Ingabe Ukuthuthukiswa Kwokwelashwa Nokuvinjelwa Kwenzé Ukuphela Kwesikhathi?
Igama elithi HIV / AIDS lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ubudlelwane obangela imbangela kanye nomphumela phakathi kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza (i-HIV) kanye nezifo ezithile noma izimo ezingavela ngenxa yokutheleleka isikhathi eside (i-AIDS, noma i-immune deficiency syndrome).
Isetshenziselwa ukunikeza ukucaca labo abangase bangaqondi ukuthi ukutheleleka akusho ukuthi ukugula-noma, ngokuqondile, ukugula okuphelayo-futhi kubalulekile.
Phela, yimuphi umfundisi wezempilo omphakathi ongazange athi inkulumo ethi "i-HIV igciwane elidala i-AIDS" noma ukhumbuza abantu ukuthi "i-HIV ne-AIDS ayiyona into efanayo"? Sekuyi-mantra yemfundo ye-HIV.
Kodwa ngempela i-AIDS isho ukuthini namuhla, ngaphandle komongo wokuhlukaniswa kwemitholampilo? Futhi kungani enye yezimiso kuphela lapho isigaba sesifo sinikezwa igama elihluke ngokuphelele?
Ngokuqinisekile, asenze lokhu ngomdlavuza noma izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ezifana ne-syphilis. Futhi asikwenzi ngokutheleleka okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo okunjalo kwesifo sofuba esibizwa nge-hepatitis C noma izifo eziqhubekayo njengeParkinson noma i-Alzheimer's. Lezi zonke zivele zihlukaniswe ngesigaba ukuze zinikeze odokotela umgwaqo ocacile wokwelapha.
Izinguquko Zenkathi, Izinguquko Ezishintshayo
Iqiniso liwukuthi isandulela-ngculazi yisifo esihluke kakhulu kunalesi sifo eminyakeni engama-35 eyedlule nokuthi i-AIDS isho into ehluke ngokuphelele kunalokho eyenzeka emuva ngo-1982 lapho ukuhlukaniswa kuqala kuhlanganiswa.
Namuhla, abantu abanesandulela ngculaza bangaphila impilo egcwele, enempilo uma kunikezwa ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi. Futhi ngisho noma umuntu eqhubekela phambili ekuchazeni imithi yengculazi, imiphumela yithuthukisiwe kakhulu kulokho okwakuneminyaka eyishumi nje edlule.
Iqiniso yilo: igama elithi "AIDS" linamandla amakhulu. It ithwala isisindo ngazo zombili iziguli kanye nomphakathi ngokuvamile kaningi kunalokho ukusho ukuphela.
Kuyinto eyodwa, isibonelo, ukuthi "UJohane unesandulela ngculaza" kanti omunye uthi "UJohn une-AIDS."
Futhi akuzona nje iziqu ze-semantics esizikhulumayo. Ngisho nangomqondo wokusebenza komtholampilo, leli gama cishe alikho enkulumweni yenkulumo-mpilo, i-anachronism engavamile ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwemfundo yezempilo yomphakathi noma izindaba zokubamba iqhaza.
Ingabe sekuyisikhathi sokuthatha umhlalaphansi igama elithi "AIDS" futhi uvele ubheke lesi sifo njenge-HIV? Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi.
Isiqalo Sokuhlukaniswa kwe-HIV / AIDS
Kukhona abantu abazokhumbula isikhathi lapho "i-AIDS" engasiyo "i-AIDS" ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa kunomunye wemigomo eminingana ebanjwe emphakathini wezempilo.
Ezinsukwini zakudala zenkinga , abaningi emithonjeni yezindaba babeyibheka ngokuthi "umdlavuza we-gay" ngemuva kokuba iqoqo lokuqala lokutheleleka libikwe ngamadoda angama-gay eSouth California naseNew York City. Ekuqaleni wahlanganisa i-GRID (noma ukuntuleka kwamagciwane okuhlobene negciwane), leli gama laphuma ngokushesha lapho abanye abantu beqala ukuveza ngezimo ezifanayo, ezingavamile.
Ngesinye isikhathi, i-Centers of Disease Control (i-CDC) ihlongoze igama elithi "ukugula komzimba okutholakala nomphakathi" futhi, ngokudabukisayo, "isifo se-4-H" (ngokubhekisela kobulili obufanayo, abasebenzisa i-hemophiliac, abasebenzisi be-heroin nabaseHaiti abahluphekile isifo esingaziwa).
Kwakuphela ngoSeptemba 1982 ukuthi i-CDC yanquma igama elithi "AIDS" ukuchaza isifo "ngaphandle kwesizathu esaziwayo sokumelana nokuncipha."
