaphesenti angama-99 abantu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngabe unesimo esihle, ungakwazi ukuvimbela i- cirrhosis futhi unciphise ingozi yomdlavuza wesibindi.
Uma kunqume ukuthi othile uyithwala we-hepatitis B, kukhona imithi enganciphisa ingozi yokuthuthukisa i-cirrhosis (futhi mhlawumbe nomdlavuza wesibindi) kanye.
Kodwa ukuze uphathwe, udinga ukwazi ukuthi uthwala igciwane.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Hemochromatosis
Ukuba nelungu lomndeni onomdlavuza wesibindi noma unomdlavuza wesibindi ukwandisa ingozi yakho, kodwa futhi unesifo sezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhi zofuzo, okunye okungenzeka ukuthi awukwazi ukuthi uyathwala. I-Hemochromatosis- ukumunca ngokweqile nokugcinwa kwensimbi okuholela e-cirrhosis futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umdlavuza wesibindi-ingenye yazo.
Uma unomlando womndeni wabantu ababenesifo sesibindi (hhayi nje umdlavuza wesibindi) kodwa abangebona abaphuza kakhulu utshwala, khuluma nodokotela wakho mayelana nokuhlolwa kwesifo. Amanye amalungu omndeni angakubonga futhi, njengoba isimo samanje sibhekwa kakhulu.
Kunezinye izifo zofuzo, nakuba zivame kakhulu, eziphakamisa ingozi yesifo somdlavuza wesibindi. Kubalulekile ukwazi uhlelo lwakho lwezakhi zofuzo ukuze udokotela wakho azokuhlola kahle abanye abangase bahlobaniswe nomdlavuza wesibindi noma ezinye izimo zezempilo.
I-Safe Safe
Kokubili isifo sofuzo B nesifo sofuba se-C esibhedlele singadluliselwa ngokobulili. Ukusetshenziswa okunamandla kwamakhondomu kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuthola ingculazi kuphela kodwa izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi, kubandakanya i-HIV.
Uma une-hepatitis B, kufanele ululeke umlingani wakho ukuze angenwe igciwane. Ngisho nangemva kokugoma, amakhondomu kufanele asetshenziswe. Umlingani wakho angabuye ahlolwe ukuze abone ukuthi ingabe evikelwe yini ezinyangeni eziyisithupha emva kwesilinganiso sokugcina.
Uma ungenayo i-hepatitis B, ungakwazi ukunciphisa ingozi yakho ngokunciphisa inani lakho labalingani bobulili.
Uma une-hepatitis C, kufanele usebenzise amakhondomu. Uma uphathwa, futhi ekugcineni usule igciwane, ungakwazi ukumisa (nakuba lokhu kukwaziswa kuphela uma uhlobene nomuntu oyedwa). I-Hepatitis C ayincane kakhulu yokudluliselwa ngocansi kune-hepatitis B, kodwa kusengenzeka.
Ukuncishiswa Kokuphuza Utshwala
Ukuphuza ngokweqile utshwala kungabangela ukuqhuma okuqhubekayo kwezicubu zesibindi, isimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-cirrhosis. Uma ukuphuza kuqhubekela phambili, isimo singathuthuka kusuka e-cirrhosis ehlawulisiwe (okusho ukuthi isibindi singasasebenza ngandlela-thile) ku-cirrhosis ehlisiwe (lapho isibindi esasasebenzi khona).
Okubalulekile yilokhu: I-cirrhosis yandisa kakhulu ingozi yokuhluleka kwesibindi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kokuphuza ngokweqile kwesikhathi eside (okungaphezu kweziphuzo ezintathu zansuku zonke) kungandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wesibindi. Uma ungakwazi ukuyeka, khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo mayelana nezinketho zokwelapha noma ukudluliselwa emaqenjini asekelayo anjengezidakamizwa ezingaziwa.
Ukuyeka ukubhema
Uma uphethile, manje yisikhathi sokuyeka. Ukwengeza ukwandisa ingozi yesifo senhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi, kanye nezinye umdlavuza, ukubhema kungandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wesibindi.