Ngeke kube sekupheleni konyaka ogcwele ukuthi ososayensi base-US naseFrance bazozimela ngokuzimela imbangela yalesi sifo, i-retrovirus yenombuzo igcina iqalile "i-HIV" ngo-1986. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-AIDS yayisungulwe kakhulu emphakathini kunqunywe ukuthi "i-HIV / AIDS" izohlinzeka ngokucacile okukhulu ngokubangela imbangela kanye nomphumela wokutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculaza.
Leli gama lihlale nathi kuze kube yilolu suku.
Beyond Medicine: Ukubaluleka kohlelo lwe-AIDS
Ngaphandle kokwelashwa kwemitholampilo kanye nokubhekwa kwezifo, isigaba se-AIDS sisetshenziswe ekuqandeni kwasekuseni njengendlela yokunciphisa izinzuzo zikahulumeni zokukhubazeka ezigulini, lapho ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okunjalo, kube nokuphila okuphakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-18 kuphela.
Kwakubhekwa njengokubaluleka okubalulekile kuleso sici njengoba inani lokufa e-US lase likhuphukele ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ngo-1992 (ukufa kwabangu-234 255 kwabangu-360,909 ukutholakala kwe-AIDS) futhi sekuyi-8 eyimbangela yokufa esikhathini esiyishumi kuphela iminyaka.
Kodwa konke lokho kwashintsha ngo-1996 ngokusungulwa kwe-anti-antiretroviral therapy (HAART), okuye kwashintsha izinga lokufa ngokuphawulekayo. Njengoba izilingo zokuphila zikhula kancane eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, ukuxilongwa kwe-AIDS ngeke kusasebenza njengobunye ubufakazi bokukhubazeka.
Izikhathi nokuqonda kwalesi sifo kwase kushintshile kakade.
Ukulwa nokulahla: I-HIV / AIDS njengeThuluzi Lombusazwe
Ngenkathi amazwe amaningi ayebhekene nezinzuzo zezidakamizwa zokulwa nezidambisigciwane ezisha yamuva ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, amazwe asathuthuka-amaningi kuwo e-Sub-Saharan Africa-ayevele eqala ukubhekana nezifo zabo ezihlukumezayo.
Phakathi kwabo, iNingizimu Afrika yahlukana phakathi kwezombusazwe ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMongameli uThabo Mbeki ngokubuza ukuthi ngabe i-HIV, empeleni, imbangela ye-AIDS, kaningi ibonisa ukuthi kwakungumsebenzi wesayensi "ye-Western".
Eqinisweni, ekuvulweni kweNgqungquthela Ye-13 Yezifo Zengculaza eThekwini, eNingizimu Afrika, uMbeki wahamba waze wafakazela izithameli ezigciniwe zososayensi nezithunywa: "Kubonakala sengathi asikwazanga ukusola konke ngegciwane elilodwa. "
Kwaphela usuku olwedlule lapho umcwaningi waseMelika uDavid Ho, enkulumweni yabathunywa bezingqungquthela, ebhekisela esithombeni sokuqala se-HIV esiphezulu, futhi waphendula wathi, "Madoda namakhosi, lokhu kuyimbangela ye-AIDS."
Naphezu kokuzama ukugxeka emhlabeni wonke, uMbeki ongenamaphilo kuphela wayebhekisela kulesi sifo ngokuthi "i-HIV ne-AIDS," ekhombisa ukuthi ngandlela-thile ahlobene. Ephendula, abahlengikazi baseNingizimu Afrika bagcizelela ngokuqinile ukusetshenziswa kwe "HIV / AIDS" kuzo zonke izincwadi nezinkulumo njengendlela yokuphikisa ekusebenziseni nasekulaleni kukahulumeni isikhathi eside.
Kusukela ekuqothulweni kukaMbeki ngokuphoqeleka ehhovisi ngo-2008, ukuguqulwa kwenqubomgomo kahulumeni kuye kwaba okukhulu, nezwe manje liziqhayisa uhlelo olukhulu lwe- antiretroviral emhlabeni.
Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu kuzuza, izimpikiswano zeminyaka yenkulumompikiswano zilokhu zizwa, ngezinga eliphezulu lokungaqondi kahle nokungabaza nge-HIV-kubandakanya amathuba okugula nokufa-okuyisisekelo sokuqinisa i-HIV ne-AIDS njengento eyodwa.
Isizathu sokuqeda iZwi "i-AIDS"
Nakuba kungalungile ukusikisela ukuthi ukususwa kwe-"AIDS" kusukela enkulumweni yomphakathi kuyoba yedwa kuguqule lezi zengqondo, akusho ukuthi kuza ngokungaze kwenzeke. Ukushintsha kuye kwaba yinto eyodwa echazile lesi sifo, okusivumela ukuba siqhubeke sicabanga indlela esiphatha ngayo futhi sibone lesi sifo ngendlela enikeza ukucaca okukhulu nokwamukelwa komphakathi.
Ukusebenzisa "isisulu se-AIDS" ngonyaka we-1980, isibonelo, ekugcineni kwaholela "kumsindisi we-AIDS" ngawo-1990, okugcina ekuholela ekubeni i-PLWH (abantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza), igama esivumelana nalo namhlanje. Futhi akuwona nje ama-semantics aqhuba le mvelo; kwaba ukuvuma ukuthi awusasinda nje lesi sifo kodwa ukuthi ungaphila nayo, kahle futhi unempilo, iminyaka eminingi ngisho namashumi eminyaka.
Akuyena kuphela isibonelo esinjalo. Cabanga ngalokhu:
- Ezesayensi ze-HIV, igama elithi HAART lagcina lichithwa yiPART (inhlanganisela yokwelashwa kwe-antiretroviral) lapho kunqunywa ukuthi izidakamizwa zazingaphezu nje kokuthi "zisebenza kakhulu." Namuhla, i-ART elula (ukwelashwa kwama-antiretroviral) isetshenziselwa izilungiselelo eziningi zemitholampilo.
- E-epidemiology, asisekho "abesilisa noma abesilisa nabesifazane ngokobulili" uma bebhekisela kulaba bantu besilisa abasengozini. Esikhundleni salokho, sisebenzisa "amadoda alala namadoda" (MSM) ukuchaza ngokunembile umzila wokutheleleka kunokuba umuntu angakwazi noma angazibheki kanjani. Okufanayo kusebenza emibhalweni ethi "izidakamizwa nezidakamizwa", manje osetshenzisiwe ngokuthi "ukujova umsebenzisi wezidakamizwa" kanye "nesisebenzi socansi kwezohwebo".
- Ngokuvimbela i-HIV, igama elithi "ubulili obuvikelekile" ekugcineni linikeza "ubulili obungavimbelwe" okwakususwa esikhundleni "ngocansi olungenalo ikhanda," igama elivunyiwe yi-CDC ngo-2014 ukuze kubonakale ukuthuthukiswa koku-pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) nezinye amasu okuvimbela ama-biomedical.
Ngoshintsho ngalunye kumagama esichazamazwi weza okungaphezu nje kokuqiniswa kwezincazelo; bakhonza ukususa amalebula esahlulelo kanye nezinye izinto ezingase zengeze ekuhlaleni noma ukungabaza komphakathi .
Abaningi sebeqalile ukuphikisana ngokuthi senza okufanayo nge "AIDS" -ukuthi siqhubeka sigcizelela lesi sifo ngokuyibeka kuphela esimweni sokutheleleka okungapheli, okuphethwe ngokuphelele futhi, njengamanye izifo ezithathelwanayo, zingaqhubeka ngezigaba uma kushiywe kungaphenduliwe. Ukususa igama elithi "AIDS" kungaba yisinyathelo sokuqala sokufeza lokhu.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lezi zinguquko zizokwamukelwa izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi aziqinisekisiwe. Abanye bangase bathi ukuguqula inkhulumomphendvulwano manje, emva kokufaka ingqondo emphakathini iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, kuzokwenza kuphela ukuphazamisa amasu okuvimbela phambili-futhi ngesikhathi amazinga okutheleleka aqhubeka nokuhlaselwa e-US
Into eqinisekisiwe yukuthi sesiphambene nezinsuku lapho kufanele sisebenzise "i-HIV akuyona isigwebo sokufa" njengomyalezo wezempilo womphakathi, ngokuqondile noma ngokwemvelo. Futhi yilapho ama-semantics abalulekile. Ngokuhluleka ukwamukela ukuphikisana kwegama elifana negciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculaza-lapho livela khona, kungani lalisetshenziselwa-siligcina liqhwa ngaphakathi kulolo mongo. Futhi lokho ' kuyinkinga.
Uma ungabaza, zibuze umbuzo olula: I- AIDS isho ukuthini kuwe?
Imithombo:
Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). "Ukubuyekezwa Kwamanje Kwamathrendi ku-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome - United States." Ukulimala nokufa Kwembiko Yamaviki onke (MMWR). Ngo-September 24, 1982; 31 (37): 507-508,513-514.
I-CDC. "1993 Uhlelo Oluhlelwe Ukuhlelwa Kwe-HIV Infectio n ne-Expanded Surveillance Case Definition of AIDS phakathi kwabeNtshonalanga kanye nabantu abadala." I-MMWR. Ngo-December 18, 1992; 1 (RR-17).
i-AMF, i-Foundation for AIDS Research. Iminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu Ye-HIV / I-AIDS: Izilinganiso Ze-Epidemic. " Washington, DC
I-Kaiser Family Foundation. "I-CDC Ishicilela Ulimi kusuka ' Kuzocansi Okuvikelekile ' kuya ' kobulili obungenasiphelo. ' " Washington, DC; enyatheliswa ngoFebhuwari 25, 2014.