Ucwaningo lwe-2018 lwathola ukuthi ngenkathi ukubhema kwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wesibindi ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-25, ukuhlanganiswa kokubhema kanye nokuba ngumthwali wesifo se-hepatitis B kwakungaphezu kokungeza ngokwezinga lakho lokunyuka kwengozi. Labo ababephethe i-hepatitis B kodwa ababengakaze baphuze babekhona izikhathi ezingu-7.6 zokuba nomdlavuza wesibindi, kanti kulabo ababenesifo sokushisa kwesibindi B nabake baphuza, ingozi yayiyi-15.68 izikhathi eziphakeme kunezilinganiso.
Uma u-insured, inqubomgomo yakho yezempilo izobe ihlanganise izindleko okungenani umzamo owodwa wokuqeda ukubhema ngonyaka. Umnyango wezempilo wendawo ungase unikele ngezinsiza zokuyeka ukubhema.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezidingo Eziqaphileyo
Iningi elikhulu lokutheleleka kwesifo sohlobo lwe-hepatitis C (kanye nezifo eziningi ze-hepatitis B) kubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zamagciwane (IDU). Njengoba kungekho mgomo wokuvikela ukulwa nesifo sofuba (noma i-HIV), indlela eqinisekisiwe yokugwema ukutheleleka kwe-IDU kungukuthi ungajobi izidakamizwa noma ugweme ukwabelana ngezinaliti nemivimbo. Lokhu kufaka ukusetshenziswa kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, njengekotini, izinkezo kanye nezinye izinto zokupheka.
Uma ukhetha ukuqhubeka nokujova izidakamizwa, kufanele ufinyelele izinhlelo zokushintshanisa izinaliti zamahhala ezinikezwa iziphathimandla zezempilo zomphakathi zikahulumeni kanye nomasipala. Kodwa-ke, cabanga ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zamagciwane hhayi nje kwandisa ingozi yokuthola isifo sofuba kodwa kungase kuphuthumise ukuqhubeka kwesifo sobindi-okusho ukuthi ingozi yesibindi se-cirrhosis nomdlavuza yinto ejulile.
Inkinga yesifo somdlavuza wesibindi esihlobene ne-IDU ayisekho. Olunye ucwaningo lwango-2018 lwathola ukuthi phakathi kuka-1990 no-2016, inani lomhlaba wonke wegciwane lesibindi elibangelwa ukujova ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa lenyuke ngaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu.
Izindulungu ze-tattoo ezabelwana nazo zingumthombo owodwa wokutheleleka (kokubili amagciwane we-hepatitis ne-HIV). Uma uthola tattoo, qiniseka ukuthi umculi we-tattoo usebenzisa izinaliti ezintsha. Nakuba kuwumthetho e-United States ukuthi izinaliti ezintsha kufanele zisetshenziswe, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuhlola uma kwenzeka.
Ukuhlola Amanzi
Amanzi ahle angaba umthombo we-arsenic, i- carcinogen eyaziwa ukuthi ibangele umdlavuza wesibindi. I-Arsenic ingabangela nokulimala kwezinso, isifo senhliziyo, nezinkinga zokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo ezinganeni. Ingangena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ngezinqubo zemvelo emvelweni, kodwa futhi njengezingcolile ezibulala izinambuzane nemfucuza yezimboni.
I-Arsenic emanzini ahlanzekile angatholakali kuzo zonke izifunda zase-United States.
Ngokuqinisekile i-arsenic emanzini aphansi aphansi ohlwini lwezinto ezingabangela umdlavuza wesibindi, kodwa, ngaphezu kwezinye izinkinga ezihlobene ne-arsenic, kunezinye izizathu okufanele uhlole amanzi akho ahlanzekile. Izidakamizwa ezingeziwe zingabandakanya nezinye izinsimbi ezisindayo, amakhemikhali ephilayo, i-nitrate kanye ne-nitrites, nezinambuzane ezincane, ezingabangela ezinye izinto eziphathelene nokuphila.
Ukuphepha Emsebenzini
Abanye abantu basengozini enkulu yokuthola amakhemikhali ahlobene nesifo somdlavuza wesibindi ngenxa yemvelo yomsebenzi wabo noma indawo yokusebenzela.
Amakhemikhali okukhathazeka mayelana nomdlavuza wesibindi ahlanganisa:
- I-Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
- Amakhemikhali aphelele (PFCs)
- Ama-biphenyls e-Polychlorinated (PCBs)
- I-Benzo (a) i-pyrene (i-BaP)
- I-Acrylamide
- I-vinyl chloride (ibangela i-angiosarcoma yesibindi)
- Trichlorethylene
Eminye imisebenzi engabandakanya lezi zimboni zihlanganisa ukuhlanza okomile, ukulungisa imoto, isisebenzi sezitshalo zokukhiqiza i-PVC, nanoma yimuphi umsebenzi ohilela ukusebenza eduze kwe-asphalt noma imfucumfucu ye-welding.
Abaqashi kudingeka bahlinzekele AmaSpredishithi Okwaziswa Okuphepha Kwamaphepha (MSDS) kunoma yimaphi amakhemikhali ongase uwavelele emsebenzini. Kubalulekile ukufunda nokulandela noma yiziphi izinyathelo zokuqapha, njengokusebenzisa amagilavu, umoya wokuphefumula, nokuningi. I-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ine-pocket guide ehamba phambili kakhulu yezingozi zamakhemikhali ezinganikeza ulwazi oluthe xaxa.
Uma unenkinga mayelana nomsebenzi wakho, ungaxhumana ne-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA).
Ukunciphisa isisindo
Ukukhuluphala (noma ukukhuluphala ngokweqile) akuxhunywanga ngqo nomdlavuza wesibindi, kodwa kuyisimo esiyingozi emibhalweni embalwa, okuyizinto ezibeka ingozi emdlalweni wesifo somdlavuza ngokwazo.
Isifo esingenaso utshwala esibangela isifo sesibindi isifo esivame ukuhambisana nokukhuluphala. Lesi simo sihlobene nengozi ephindwe kane yokukhula komdlavuza wesibindi.
Uhlobo lwe-2 lwesifo sikashukela luyisifo esibangelwa isifo somdlavuza wesibindi. Abantu abane-type 2 yesifo sikashukela banamathuba amathathu okuthuthukisa umdlavuza wesibindi. Njengoba uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesibili luhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokugqithisa ngokweqile, lokhu kuyisinye isizathu sokubheka isisindo sakho.
Uma ukulahlekelwa isisindo kuzwakala kuyinkimbinkimbi, khumbula ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ngisho namakhilogremu amahlanu kuya ku-10 kutholakale ukwenza umehluko uma kuziwa ezimweni eziningi zempilo. Ukulahlekelwa ngamaphesenti angu-7 wesisindo somzimba kuthuthukisa indlela umzimba wakho osebenzisa ngayo i-insulin futhi unciphisa ukumelana kwe-insulin.
Kunokuba nje unciphise inani lokudla oyidlayo (kuyilapho lokho kubalulekile), thatha isikhashana ukufunda ngalokho okudingekayo ukuze kuthathe isisindo futhi ugcine ukuvula amathuba akho okuphumelela.
> Imithombo:
> I-Environmental Protection Agency. Amakhomikhali Okuhle Amanzi Namathonya Awo. https://www.epa.gov/privatewells/potential-well-water-contaminants-and-their-impacts
> Erkekoglu, P., Oral, D., Chao, M., no B. Kocer-Gumusel. I-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Nezizathu Ezenzekayo Zezici Neziphilayo: Ukubuyekeza. I-Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology, ne-Oncology . 2017. 36 (2): 171-190.
> Liu, X., Baecker, A., noMnu Wu. Ukusebenzisana Phakathi Kokubhema Ugwayi Nesifo Se-Hepatitis Virus ku-Risk of Cancer Ibhubhane kubantu baseShayina. I-International Journal of Cancer . 2018. 142 (8): 1560-1567.
> National Cancer Institute. I-Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ) -Health Professional Version. Kubuyekeziwe -2/06/18. https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/adult-liver-treatment-pdq
> Yang, J., Zhang, Y., Luo, L., Meng, R., noC. Yu. Ukufa Kwembulunga Yonke Ye-Cirrhosis ne-Cancer Cancer Ebangelwa Ukusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa Zama-Injection, 1990-2016: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Age-Périod-Cohort kanye nokuHlelwa kwe-Autocorrection Spatial. I-International Journal of Environmental Research kanye neMpilo Yomphakathi . 2018. 15 (1): 170.